NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 16 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NORA SELIM, No. 23-35383

Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:22-cv-01227-JCC

v.

MEMORANDUM*

FIVOS INC, a Delaware corporation,

Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington John C. Coughenour, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted July 12, 2024** Seattle, Washington

Before: McKEOWN, CLIFTON, and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges.

Nora Selim appeals the district court’s order denying her motion for partial

summary judgment that Egyptian law applied to her employment suit against her

former employer, Fivos, Inc. Selim only asserted claims under the Egyptian Labor

Act, and therefore, the district court’s denial disposed of the case and rendered the

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). partial summary judgment order a final order. Because the parties are familiar

with the facts, we do not recount them here. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

We review de novo a district court’s decision on summary judgment as well

as choice-of-law issues, including the district court’s interpretation of state law.

Mull for Mull v. Motion Picture Indus. Health Plan, 865 F.3d 1207, 1209 (9th Cir.

2017); Ruiz v. Affinity Logistics Corp., 667 F.3d 1318, 1322 (9th Cir. 2012). “In a

diversity case, federal courts apply the substantive law of the forum in which the

court is located,” which in this case is Washington. Downing v. Abercrombie &

Fitch, 265 F.3d 994, 1005 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). Thus, we must determine whether Washington or Egyptian law applies

to this case under Washington’s choice-of-law rules.

Washington’s choice-of-law rules prescribe a two-part test. First, we must

determine whether there is “an actual conflict between the laws or interests of

Washington and the laws or interests of another state” before engaging in a conflict

of laws analysis. Erwin v. Cotter Health Ctrs., 167 P.3d 1112, 1120 (Wash. 2007)

(citation omitted). “If the result for a particular issue is different under the law of

the two states, there is a real conflict.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). Second, when a conflict exists and the parties have not made an express

choice of law, we must apply the “most significant relationship test” as set forth in

2 the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws. Id. at 1120–21.

Here, the parties agree—as they did below—that the result in this case

would differ depending on whether Washington or Egyptian law applies. Hence,

we must determine “which jurisdiction has the ‘most significant relationship’ to a

given issue.” Burnside v. Simpson Paper Co., 864 P.2d 937, 940–41 (Wash.

1994). But the parties disagree as to which section of the Restatement Washington

courts would apply for the “most significant relationship” test.

No Washington court has explicitly addressed which section of the

Restatement applies to employment disputes without a written contract and

involving statutory claims. And because this is a matter of first impression and an

issue of state law, we refrain from deciding this question. Nonetheless, we look to

the overarching principles of Section 6 of the Restatement, including “the relevant

policies of the forum” and “other interested states” and “the protection of justified

expectations,” to “evaluate the significance of a relationship to the potentially

interested states.” Pope Res. LP v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, 494

P.3d 1076, 1086 (Wash. Ct. App. 2021).

In “weigh[ing] the contacts with potentially interested states under the

circumstances and in the context of relevant policy considerations,” we conclude

that Washington has the most significant relationship to Selim’s employment

relationship with Fivos. Id. First, Washington had the most contacts with Selim’s

3 employment. Selim was initially hired by Fivos’s subsidiary, Medstreaming,

which is based in Washington. And even though Selim’s work encompassed

growing and managing Fivos’s operations in Egypt, she also managed teams in the

United States, remained an employee of Fivos instead of its Egyptian subsidiary,

and reported directly to Fivos’s CEO and Chief Technology Officer within the

United States. Additionally, while Selim resided in Egypt during her employment,

she “filed I-9 forms and tax returns in the United States indicating that she was a

Washington resident.”

These contacts are “useful in determining the expectations of the parties,”

which is that Washington law would apply. Potlatch No. 1 Fed. Credit Union v.

Kennedy, 459 P.2d 32, 35 (Wash. 1969). During her entire term of employment,

Selim represented herself and was treated as a Washington employee for

employment eligibility and payroll purposes. She had no awareness of Egyptian

employment law until late 2020, eleven years after her hiring, and she still

maintained her separate employment relationship with Fivos and paid deductions

under U.S. and Washington law after this revelation. Also, two other agreements

entered into between Selim and Medstreaming—a non-compete and a

nondisclosure agreement—had choice-of-law provisions explicitly stating that

Washington law would apply.

Finally, public policy weighs in favor of Washington. Washington has a

4 clear interest in regulating the employment of individuals who claim residency in

Washington, who work for an employer that does business in Washington, and

whose pay is deducted for state-paid family and medical leave insurance

premiums. Washington also has “an interest in regulating the actions of

corporations authorized to do business” there. Cox v. Lewiston Grain Growers,

Inc., 936 P.2d 1191, 1196 (Wash. Ct. App. 1997). Nothing counsels in favor of

invoking Egypt’s labor law. In view of the location, insurance, and tax

implications, Washington has “interests superior to or inconsistent with” the

interests of Egypt. Kammerer v. W. Gear Corp., 635 P.2d 708, 712 (Wash. 1981)

(citation omitted).

Because Selim’s employment had the most contacts with Washington, the

“justified expectations of the parties” were that Washington law would apply, and

Washington has significant policy interests in regulating the state’s employers,

including their extraterritorial employees, Washington law applies to this dispute.

Potlatch No. 1, 459 P.2d at 35.

AFFIRMED.

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