facts in favor of plaintiffs, see O’Doan v. Sanford, 991 F.3d 1027, 1035, 1043 (9th

Cir. 2021), we conclude that Snyder is entitled to qualified immunity. We reverse

and remand for entry of judgment in favor of Snyder.

Public employees “are entitled to qualified immunity under § 1983 unless (1)

they violated a federal statutory or constitutional right, and (2) the unlawfulness of

their conduct was ‘clearly established at the time.’” District of Columbia v. Wesby,

583 U.S. 48, 62–63 (2018) (quoting Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)).

Under this circuit’s Fourteenth Amendment precedents, “the state is required to

notify parents and to obtain judicial approval before children are subjected to

2 investigatory physical examinations” unless there is “a reasonable concern that

material physical evidence might dissipate or that some urgent medical problem

exists requiring immediate attention.” Wallis v. Spencer, 202 F.3d 1126, 1141 (9th

Cir. 2000) (internal citation omitted). If a defendant “fails to notify ‘parents about

the examinations and performs the examinations without obtaining either the

parents’ consent or judicial authorization,’ the [defendant] . . . ‘violates parents’

Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process rights.’” Benavidez v. Cnty. of San

Diego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1150 (9th Cir. 2021) (brackets omitted) (quoting Mann v.

Cnty. of San Diego, 907 F.3d 1154, 1160–61 (9th Cir. 2018)).

We have discretion to resolve this case on the clearly established prong of the

qualified immunity analysis. See O’Doan, 991 F.3d at 1036. “To be clearly

established, a right must be sufficiently clear ‘that every reasonable official would

have understood that what he is doing violates that right.’ In other words, ‘existing

precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.’”

Reichle, 566 U.S. at 664 (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011)). “This demanding standard protects

‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Wesby,

583 U.S. at 63 (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986)).

Plaintiffs primarily rely on Wallis, but Wallis involved facts very different

from this case. In Wallis, officers seized two children, ages two and five, after “a

3 mental patient who had a long history of delusional disorders and was confined to a

mental institution told her therapist a fantastic tale of Satanic witchcraft within her

family and an impending child sacrifice.” 202 F.3d at 1131. When police arrived at

the family’s house, there was no evidence of “anything suspicious,” and the children

appeared unharmed and denied they had been abused. Id. at 1134. Nonetheless, the

children were taken away in the middle of the night, placed in a county institution

for days, and then subjected to invasive examinations. Id. at 1134–35. In these

circumstances, we held that a constitutional violation occurs when children are taken

for a medical examination without parental notification or judicial authorization. Id.

at 1141. We did not identify facts that would have supported a reasonable concern

of an urgent medical problem or dissipating evidence at the time of the medical

examination.

Plaintiffs also point to Greene v. Camreta, 588 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. 2009),

vacated in part, 563 U.S. 692 (2011). In Greene, we held that a mother’s

constitutional rights were violated when she was ordered to leave the premises while

her daughter underwent a genital examination following allegations of sexual abuse.

Id. at 1019. In that case, it was clear that allowing the mother (who was already

waiting outside the medical examination room) to remain in the waiting room would

not interfere with the collection of evidence or treatment of urgent medical problems.

Id. Finally, plaintiffs cite Benavidez, 993 F.3d 1134, and Mann, 907 F.3d 1154, but

4 those cases were decided after the events in question and could not put Snyder on

notice of the alleged unconstitutionality of her actions. See Kisela v. Hughes, 584

U.S. 100, 107 (2018). In any event, those cases involved facts very different from

this case.

Neither Wallis, Greene, nor any other precedent clearly established that

Snyder’s “conduct was unlawful in the situation [s]he confronted.” Wesby, 583 U.S.

at 63. Snyder took the children for immediate medical examinations based on

evidence of physical injury and recent physical abuse. Five-year-old L.C. showed

up to school with puffiness, bruising, and a red linear mark on her eye, and she stated

that her father caused the injury by hitting her in the head. L.C. also stated that her

father hit her sister V.C. when V.C. tried to get ice for L.C. Siblings V.C. and I.C.

likewise told police that their father regularly hit them, with V.C. reporting that she

had been hit the night before. V.C. stated that she was scared to go home and that

she might get hit if she spoke to the police about her father.

Based on L.C.’s visible injury and the children’s reports of physical abuse,

Snyder determined that a prompt medical examination was necessary because she

was concerned there might be an urgent medical problem or dissipating evidence of

internal injuries. No clearly established law demonstrated that every reasonable

official in Snyder’s circumstances would understand that what she was doing was

5 unlawful. See id.1

We reverse and remand for the entry of judgment in favor of Snyder and for

any further proceedings consistent with this decision.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

1 As our analysis indicates, we disagree with the district court’s determination that evidence that Roy Cheesman allegedly abused the children was not relevant to the question of whether Snyder violated the Cheesmans’ constitutional rights. Because we resolve this case on qualified immunity grounds, we do not address the other issues raised on appeal.

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