BACKGROUND

I. Family background

Mother has four minor children: S.R. (female; born in November 2005) (hereafter

daughter), Dominic R. (male; born in June 2008), Brianna L. (female; born in 2014), and

Ethan L. (male; born in 2015) (collectively, the children). (We refer to Brianna and

Ethan collectively as “the half siblings.”) In May 2023, mother and the children lived

with Brandon, who is the half siblings’ father. Mother and Brandon were engaged. Brian

W. is daughter’s biological father, and Richard R. is Dominic’s biological father. The

2 half siblings are not parties to this appeal, and mother does not make any arguments

related to daughter.1

II. Dependency history

In January 2022, the Riverside County Department of Public Social Services (the

Department) received a referral concerning the family, alleging general neglect, sexual

abuse, and at-risk sibling abuse. Daughter was experiencing homicidal ideation and

placed on a section 5585 hold.2 Daughter initially reported that while she was in the

sixth grade Brandon “put his hands down her pants, groped her genitalia and attempted to

pull down her pants while she was laying down.” Daughter suspected that mother knew

what happened because mother advised daughter to wear clothing that covered her body.

Daughter did not want to disclose what happened, because mother experienced stress-

related seizures and relied on Brandon financially.

Daughter later denied that she had been inappropriately touched by Brandon.

Mother reported that she was not concerned about Brandon sexually abusing daughter,

because they were never alone together. Mother and daughter disclosed that an ex-

boyfriend of daughter’s raped daughter during the summer of 2021. Mother said that

daughter was enrolled in services to address mental health concerns.

1 Daughter turned 18 years old the day after the jurisdiction and disposition hearing. Mother’s notice of appeal includes daughter, but mother does not make any argument in her briefs related to daughter. We therefore dismiss as abandoned mother’s appeal as to daughter. (In re Sade C. (1996) 13 Cal.4th 952, 994.)

2 The record mistakenly describes the hold as a “5150 hold.” Section 5585 governs the 72-hour mental health evaluation hold of a minor (§ 5585.20), which daughter was in January 2022.

3 Two months later, in March 2022, the Department received another referral,

alleging physical abuse and concerns of at-risk sibling abuse. Daughter reported that

mother hit daughter in the face and otherwise hit and kicked daughter several times.

Daughter said that “the physical abuse ha[d] been continuous since she was 9 years old,

and she was the only one physically abused.” Mother did not allow the social worker to

speak with the other children and believed that the Department was lying about the new

allegations. A law enforcement officer visited the residence and spoke with mother and

daughter. Daughter denied that mother hit her in the face.

In April 2022, the Department received an immediate response referral with

concerns of sexual abuse. Daughter was placed on a section 5585 hold. Daughter cut her

thigh with a razor blade, but the cut was superficial. Daughter reported to someone that

mother’s fiancé (Brandon) was inappropriately touching her and had touched her

approximately 50 times since she was in the sixth grade. Daughter said that she

previously lied to the social worker when she denied that Brandon touched her. Daughter

said that none of her half siblings was being abused. Mother refused to cooperate with

the Department and did not allow the other children to be interviewed.

Daughter spoke with a social worker and again denied the allegations. Daughter

did not understand why the report had been made. Daughter felt safe at home. Both

referrals were closed as unfounded.

4

III. Present investigation

The family came to the attention of the Department again in May 2023. Daughter,

who was then 17 years old, reported that Brandon sexually molested her. It started when

she was eight years old and continued until she was 14 years old. Daughter lied when she

previously said that Brandon did not sexually abuse her. Daughter was ready to disclose

the truth.

A social worker visited the family’s home unannounced. Daughter was not home.

The social worker spoke with mother and Brandon together and outside of the residence

at their request. Mother and Brandon refused to allow the social worker to enter the

home or to speak with the children. Mother reported that since the referrals in 2022

daughter had received some therapy.

The social worker asked law enforcement to perform a wellness check on the

children, which law enforcement attempted. Mother and Brandon brought the half

siblings to the doorway but did not allow law enforcement to speak with them.

Two weeks after the initial referral, daughter texted the social worker that Brandon

sexually molested her over the course of six years until she was 14 years old. An

informant reported that daughter had previously received behavioral health services but

only attended three therapy sessions in February and March 2022, because mother pulled

daughter out of therapy.

5 The social worker attempted to interview daughter at school, but daughter attended

school online. The social worker did interview Dominic and the half siblings at school.

Dominic reported that he had not been touched inappropriately, and he denied having any

knowledge about his half siblings, including daughter, being touched inappropriately.

Dominic felt safe at home and reported that there was not any domestic violence at the

house. Brianna understood what her private parts were and denied that she had ever been

touched there or that anyone had ever asked to touch her there. Brianna also denied

having any knowledge of any of her siblings being touched. Brianna felt safe at home.

Ethan denied that anyone had touched his private parts.

In July 2023, daughter was admitted to Loma Linda Behavioral Medicine Center

(the behavioral center). Daughter had attempted to commit suicide. Daughter disclosed

more details about the sexual abuse by Brandon, reporting that Brandon started touching

her breasts when she was eight years old and digitally penetrating her when she was 11.

Daughter also reported that mother verbally abused her from the ages of six through 14.

Daughter reportedly attempted to commit suicide over 30 times “‘in relation to the abuse

she ha[d] endured.’” The behavioral center’s medical staff did not believe that daughter

had received proper psychiatric care, because daughter was not enrolled in long-term

outpatient treatment.

On the same day that daughter was admitted to the behavioral center, mother

called law enforcement to report that Brandon was missing. Law enforcement found

Brandon’s car with duct tape around the exhaust pipe, plastic tubing routed into a rear

6 window, and a letter addressed to Brianna inside of the car. Mother discovered that

Brandon had purchased a one-way ticket to Hawaii. Hawaiian law enforcement found

Brandon at the airport and transported him to have his mental health evaluated. Brandon

returned to California several days later.

In mid-July 2023, the Department received another referral from the behavioral

center alleging general neglect and sexual abuse of daughter. Daughter was enrolled in

the behavioral center’s partial hospitalization program. Daughter explained that she had

attempted to commit suicide because Brandon moved in with the family again. Mother

had required Brandon to take a polygraph test, which he failed. Daughter surreptitiously

recorded Brandon talking to her about that test and asking daughter to lie to mother and

tell mother that daughter “was manic.” Daughter overdosed after she recorded Brandon.

Daughter was staying with Dominic’s father, Richard.

Law enforcement conducted a forensic interview of daughter in late July 2023.

Daughter said that when she was between eight and 15 years old Brandon touched her

breasts and vagina, kissed her on the lips, masturbated to her while she slept, and pressed

his penis against her back. Daughter described one incident in which Brandon rubbed her

thigh and vagina while she was sleeping but stopped when daughter “turned around and

she was able to move her sister, Brianna (approximately 5 years old) in front of her as a

means to block him.” Mother was present in the residence when Brandon touched

daughter, but daughter said that mother was downstairs on her phone and was distracted.

7 The interviewer asked daughter if she was “worried that something like this has happened

to somebody else that you know with Brandon.” Daughter answered that she was

worried about Brianna, because Brianna was eight years old, which was the age at which

Brandon started sexually abusing daughter. Asked whether she was worried about

anyone else, daughter replied, “Ethan, but not too much because he’s a boy but I doubt it

as well but I always have that worry.” Daughter explained that Ethan was one year

younger than Brianna. Daughter was not worried about Brandon sexually abusing

anyone else.

In June 2023, daughter told Richard and his wife what happened to her. Richard

helped daughter tell mother. Daughter wrote a note about what happened and showed it

to mother. Mother cried. She informed daughter that if daughter’s account was truthful

then “‘you know we have to move, right?’” Daughter felt that mother was mad at her

after the disclosure.

A social worker spoke with daughter after the forensic interview. Daughter

reiterated that Brandon started molesting her when she was 8 years old, but she newly

disclosed that it continued “until present [when she was 17 years old], although more

rarely now.” Daughter said that she had previously recanted the reports of abuse because

she did not want “‘to ruin’” mother’s life.

The social worker contacted mother, but mother refused to speak on the phone.

Mother did not allow the social worker to speak with the other children. Mother

confirmed that daughter was living with Richard. Mother became upset and

8 argumentative when the social worker asked to speak with the other children, and she did

not allow it.

The social worker spoke with Richard, who described maintaining an active

parental relationship with daughter even though she was his stepdaughter. Richard cared

for daughter when she was a toddler. Richard had learned about the sexual abuse

allegations about two months earlier. Daughter told Richard that she previously recanted

allegations because she did not want the half siblings to grow up without a father.

In late July 2023, the Department took protective custody of all four children

pursuant to a warrant. The children were temporarily placed with Richard.

IV. The allegations and the initial hearing

In August 2023, the Department filed a dependency petition as to all four children,

with jurisdictional allegations against mother. The petition alleged that all four children

were at substantial risk of serious physical harm under subdivision (b)(1) of section 300

(§ 300(b)(1)) as follows: “The mother knew, or reasonably should have known, her

significant other, [Brandon], sexually abused the child, [daughter], in the family home.

Further, the mother has been unwilling to recognize the sexual abuse occurring in the

home and failed to intervene and protect the children in the home.” With respect to

daughter, the petition also contained additional allegations of emotional and sexual abuse

under subdivisions (c) and (d) of section 300. As to Dominic and the half siblings, the

petition also contained an allegation under subdivision (j) of section 300 (§ 300(j)),

9 alleging that “[t]he children’s half sibling, [daughter], has been abused and/or neglected

as defined in subdivision 300 (d) of the Welfare and Institutions Code, and there is a

substantial risk that these children will suffer similar harm.”

At the initial hearing, the juvenile court detained the children from mother. As to

Dominic, the court found that a prima facie showing had been made that he came within

the court’s jurisdiction under subdivisions (b)(1) and (j) of section 300.

V. Jurisdiction and disposition

The Department filed a jurisdiction and disposition report in August 2023. A

social worker described interviews from that month with the children, Richard, and

mother. Dominic denied that he had been sexually abused and reported that he would tell

Richard if anything happened. Brianna, who was then nine years old, also denied that she

had been sexually abused. Ethan is autistic and was unable to provide clear answers to

most questions.

Daughter stated that mother previously stopped daughter from attending therapy

because daughter “was disclosing too much information and [the Department] kept

intruding.” Daughter had been hospitalized three times for having attempted suicide.

Mother denied the allegations that Brandon had sexually abused daughter when

she was in mother’s care and custody or that mother had any knowledge of the abuse.

Mother explained that daughter was mad because Brandon had thrown some of her food

away, so daughter went to Richard’s house, where she wrote a letter describing the abuse.

10 Mother read the letter and realized that there “were parts in the letter that did not even

happen.” Mother searched daughter’s computer and found that daughter was on a

website in which other children were disclosing abuse they experienced. Daughter also

posted about abuse that she claimed to have experienced. Mother made daughter take a

lie detector test, which mother said that daughter failed. Daughter told mother that she

lied in her posts about being abused because she wanted to relate to the other children

online.

Mother disagreed with the section 300(j) allegation that Dominic, Brianna, and

Ethan are at risk of “similar abuse” to the sexual abuse that daughter allegedly suffered,

which was described in the allegation under section 300, subdivision (d) (§ 300(d)).

Mother said that she knew “nothing ha[d] happened to her children. She is always home

and she is aware of everything that occurs in the home.” Asked about the same

allegation, Richard explained that daughter told him that she did not know whether her

half siblings had been sexually abused. None of the children disclosed anything to him.

Daughter told Richard that Brandon bathed Brianna and Ethan.

The court held the contested jurisdiction and disposition hearings in November

2023, starting two days before daughter’s 18th birthday. The Department filed an

addendum report for the hearing. In interviews for that report, Richard and daughter

described an incident that occurred in early October 2023. He was driving with all of the

children in the car, and Brianna was on speaker with Brandon. Richard asked Brianna to

11 end the call. Mother got on the phone and was angry. Mother said that she and Brandon

could talk to their children on the phone whenever they wanted. Daughter informed

mother that hearing Brandon’s voice triggered her. Mother responded, “‘I can’t believe

you would say that, I have rights as a parent and I can’t believe you would do this.’”

Richard ended the call. In late October, a social worker spoke with mother, who “stated

that this whole case is based off of a lie from the investigating worker, and her children

are being emotionally abused by the Department.”

At the hearing, the court sustained the allegations under subdivisions (b)(1), (c),

and (d) of section 300 as to daughter. As to Dominic and the half siblings, the court

sustained the allegations under section 300(b)(1) and section 300(j). The court removed

Dominic from mother, granted Richard sole physical and legal custody, ordered

monitored visitation for mother, and closed Dominic’s case.

DISCUSSION

Mother contends that there is insufficient evidence to support the jurisdictional

findings as to Dominic under section 300(b)(1) and section 300(j). We agree.

Section 300 specifies the circumstances under which a juvenile court can assert

dependency jurisdiction over a child. (In re Luke M. (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 1412,

1420.) Under section 300(b)(1), the juvenile court may take jurisdiction over a child if

the child has suffered or is at substantial risk of suffering serious physical harm as a result

of the parent’s failure or inability “to adequately supervise or protect the child.” (§ 300,

12 subd. (b)(1)(A) (§ 300(b)(1)(A)).) A jurisdictional finding under section 300(b)(1)(A)

requires the Department to prove the following elements by a preponderance of the

evidence: “(1) neglectful conduct, failure, or inability by the parent; (2) causation; and

(3) serious physical harm or illness or a substantial risk of serious physical harm or

illness.” (In re L.W. (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 840, 848.) The child must be subject to a

defined risk of harm at the time of the jurisdiction hearing. (In re Roger S. (2018) 31

Cal.App.5th 572, 582.) But “section 300 does not require that a child actually be abused

or neglected before the juvenile court can assume jurisdiction.” (In re I.J. (2013) 56

Cal.4th 766, 773 (I.J.).)

Section 300(j) allows the juvenile court to take jurisdiction over a child if that

“child[] has been abused or neglected, as defined in subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e), or (i) [of

section 300], and there is a substantial risk that the child will be abused or neglected, as

defined in those subdivisions.” Section 300(j) does not require that the subdivision under

which the sibling is at risk be the same subdivision under which the child described by

section 300(j) is at risk. (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 774.) Section 300(j) further

instructs: “The court shall consider the circumstances surrounding the abuse or

neglect of the sibling, the age and gender of each child, the nature of the abuse or neglect

of the sibling, the mental condition of the parent or guardian, and any other factors the

court considers probative in determining whether there is a substantial risk to the child.”

Section 300(j) affords the court “‘greater latitude to exercise jurisdiction as to a child

13 whose sibling has been found to have been abused than the court would have in the

absence of that circumstance.’” (I.J., at p. 774.) In general, the more egregious the abuse

experienced by the sibling, “the more appropriate for the juvenile court to assume

jurisdiction over the siblings” under section 300(j). (I.J., at p. 778.)

“‘In reviewing the jurisdictional findings and the disposition, we look to see if

substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, supports them.’” (In re R.T. (2017)

3 Cal.5th 622, 633.) “‘In making this determination, we draw all reasonable inferences

from the evidence to support the findings and orders of the dependency court; we review

the record in the light most favorable to the court’s determinations; and we note that

issues of fact and credibility are the province of the trial court.’” (Ibid.)

The record contains no evidence that Dominic was at substantial risk of physical

harm under section 300(b)(1). The record does not contain any evidence that mother’s

failure to intervene and protect daughter from being sexually abused by Brandon placed

Dominic at any risk of physical harm. There is no evidence that Brandon sexually abused

Dominic. Nor is there any evidence that Brandon ever physically harmed or was likely to

physically harm Dominic in any way. Dominic reported that he felt safe living with

mother and Brandon. It is not reasonable to infer from mother’s failure to protect

daughter from being sexually abused by Brandon that Dominic was at risk of any

physical harm, let alone a substantial risk.

14 There also is no evidence in the record supporting the jurisdictional finding under

section 300(j) as to Dominic. Although section 300(j) itself allows a juvenile court to

consider whether a child “‘will be harmed under subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e) or (i) of

section 300, notwithstanding which of those subdivisions describes the child’s sibling’”

(I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 774), the section 300(j) allegation in the petition in this case

was more specific. The allegation reads: “The children’s half sibling, [daughter], has

been abused and/or neglected as defined in subdivision 300 (d) of the Welfare and

Institutions Code, and there is substantial risk that these children will suffer similar

harm.” (Italics added.) The Department thus alleged that Dominic was at substantial risk

of suffering from sexual abuse under section 300(d), similar to what daughter had

experienced; it did not allege that he was at risk of being harmed as described in

subdivisions (a), (e), or (i) of section 300.

There is no evidence that at the time of the jurisdiction hearing Dominic was at

risk of being sexually abused. Dominic was between five and six years old and residing

with Brandon and mother when Brandon started molesting daughter. There is no

evidence that Brandon ever touched Dominic inappropriately in the ensuing nine years,

during which they continued to reside together. Moreover, Brandon started sexually

abusing daughter when she was eight years old, but Dominic was 15 years old when the

jurisdiction hearing was held. He accordingly was not nearly as vulnerable as daughter

was when the molestation began. There also is no evidence that Brandon had any

propensity to sexually abuse male children, particularly older teenage boys. Moreover,

15 daughter expressed concerns about Brandon sexually abusing the half siblings only. She

did not express any like concern about Dominic. In sum, the record does not contain any

evidence from which a reasonable inference can be drawn that at the time of the

jurisdiction hearing there existed a substantial risk that 15-year-old Dominic would be

sexually abused by Brandon. There accordingly was no evidence supporting the

jurisdictional allegation as to Dominic under section 300(j).

The Department’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. In arguing that

substantial evidence supports the section 300(b)(1) finding, the Department focuses

exclusively on the evidence that mother knew or should have known that Brandon was

sexually abusing daughter. But the Department does not explain how that evidence

demonstrates that Dominic was at substantial risk of physical harm as a result of mother’s

failure to protect daughter from sexual abuse.

To support the contention that the true finding under section 300(j) is supported by

substantial evidence, the Department relies on I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th 766. In I.J., the

father sexually abused and raped his 14-year-old daughter, I.J., throughout the three years

immediately preceding the jurisdiction hearing. (Id. at p. 771.) I.J. had four younger

siblings, including a younger sister, twin 12-year-old brothers, and a seven-year-old

brother. (Ibid.) The dependency petition alleged that the father’s sexual abuse of I.J.

placed all of the children at risk of harm, and the petition contained allegations as to the

siblings under subdivisions (b), (d), and (j) of section 300. (I.J., at p. 771.) The juvenile

16 court sustained the allegation that “‘[t]he sexual abuse of [I.J.] by the father endangers

[I.J.’s] physical health and safety and places the child and the child’s siblings . . . at risk

of physical harm, damage, danger, sexual abuse and failure to protect.’” (Ibid.) There

was no evidence that the sons were sexually abused or otherwise mistreated, and the sons

did not witness any of the abuse and were unaware of it until the dependency proceeding.

(Ibid.) On appeal, the father argued that the evidence that he sexually abused I.J. did not

support the juvenile court’s assertion of jurisdiction over the sons. (Id. at p. 772.)

The Supreme Court rejected the father’s argument and concluded that substantial

evidence supported the assertion of jurisdiction over the sons under section 300(j).3 (I.J.,

supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 772.) I.J. emphasized that section 300(j) did “‘not state that its

application is limited to the risk that the child will be abused or neglected as defined in

the same subdivision that describes the abuse or neglect of the sibling. Rather,

subdivision (j) directs the trial court to consider whether there is a substantial risk that the

child will be harmed under subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e) or (i) of section 300,

notwithstanding which of those subdivisions describes the child’s sibling.’” (I.J., at

p. 774, italics omitted.) Applying that directive, the Supreme Court found that the serious

and prolonged nature of the father’s sexual abuse of I.J. coupled with the evidence that

the abuse occurred while the other children were living in the same home “and could

easily have learned of or even interrupted the abuse” “support[ed] the juvenile court’s

3 Because the court found the section 300(j) allegation supported by substantial evidence, the court did not address the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the other alleged grounds for jurisdiction. (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 773-774.)

17 finding that the risk of abuse was substantial as to all the children,” including the sons.

(Id. at p. 778.) I.J. assumed that the risk of sexual abuse was greater as to the younger

daughter than as to the sons. (Id. at p. 779.) The court nevertheless noted that it did “not

mean the risk to the sons is nonexistent or so insubstantial that the juvenile court may not

take steps to protect the sons from that risk,” especially given the severe and prolonged

sibling abuse in that case. (Id. at p. 780.)

I.J. cautioned that by upholding the assertion of jurisdiction under section 300(j)

over the sons it was “not holding that the juvenile court is compelled, as a matter of law,

to assume jurisdiction over all the children whenever one child is sexually abused.” (I.J.,

supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 780.) I.J. emphasized that it was merely holding that “the

evidence in this case supports the juvenile court’s assertion of jurisdiction.” (Ibid.)

The Department’s reliance on I.J. is misplaced. I.J. is distinguishable from the

present case in that Dominic was 15 years old at the time of the jurisdiction hearing. He

thus was several years older than the older sons in I.J. (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 771.)

Given his age, Dominic was less vulnerable to sexual abuse than the sons in I.J.

Moreover, the section 300(j) allegation in I.J. was not limited like the allegation

here. In I.J., the juvenile court found that the father’s sexual abuse of his daughter placed

the siblings “‘at risk of physical harm, damage, danger, sexual abuse and failure to

protect.’” (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 771.) Thus, the juvenile court in I.J. could

consider whether there was a substantial risk that the siblings would be harmed under

18 subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e), or (i) of section 300, not just whether the siblings were at

substantial risk of sexual abuse under section 300(d). (I.J., at p. 774.) The Supreme

Court did not uphold the section 300(j) finding on the basis of risk that the siblings would

be sexually abused. (I.J., at p. 780.) Rather, in concluding that substantial evidence

supported the finding, the Supreme Court noted that the sexual of abuse of the daughter

placed the other children at risk because the other children were at home when the abuse

occurred and could have learned of or interrupted the abuse. (Id. at p. 778.) The harm

that the sons would have experienced by learning of the abuse would not constitute

sexual abuse as defined by section 300(d).

In contrast to the section 300(j) allegation in I.J., the juvenile court in the present

case was limited to asserting jurisdiction over Dominic under section 300(j) if and only if

the court found that he was at substantial risk of sexual abuse. And as we have

explained, there is no evidence that 15-year-old Dominic was at risk of being sexually

abused.

In sum, the record does not contain sufficient evidence to support the jurisdictional

findings under section 300(b)(1) and section 300(j) against mother as to Dominic.

Because the jurisdictional findings against mother were the basis for removal of Dominic

from mother’s custody at disposition, we must reverse the dispositional findings and

orders as well.

19

DISPOSITION

The appeal as to S.R. is dismissed as abandoned. The dispositional findings and

orders as to Dominic are reversed, and the true findings on the jurisdictional allegations

as to Dominic under section 300(b)(1)(A) and section 300(j) are vacated with directions

to dismiss the petition as to Dominic.

MENETREZ

J. We concur:

CODRINGTON

Acting P. J.

FIELDS

J.

20 Filed 8/6/24

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL -- STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re S.R. et al., Persons Coming Under E082812 the Juvenile Court Law. ________________________________________ (Super.Ct.No. DPRI2300275)

RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT The County of Riverside

OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent, ORDER CERTIFYING v. OPINION FOR PUBLICATION

J.R.,

Defendant and Appellant. _______________________________________

THE COURT

The request for publication filed July 29, 2024, is GRANTED. The opinion meets the standard for publication as specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c). IT IS ORDERED that the opinion filed in this matter on July 18, 2024, be certified for publication.

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

MENETREZ

J.

We concur:

CODRINGTON

Acting P. J.

FIELDS

J. cc: See attached list

MAILING LIST FOR CASE: E082812

In re S.R. et al.; DPSS v. J.R.

Superior Court Clerk Riverside County P.O. Box 431 - Appeals Riverside, CA 92502

Julie Jarvi Office of the County Counsel 3960 Orange Street, Suite 500 Riverside, CA 92501

Tracy M. De Soto Windansea Law Offices 7584 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121

Appellate Defenders, Inc. 555 West Beech Street, Suite 300 San Diego, CA 92101-2396