NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 20 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RAUL GUZMAN-ZUNIGA, No. 23-463 Agency No. Petitioner, A205-713-923 v.

MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted August 15, 2024** Pasadena, California

Before: BADE and FORREST, Circuit Judges, and CURIEL, District Judge.***

Petitioner Raul Guzman-Zuniga (Guzman), a native and citizen of Mexico,

seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) summary affirmance of

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Gonzalo P. Curiel, United States District Judge for the Southern District of California, sitting by designation. his appeal from an Immigration Judge’s (IJ) decision denying his applications for

statutory withholding of removal and for relief under the Convention Against

Torture (CAT). When “the BIA adopts the decision of the IJ, we review the IJ’s

decision as if it were that of the BIA.” Hoque v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1190, 1194

(9th Cir. 2004). For the reasons explained below, we lack jurisdiction over

Guzman’s withholding of removal claims. Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), we

have jurisdiction over his CAT claim, Nasrallah v. Barr, 590 U.S. 573, 579 (2020),

which we review for substantial evidence, Tzompantzi-Salazar v. Garland, 32

F.4th 696, 703 (9th Cir. 2022). We dismiss in part and deny in part the petition.

1. Under the so-called “criminal alien bar,” when a petitioner “is

removable by reason of having committed a [covered] criminal offense,” we have

jurisdiction to review only constitutional claims or questions of law. Tapia Coria

v. Garland, 96 F.4th 1192, 1195 (9th Cir. 2024) (alteration in original) (quoting 8

U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)). A denial of withholding of removal falls within a final

order of removal and is subject to the bar under § 1252(a)(2)(C) “unless an

exception applies.” Id. at 1201 n.3 (quoting Pechenkov v. Holder, 705 F.3d 444,

448 (9th Cir. 2012)). It is undisputed that Guzman was convicted of an aggravated

felony, which is a criminal offense covered under § 1252(a)(2)(C). Thus, the IJ’s

order denying withholding of removal merged into the final order of removal and

is subject to the criminal alien bar unless Guzman seeks “review of constitutional

2 23-463 claims or questions of law.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). We conclude that Guzman

raises only questions of fact.

Guzman first challenges the IJ’s imputed political opinion determination.

The IJ rejected Guzman’s claimed fear of future persecution based on an imputed

anti-cartel political opinion because there was no evidence showing that the cartels

“have a political agenda beyond that of criminality and the making of money,”

even though they “have assumed control or de facto control in” certain states and

areas in Mexico. Thus, “resistance of their operations” would not be “political

activities.” The IJ’s conclusion was a factual finding. See Regalado-Escobar v.

Holder, 717 F.3d 724, 730 (9th Cir. 2013) (remanding for the IJ to determine the

“factual issues” of whether an organization’s violent activities “were in furtherance

of the [organization]’s politics or merely apolitical acts of violence” and “the

extent to which violence is characteristic of the [organization]’s political

activities”). Therefore, Guzman’s challenge to the IJ’s imputed political opinion

determination raises questions of fact, and the criminal alien bar precludes our

review.1

1 Guzman’s alternative argument that the IJ engaged in impermissible speculation by concluding that Guzman could avoid having a political opinion imputed to him by avoiding the cartels relies on a misinterpretation of the IJ’s order. The IJ concluded that if Guzman “were forced to avoid such groups to act to protect his own safety,” it disagreed that such avoidance would be “interpreted to be a political opinion or would result in the imputation of a political opinion to

3 23-463 Guzman also challenges the IJ’s findings that his proposed particular social

groups (PSGs) are not cognizable for lack of particularity and lack of social

distinction in Mexican society. We have held that the agency’s “conclusion

regarding social distinction—whether there is evidence that a specific society

recognizes a social group—is a question of fact.” Conde Quevedo v. Barr, 947

F.3d 1238, 1242 (9th Cir. 2020). Thus, Guzman’s challenge to the IJ’s finding that

his PSGs lack social distinction raises a question of fact over which we do not have

jurisdiction. And because social distinction is one of the three factors required to

establish a PSG, Andrade v. Garland, 94 F.4th 904, 910–11 (9th Cir. 2024), we

cannot grant the petition. We dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction as to the

withholding of removal claims.

2. To obtain CAT relief, “[t]he record must show that it is more likely

than not that the petitioner will face a particularized and non-speculative risk of

torture.” Park v. Garland, 72 F.4th 965, 980 (9th Cir. 2023); see 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.16(c)(2). In addition, “the torture must be ‘inflicted by or at the instigation

of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in

an official capacity.’” Zheng v. Ashcroft, 332 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003)

(emphasis omitted) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1)).

him.” Guzman does not argue the IJ’s conclusion—that avoiding cartels would not be interpreted as a political opinion—was unreasonable.

4 23-463 The IJ’s conclusion that Mexican citizens generally suffer indiscriminate

cartel or gang violence is supported by substantial evidence. And the record does

not compel the conclusion that Guzman “faces a[] particularized risk of torture”

that is “higher than that faced by all Mexican citizens.” Ruiz-Colmenares v.

Garland, 25 F.4th 742, 751 (9th Cir. 2022). Moreover, Guzman’s contention that

he will be tortured at the border upon removal relies on a hypothetical chain of

events. But Guzman did not establish that “each link” in the “hypothetical chain of

events . . . is more likely than not to happen.” Velasquez-Samayoa v. Garland, 49

F.4th 1149, 1154 (9th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Matter of J-F-F-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 912, 917 (A.G. 2006)). Even assessing the

aggregate risk of torture based on the general state of violence in Mexico and the

possibility of violence at the border, id. at 1156, the record does not compel the

conclusion that Guzman is more likely than not to be tortured upon removal to

Mexico, see Park, 72 F.4th at 980.

Lastly, the record does not compel the conclusion that any torture Guzman

may face in Mexico would be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the

consent or acquiescence of a public official acting in an official capacity or other

person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). Substantial

evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that the Mexican government is working

with the United States government to place “deported Mexicans deeper inside the

5 23-463 territory of Mexico in an effort to avoid the border violence.” We deny the petition

for review as to the CAT claim.

The temporary stay of removal remains in place until the mandate issues.

The motions for a stay of removal (Dkts. 3, 8) are otherwise denied.

PETITION DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.

6 23-463