I. INTRODUCTION

18 Plaintiff Lotte Global Logistics Co., Ltd. (“Lotte”), as assignee of Samsung SDI 19 Co., Ltd. (“Samsung”), brings this interstate shipping action against Defendants One 20 Way Only Trans, Inc. (“OWOT”), STPW Inc. (“STPW”) and OMI Truck Parking 21 Facilities, Inc. (“OMI”). (Compl., ECF No. 1.) STPW removed the entire case from 22 state court, (NOR, ECF No. 1), and Lotte now moves for summary judgment seeking 23 joint and several liability against OWOT and STPW for lost cargo under the Carmack 24 Amendment. (Mot. Summ. J. (“Mot.” or “Motion”), ECF No. 42; Compl. ¶¶ 9–15.) 25 For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS the Motion.1 26 27

28 1 Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. 1 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 2 The following facts are taken from Lotte’s Statement of Uncontroverted Facts 3 (“PSUF”), ECF No. 42-2, STPW’s Statement of Genuine Disputes of Material Fact, 4 (“SGDF”), ECF No. 48-1, and OWOT’s Separate Statement of Undisputed Facts 5 (“OWOT AMF”), ECF No. 47-2.2 6 Lotte is a Korean corporation that provides domestic and international trade 7 logistics services. (PSUF 7.) Lotte Global Logistics, North America (“LGLNA”) is 8 Lotte’s wholly owned subsidiary in the United States and a licensed property broker 9 by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (“FMCSA”). (Id. at 18.) OWOT 10 and STPW are California corporations that provide trucking services and have the 11 operating authority of motor carriers from the FMCSA. (Id. at 8–9.) Victor Melendez 12 is the president of OWOT, and Jose Marroquin is the president of STPW. (Id. at 8, 13 21.) OMI is a California corporation that operates container storage yards. (Id. at 10.) 14 This action arises from the theft of one forty-foot container of 128 packages of 15 lithium ion batteries (“Cargo”), which was part of a seventeen-container shipment 16 (“Shipment”), stolen from one of OMI’s storage yards in Commerce, California 17 (“OMI Yard”). (Id. at 1–2.) 18 Samsung is a Korean corporation that manufactures and exports lithium-ion 19 batteries and agreed to sell and deliver its batteries to Nextera Energy Constructors 20 (“Nextera”) in Kingman, Arizona. (Id. at 3, 12–13.) On or before October 20, 2022, 21 Samsung retained Lotte to transport the Shipment via ocean carrier from Busan, Korea 22 to the Port of Los Angeles in Los Angeles, California (“Port”). (ECF No. 11.) Upon 23 arrival to the Port, the Shipment would be transported to Kingman, Arizona via motor 24 carrier. (Id. at 11.) On November 1, 2022, the Shipment was sent from Busan to the 25 Port pursuant to Waybill No. SEL1441122, which identified Samsung as the shipper 26 and Nextera as the consignee. (Id. at 3, 17; Decl. Sangwan Kim ISO Mot. (“Kim 27 2 The Court has reviewed OWOT’s Separate Statement of Undisputed Facts and determined this 28 document is functionally intended to be OWOT’s additional material facts. (OWOT AMF 2.) As such, the Court will cite to it operatively as OWOT’s submission of additional material facts. 1 Decl.”) Ex. A (“Waybill”), ECF No. 42-5.) The batteries contained in the Shipment 2 had passed a quality inspection test and were affixed with a seal. (PSUF 13–16.) 3 On November 3, 2022, LGLNA and OWOT entered into a Broker-Carrier 4 Agreement (“Agreement”) in which OWOT, identified as a “Registered Motor 5 Carrier,” agreed to transport the Shipment from the Port to Kingman. (Id. at 19; Decl. 6 Wendy Chavana ISO Mot. (“Chavana Decl.”) Ex. A (“Agreement”), ECF No. 42-6.) 7 Melendez signed the Agreement as CEO3 of OWOT. (Chavana Decl. ¶ 5.) Under the 8 Agreement, OWOT was required to comply with all state, federal and local hazardous 9 materials (“HAZMAT”) licensing requirements. (Chavana Decl. ¶ 1(F).) During the 10 relevant time, OWOT had one tractor and did not have a HAZMAT permit or an 11 FMCSA property broker license. (PSUF 8.) In contrast, STPW had twenty-two 12 drivers and did have a HAZMAT permit. (Id. at 9.) At the time, Melendez—while 13 performing duties as the president of OWOT—was also a driver for STPW. (Id.; 14 Decl. Sook H. Lee ISO Motion (“Lee Decl.”) Ex. B (“STPW Resp. to ROGs”) No. 3, 15 ECF No. 42-3; Decl. Jose Marroquin (“Marroquin Decl.”) ¶ 3, ECF No. 48-2.) 16 Before the Shipment arrived at the Port of Los Angeles, LGLNA issued a 17 delivery order (“DO” or “LGLNA DO”) requesting that OWOT transport the 18 Shipment from Fenix Marine Terminal in San Pedro, California (“Terminal”) to 19 Kingman. (PSUF 20; Chavana Decl. Ex. B (“LGLNA DO”).) At the same time, 20 LGLNA sent OWOT a dangerous goods declaration by Samsung. (PSUF 20; 21 Chavana Decl. Ex. C (“HAZMAT Decl.”).) Melendez received the LGLNA DO and 22 HAZMAT Declaration. (PSUF 21; Lee Decl. Ex. E (“Melendez Dep.”) 19:11–25.) 23 Melendez then asked Marroquin if STPW could move the Shipment. (PSUF 21; 24 Melendez Dep. 22:19–25, 23:4–20; 24:1–5.) 25 26

3 Melendez signed the Agreement as the “CEO” of OWOT. (Chavana Decl. ¶ 5). To clarify, 27 Melendez is listed as the “President” of OWOT but apparently also performs acts as the CEO of 28 OWOT. (PSUF 8; See Chavana Decl. ¶ 5.) Accordingly, the Court will continue to refer to Melendez as the “President” of OWOT. 1 Thereafter, OWOT sent DOs to STPW, with specific pick-up times concerning 2 the Shipment, and STPW sent Pick-Up and Delivery Receipts as proof of delivery 3 (“PODs”). (PSUF 22; Lee Decl. Ex. F (“OWOT DOs and STPW PODs”).) The 4 OWOT DOs noted the Shipment’s HAZMAT requirement and attached the HAZMAT 5 Declaration. (Lee Decl. Ex. F.) STPW also issued dispatch orders to its drivers for 6 delivery of the Shipment. (SGDF 38; Suppl. Decl. Sook H. Lee ISO Mot. (“Suppl. 7 Lee Decl.”) Ex. D (“Dispatch Orders”), ECF No. 49-1.) The dispatch orders provided 8 “special instructions” that noted the HAZMAT requirement. (Suppl. Lee Decl.) 9 The Shipment arrived at the Port on November 12, 2022. (PSUF 23.) On 10 November 15, 2022, Daniel Banegas of OWOT arranged for four of the Shipment’s 11 containers to be picked up from the Terminal. (PSUF 24; Lee Decl. Ex. D (“Banegas 12 Emails”).) On November 16, 2022, the remaining thirteen containers, including the 13 Cargo, were picked up at the Terminal and dropped off at the OMI Yard by STPW 14 drivers, including Melendez. (PSUF 25; Banegas Emails; Lee Decl. Ex. I (“Shipment 15 PODs”).) Specifically, at or around noon on November 16, 2022, Melendez picked up 16 the Cargo from the Terminal. (PSUF 26; Lee Decl. Ex. H (“Cargo EIR, POD and 17 Forged POD”).) Melendez then prepared a POD, by recording the container number 18 (CGMU5420924), chassis number (TLXZ4520924), and seal number (H8269960) on 19 STPW letterhead, which he presented to personnel at the OMI Yard. (PSUF 26; Lee 20 Decl. H.) Melendez, also acting as STPW’s driver, drove a tractor (license no. 21 YP52224) owned by STPW. (PSUF 26.) 22 Late in the evening on November 16, 2022, at approximately 11:45 p.m., a 23 driver in a red tractor with STPW placards presented a forged POD on STPW 24 letterhead to OMI’s personnel, picked up the Cargo, and left the OMI yard seventeen 25 minutes later, on November 17, 2022, at 12:02 a.m. (PSUF 27; Lee Decl. Ex. G 26 (“Police Report”).) Later that day, the container was found empty in Ontario, 27 California. (PSUF 28.) The Shipment’s remaining sixteen containers were delivered 28 1 to Kingman on November 18 and 21–22, 2022, without incident. (PSUF 29; Lee 2 Decl. Ex. I.) 3 On December 2 and 7, 2022, OWOT sent LGLNA seventeen invoices, totaling 4 $55,624.00, which LGLNA paid on December 28, 2022, and January 4, 2023. 5 (PSUF 30; Chavana Decl. Ex. D (“Invoices”), Ex. E (“Payments”).) On 6 December 19, 2022, Lotte received a Claim Notice from Samsung demanding 7 payment of the Cargo’s invoice value in the amount of $533,157.12. (PSUF 32.) On 8 January 9, 2023, Sook H. Lee, on behalf of LGLNA, sent Notice of Claim for the 9 stolen Cargo to OWOT, STPW, and OMI. (Id. at 31.) On or about March 21, 2023, 10 Lotte paid the full amount to Samsung in exchange for an assignment of Samsung’s 11 right to recover damages from Defendants. (Id. at 33.) On June 26, 2023, Lotte 12 Insurance Co., Ltd. paid Lotte the full $533,157.124 amount and subrogated to Lotte’s 13 right and remedies in this action. (Id. at 34.) 14 On March 23, 2023, Lotte filed a lawsuit in state court—on behalf of Lotte 15 Insurance—against OWOT, STPW, and OMI, seeking a total of $547,849.99 in 16 damages. (Id. at 36.) In its Complaint, Lotte asserts four causes of action against 17 OWOT and STPW: 1) liability for loss of cargo under the Carmack Amendment; 18 2) violation of 49 U.S.C. §§ 13902, 14707, and 14916; 3) negligence; and 4) breach of 19 bailment. (Compl. ¶¶ 16–29.) On May 10, 2023, STPW, on behalf of all Defendants, 20 removed this action to federal court. (See generally NOR.) Lotte now moves for 21 summary judgment on its first cause of action against Defendants OWOT and 22 STPW—liability for loss of cargo under the Carmack Amendment.5 (See generally, 23 24

25 4 Additionally, back in December of 2022, Lotte arranged and paid for transportation of the stolen Cargo’s replacement and suffered an additional $14,692.87 in damages. (PSUF 35.) 26 5 In its Complaint, Lotte asserts four causes of action against OWOT and STPW. (Compl. ¶¶ 16– 29.) In its Motion, Lotte notified the Court that Lotte will only seek summary judgment on Lotte’s 27 first cause of action. (Mot. 5.) Lotte will not pursure its second, third, or fourth causes of action 28 against OWOT and STPW. (Mot. 5.) Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Lotte’s second, third, and fourth causes of action against OWOT and STPW. 1 Mot.) The Motion is fully briefed. (OWOT Opp’n, ECF No 47; STPW Opp’n, ECF 2 No. 48; Reply, ECF No. 49.) 3 III. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A court “shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no 5 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 6 matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A disputed fact is “material” where it might 7 affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law, and the dispute is “genuine” 8 where “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the 9 nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The 10 burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact lies with the 11 moving party. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986). 12 Once the moving party satisfies its initial burden, the nonmoving party cannot 13 simply rest on the pleadings or argue that any disagreement or “metaphysical doubt” 14 about a material issue of fact precludes summary judgment. See id. at 324; Matsushita 15 Elec. Indus. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). The non-moving party 16 must show that there are “genuine factual issues that . . . may reasonably be resolved 17 in favor of either party.” Cal. Architectural Bldg. Prods., Inc. v. Franciscan 18 Ceramics, Inc., 818 F.2d 1466, 1468 (9th Cir. 1987) (emphasis omitted) (quoting 19 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250). Courts should grant summary judgment against a party 20 who fails to make a sufficient showing on an element essential to her case when she 21 will ultimately bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23. 22 In ruling on summary judgment motions, courts “view the facts and draw 23 reasonable inferences in the light most favorable” to the nonmoving party. Scott v. 24 Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Conclusory, 25 speculative, or “uncorroborated and self-serving” testimony will not raise genuine 26 issues of fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment. Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, 27 Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir. 2002); Thornhill Publ’g Co. v. GTE Corp., 28 594 F.2d 730, 738 (9th Cir. 1979). Moreover, though the court may not weigh 1 conflicting evidence or make credibility determinations, there must be more than a 2 mere scintilla of contradictory evidence to survive summary judgment. Addisu v. 3 Fred Meyer, Inc., 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir. 2000). 4 The court may assume that material facts claimed and adequately supported are 5 undisputed except to the extent that such material facts are (a) included in the 6 opposing party’s responsive statement of disputes and (b) controverted by declaration 7 or competent written evidence. C.D. Cal. L.R. 56-4. The Court is not obligated to 8 look any further in the record for supporting evidence other than what is actually and 9 specifically referenced. Id. 10 IV. DISCUSSION 11 Lotte moves for summary judgment on the ground that it has established a 12 prima facie case for liability against OWOT and STPW under the Carmack 13 Amendment. (See Mot. 5). OWOT and STPW oppose the Motion on the sole ground 14 that there is genuine dispute as to whether they were operating as a “motor carrier” 15 within the meaning of the Carmack Amendment. (OWOT Opp’n 5; STPW Opp’n 2.) 16 A. Carmack Amendment 17 The Carmack Amendment, 49 U.S.C. § 14706 et seq., is part of the Interstate 18 Commerce Act and “provides the exclusive cause of action for interstate shipping 19 contract claims.” Pac. Indem. Co. v. Atlas Van Lines, Inc., 642 F.3d 702, 707 (9th Cir. 20 2011) (quoting White v. Mayflower Transit, L.L.C., 543 F.3d 581, 584 (9th Cir. 2008)). 21 The Carmack Amendment “subjects common carriers and freight forwarders 22 transporting cargo in interstate commerce to absolute liability for actual loss or injury 23 to property.” Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. NNR Aircargo Serv. (USA), Inc., 201 F.3d 1111, 24 1115 (9th Cir. 2000). “[T]he statute codifies the common-law rule that a carrier, 25 though not an absolute insurer, is liable for damage to goods transported by it unless it 26 can show that the damage” was the result of an unexpected cause. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co. 27 v. Elmore & Stahl, 377 U.S. 134, 137 (1964). However, liability does not extend to 28 brokers. CGU Int’l Ins., PLC v. Keystone Lines Corp., No. C-02-3751 SC, 2004 WL 1 1047982, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 5, 2004) (“Carmack governs carriers but not 2 brokers.”). 3 Under the Interstate Commerce Act, a “broker” is defined as: 4 a person, other than a motor carrier or an employee or agent of a motor carrier, that as a principal or agent, sells, offers for sale, negotiates for, or 5 holds itself out by solicitation, advertisement, or otherwise as selling, 6 providing, or arranging for, transportation by motor carrier for 7 compensation. 8 49 U.S.C. § 13102(2). The Code of Federal Regulations adds: 9 Motor carriers, or persons who are employees or bona fide agents of 10 carriers, are not brokers within the meaning of this section when they arrange or offer to arrange the transportation of shipments which they are 11 authorized to transport and which they have accepted and legally bound 12 themselves to transport. 13 49 C.F.R. § 371.2(a). By contrast, a “motor carrier” is “a person providing motor 14 vehicle transportation for compensation.” 49 U.S.C. § 13102(14). The term 15 “transportation” includes: 16 (A) a motor vehicle, vessel, warehouse, wharf, pier, dock, yard, property, 17 facility, instrumentality, or equipment of any kind related to the 18 movement of passengers or property, or both, regardless of ownership or an agreement concerning use; and 19 (B) services related to that movement, including arranging for, receipt, 20 delivery, elevation, transfer in transit, refrigeration, icing, ventilation, 21 storage, handling, packing, unpacking, and interchange of passengers of passengers and property. 22 23 49 U.S.C. § 13102(23). “The difference between a carrier and a broker is often 24 blurry.” CGU, 2004 WL 1047982, at *2. “The crucial distinction is whether the party 25 legally binds itself to transport, in which case it is considered a carrier.” Id. (citing 26 49 C.F.R. § 371.2(a)). 27 To establish a prima facie case of liability under the Carmack Amendment, a 28 shipper must show “delivery in good condition, arrival in damaged condition, and the 1 amount of damages.” Thousand Springs Trout Farms, Inc. v. IML Freight, Inc., 2 558 F.2d 539, 542 (9th Cir. 1977) (quoting Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 377 U.S. at 138). The 3 burden then shifts to the carrier to show “both that it was free from negligence and 4 that the damage to the cargo was due to one of the excepted causes relieving the 5 carrier of liability.” Ibid.. Here, the parties do not dispute that Samsung delivered the 6 Cargo in good condition and that Lotte suffered damages in the amount of 7 $547,849.99 for total loss of the Cargo. (PSUF 13–16, 36.) Thus, OWOT and STPW 8 are subject to absolute liability for this loss if they were operating as motor carriers. 9 The Court now turns to address whether OWOT and STPW were operating as motor 10 carriers under the Carmack Amendment. 11 B. OWOT 12 Courts have recognized that a party can become liable under the Carmack 13 Amendment by signing a Motor Carrier Agreement that identifies the party as a 14 “motor carrier.” Contessa Premium Foods, Inc. v. CST Lines, Inc., No. 2:10-cv-7424- 15 RSWL (FFMx), 2011 WL 3648388, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 18, 2011) (noting that 16 representation as a “carrier” in motor carrier agreement is evidence of motor carrier 17 status). And “a carrier is not automatically considered a broker because it requests 18 another carrier to perform the transportation. Rather, . . . motor carriers . . . are not 19 brokers within the meaning of this section,” when the motor carriers, “arrange or offer 20 to arrange the transportation of shipments which they are authorized to transport and 21 which they have accepted and legally bound themselves to transport.” KLS Air 22 Express, Inc. v. Cheetah Transp. LLC, No. CIV S-05-2593 FCD DAD, 2007 WL 23 2428294, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2007) (alteration in original) (quoting 49 C.F.R. 24 § 371.2(a)); see also CGU, 2004 WL 1047982, at *2 (determining an entity has 25 liability under the Carmack Amendment if the carrier accepts responsibility for 26 ensuring delivery of the goods, “regardless of who actually transported them”). 27 Finally, when a party sends a direct invoice to a shipper for transportation services, 28 this “create[s] an inference that [it] held itself out to [p]laintiff as a transporter of 1 property.” Contessa, 2011 WL 3648388, at *4 (finding direct invoice by defendant to 2 plaintiff for the entire loading and transportation process is circumstantial evidence of 3 carrier status). 4 Here, the undisputed facts demonstrate: (1) OWOT had the authority of motor 5 carrier from the FMCSA, (PSUF 8); (2) Melendez, as OWOT’s president, signed a 6 Motor Carrier Agreement that identified OWOT as a motor carrier, (id. at 19; Chavana 7 Decl. Ex. A); (3) OWOT accepted LGLNA’s DO and HAZMAT Declaration and 8 agreed to transport the Shipment, (PSUF 24–25; Chavana Decl. Exs. B, C); (4) all 9 communications for pick-up and delivery of the Shipment, including notification of 10 the stolen Cargo, were between LGLNA and OWOT, (PSUF 24–25; Lee Decl. Ex. D; 11 Suppl. Lee Decl. Exs. A, B); and (5) OWOT sent a total of seventeen invoices and 12 PODs to LGLNA related to each container of the Shipment, (PSUF 30; Chavana Decl. 13 Exs. D, E). This is sufficient to demonstrate that OWOT was acting as a motor carrier 14 under the Carmack Amendment. 15 OWOT makes two arguments, both of which the Court finds unpersuasive. 16 First, OWOT argues it was acting as a broker under the Agreement. (OWOT 17 Opp’n 9.) However, there is no evidence that OWOT held itself out to LGLNA as 18 arranging the Shipment for another party (i.e., STPW) to serve as the carrier. See 19 49 U.S.C. § 13102(2). In fact, OWOT does not have an FMCSA broker license. 20 (PSUF 8.) And even if it did, “a broker shall not, directly or indirectly, represent its 21 operations to be that of a carrier.” 49 C.F.R. § 371.7(b). OWOT’s argument cannot be 22 reconciled with the undisputed facts demonstrating it signed the Agreement as a 23 registered motor carrier, accepted the terms of LGLNA’s delivery, and agreed to 24 transport the Shipment. Moreover, all of the events described above occurred before 25 Melendez—acting on behalf of OWOT—even approached Marroquin regarding 26 STPW’s driving or transporting the containers. 27 Second, OWOT argues it notified LGLNA that STPW would transport the 28 Shipment because OWOT did not have a HAZMAT permit. (OWOT Opp’n 9.) 1 OWOT argues this voided the Agreement. (Id.). As a preliminary matter, OWOT has 2 adduced no evidence to support its position besides Melendez’s own deposition 3 testimony. (Decl. Gregory J. Goodheart ISO OWOT Opp’n (“Goodheart Decl.”) 4 Exs. A–N (“Melendez Dep. Excerpts”), ECF No. 47-1.) In establishing a genuine 5 dispute to a material fact, the party opposing a motion for summary judgment must 6 rely on more than its own self-serving and uncorroborated testimony. Villiarimo, 7 281 F.3d at 1061; Thornhill Publ’g, 594 F.2d at 738. Melendez’s claims of a 8 subsequent and superseding spoken arrangement to the Agreement do not meet that 9 threshold. 10 Furthermore, Melendez’s testimony does not support the contention that 11 LGLNA knew about the alleged superseding arrangement. For example, OWOT 12 claims that “OWOT told plaintiff that STPW would be the firm handling the subject 13 shipment and not OWOT. Plaintiff agreed with this arrangement.” (OWOT AMF 3.) 14 Here, OWOT’s proffered evidence merely demonstrates that Melendez “believe[d]” 15 LGLNA knew STPW would transport the Shipment because he testified: “I think my 16 son let them know.” (Goodheart Decl. Ex. C). Whereas the undisputed evidence 17 supports the inference that Melendez’s son, Banegas, did no such thing. The 18 undisputed evidence reflects that Banegas sent LGLNA several emails in 19 November 2022: November 3 (providing a price quote and confirming OWOT could 20 handle the Shipment), November 17 (notifying LGLNA of the theft), and 21 November 28 (assisting in resolution of the insurance claim). (Suppl. Lee Decl. 22 Exs. A B). These emails do not reference STPW as an additional carrier nor do the 23 emails clarify OWOT’s inability to perform under the Agreement. As such, the Court 24 finds LGLNA was not noticed that STPW would transport the Shipment because 25 OWOT did not have a HAZMAT permit. 26 In sum, the Court finds OWOT fails to produce any evidence supporting its 27 assertion that Lotte had knowledge of OWOT’s arrangement with STPW—regardless 28 of what the OWOT-STPW relationship was. Rather, the undisputed record 1 demonstrates that OWOT took responsibility for transportation of the Shipment by 2 holding itself out as a motor carrier and subsequently demanded compensation for 3 performance under the Agreement. Accordingly, the Court determines OWOT is 4 liable as a motor carrier under the Carmack Amendment. 5 C. STPW 6 A “motor carrier” is a person providing motor carrier transportation for 7 compensation. 49 U.S.C. § 13102(14). When a trucking company hires independent 8 drivers to use its own tractors to transport a shipment, this is evidence of its status as a 9 motor carrier. AXA Corp. Sols. Assurance v. Great Am. Lines, Inc., No. 10-cv-2023- 10 MAS (TJB), 2015 WL 9460558, at *1 (D.N.J. Aug. 22, 2016) (notwithstanding 11 assertions that another motor carrier handled all “operation, dispatching, and 12 accounting,” a trucking company was also a motor carrier under the Carmack 13 Amendment where “it is undisputed that [it] hired the driver and owned the tractor- 14 trailer that transported the Freight.”). The Court finds AXA persuasive and instructive 15 in the present case, as it demonstrates that one party’s motor carrier status does not 16 preclude another party’s status as a motor carrier. Additionally, the undisputed facts 17 may demonstrate that two parties acted as motor carriers with respect to the same 18 shipment, even where questions remain as to their arrangement with one another. To 19 the extent that the facts presented here raise such questions, they do not create a 20 genuine dispute as to STPW’s motor carrier status. 21 STPW was a licensed FMCSA motor carrier with a HAZMAT permit. 22 (PSUF 9.) As such, STPW was authorized to transport the Shipment. Melendez 23 asked Marroquin if STPW would move the Shipment and, thereafter, OWOT issued 24 DOs to STPW and STPW issued corresponding PODs to OWOT. (PSUF 22; Lee 25 Decl. Ex. F.) The OWOT DOs provided specific pickup times related to the 26 Shipment, as well as a notification that a HAZMAT permit was required to transport 27 the Shipment. (Lee Decl. Ex. F.) The OWOT DOs requested STPW to “Bill to One 28 Way Only Trans Inc.” (Id.). Consistent with the appointment times, STPW 1 dispatched its trucks and drivers to pick up the full containers at the Terminal, store 2 them briefly at the OMI Yard, then deliver the containers to Nextera—where the 3 Cargo was offloaded, and ultimately return the empty containers to Long Beach, 4 California. (PSUF 22; Suppl. Lee Decl. Ex. D.) Each driver that moved one of the 5 Shipment’s seventeen containers was “employed by” STPW. (PSUF 9.) 6 STPW argues these facts fail to demonstrate that STPW transported the Cargo 7 or received compensation in connection with transportation of the Cargo. (STPW 8 Opp’n 6, 7). This argument relies on three claims, all made by Marroquin in his 9 declaration. (Marroquin Decl. 3, 5–8.) First, Marroquin states Melendez was an 10 independent contractor with STPW, who at no time had ownership interest in STPW. 11 (Id. ¶ 3). Second, he states Melendez asked if he could “borrow” STPW tractors and 12 “hire” STPW drivers to move the containers, but that Marroquin did not give 13 Melendez authority to move the containers under STPW’s operating authority or 14 HAZMAT permit. (Id. ¶¶ 5–8.) Third, Marroquin states STPW did not contract with 15 or expect compensation from LGLNA, OWOT, or any other entity in connection with 16 the Cargo. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 13.) 17 STPW asserts no evidence beyond Marroquin’s own assertions. Nor does 18 STPW proffer evidence demonstrating how any driver could have moved the 19 containers without a HAZMAT permit—much less that Marroquin successfully 20 conditioned the use of STPW’s HAZMAT certified trucks and drivers in that regard. 21 (See OWOT SSUF 20.) Moreover, several of Marroquin’s statements conflict with 22 Melendez’s deposition testimony. For example, Melendez testified he was 23 Maroquin’s business partner and they shared a bank account. (Melendez Dep. 19:22– 24 25, 22:19–25, 76:10–25.) He also testified that, in December 2022, Marroquin told 25 Melendez to “wait” before forwarding LGLNA’s payments, and that STPW recently 26 inquired about that money. (Id. at 67:2–14, 68:5-15, 68:20–69:8, 74:7–11; 75:13– 27 76:9). 28 1 It is true that the record invites speculation as to the exact nature of STPW and 2 OWOT’s relationship. For example, Lotte has provided PODs for each container in 3 the Shipment, (Lee Decl. Ex. I), and some are on STPW letterhead, while some are on 4 OWOT letterhead. The “EIR” indicates the Cargo was picked up at the Terminal by 5 OWOT in STPW’s tractor, while the POD that Melendez issued and presented at the 6 OMI Yard is on STPW letterhead, as is the forged POD used to steal the Cargo. (Lee 7 Decl., Ex. H Cargo EIR, POD and Forged POD.) However, Plaintiff has 8 demonstrated that at least five of the PODs on STPW letterhead specifically correlate 9 with DOs issued by OWOT, instructing STPW on pick-up and billing with respect to 10 one of the Shipment’s seventeen containers. (Lee Decl. Ex. F, OWOT DOs and 11 STPW PODs.) This is circumstantial evidence, not only that Marroquin accepted 12 Melendez’s proposal to move the Shipment, but that the Cargo was moved pursuant to 13 that agreement. 14 Therefore, the Court finds Lotte has demonstrated that STPW fulfilled OWOT’s 15 request to transport the Shipment, which it was authorized to do, entitling STPW to 16 compensation. As such, the Court finds STPW acted as a motor carrier under the 17 Carmack Amendment. Accordingly, STPW fails to raise a genuine dispute as to any 18 material fact—as to its motor carrier status in this case—and is therefore subject to - 19 absolute liability under the Carmack Amendment. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 Vv. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion for 3 || Summary Judgment. (ECF No. 42). 4 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 oy 7 August 19, 2024 bed igt / 9 10 OTIS D. WRIGHT, I

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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