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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 BMO BANK N.A., Case No. 1:24-cv-00634-SAB

12 Plaintiff, FINDING AND RECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDING GRANTING

13 v. PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT

JUDGMENT AND DIRECTING CLERK OF

14 RAJINDER SINGH CHEEMA, THE COURT TO RANDOMLY ASSIGN A

DISTRICT JUDGE TO THIS MATTER

15 Defendant. (ECF No. 16) 16

OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN

17 DAYS

18 19 Currently before the Court is a motion for default judgment filed by BMO Bank N.A. 20 (“Plaintiff”). 21 Following amendment of the Local Rules effective March 1, 2022, a certain percentage 22 of civil cases shall be directly assigned to a Magistrate Judge only, with consent or declination of 23 consent forms due within 90 days from the date of filing of the action. L.R. App. A(m)(1). This 24 action has been directly assigned to a Magistrate Judge only. Not all parties have appeared or 25 filed consent or declination of consent forms in this action yet. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 26 636(b)(1)(B), Local Rule 302(c)(7), and Local Rule Appendix A, subsection (m), the Court shall 27 direct the Clerk of the Court to assign a District Judge to this action and the Court shall issue findings and recommendations as to the pending motion for default judgment. 1 I. 2 BACKGROUND 3 Around October 10, 2018, Plaintiff and Rajinder Singh Cheema (“Defendant”) entered 4 into a loan and security agreement (hereafter “the Agreement”) to finance a 2019 Peterbilt 389 5 tractor for Defendant to use in his business. Defendant agreed to pay $226.627.12, including 6 interest, pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Agreement. (Compl. at ¶ 10, ECF No. 1.) 7 Defendant failed to make the August 1, 2023, payment due under the Agreement and his default 8 is continuing. (Id. at ¶ 14.) Pursuant to the Agreement, the entire amount due accelerated and 9 Defendant owes the amount of $80,283.89. (Id. at ¶ 15.) 10 On May 13, 2024, Plaintiff noticed Defendant of his default under the Agreement and 11 Plaintiff’s election to accelerate the loan. (Id. at ¶ 21.) Defendant has refused to pay the amount 12 due and owing under the Agreement. (Id. at ¶ 22.) Under the Agreement, Plaintiff has the right 13 to enter any premises where the tractor may be to take possession of and remove it, but Plaintiff 14 has been unable to recover the tractor. (Id. at ¶¶ 22-24.) 15 Around April 3, 2024, Plaintiff learned from Defendant that the tractor was located at JV 16 Truck Service which does business as Fresno Truck. (Id. at ¶ 27.) Plaintiff sent repossession 17 agents to Fresno Truck around April 3, 2024, and a repair invoice was presented to the agents. 18 (Id. at ¶ 29.) Around April 4, 2024, Plaintiff sent a letter to Fresno Truck offering to pay the 19 statutory maximum allowed for repairs and demanding surrender of the tractor. (Id. at ¶ 30.) 20 Fresno Truck did not respond to the letter and Plaintiff had not received notice that Fresno Truck 21 has initiated paperwork with the Department of Motor Vehicles to conduct a lien sale of the 22 tractor. (Id. at ¶¶ 31-32.) 23 On May 29, 2024, Plaintiff filed this action against Defendant Cheema, Fresno Truck 24 Tire & Service, Inc., and Amarjit Singh pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) alleging state law claims 25 of conversion, claim and delivery against Defendants Fresno Truck & Tire Service, Inc. and 26 Singh (collectively “Fresno Truck Defendants”) and breach of contract against Defendant 27 Cheema. (ECF No. 1.) The tractor was subsequently recovered (Mot. for Entry of Default 1 against Fresno Truck Defendants, and they were terminated from this action (ECF Nos. 7, 8). 2 On July 26, 2024, Plaintiff filed a request for entry of default against Defendant Cheema 3 and default was entered. (ECF Nos. 13, 14.) On August 23, 2024, Plaintiff filed the instant 4 motion for default judgment. (ECF Nos. 16-19.) Defendant Cheema has not filed an opposition 5 to the motion. 6 II. 7 LEGAL STANDARD 8 “Our starting point is the general rule that default judgments are ordinarily disfavored,” as 9 “[c]ases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” NewGen, LLC v. 10 Safe Cig, LLC, 840 F.3d 606, 616 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1472 11 (9th Cir. 1986). Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 55, obtaining a default judgment is a 12 two-step process. Entry of default is appropriate as to any party against whom a judgment for 13 affirmative relief is sought that has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by the Federal 14 Rules of Civil Procedure and where that fact is made to appear by affidavit or otherwise. Fed. R. 15 Civ. P. 55(a). After entry of default, a plaintiff can seek entry of default judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 55(b). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2) provides the framework for the Court to enter a 17 default judgment:

18 (b) Entering a Default Judgment.

19 (2) By the Court. In all other cases, the party must apply to the court for a default judgment. A default judgment may be entered against a minor or incompetent person 20 only if represented by a general guardian, conservator, or other like fiduciary who has appeared. If the party against whom a default judgment is sought has appeared 21 personally or by a representative, that party or its representative must be served with written notice of the application at least 7 days before the hearing. The court may 22 conduct hearings or make referrals--preserving any federal statutory right to a jury trial--when, to enter or effectuate judgment, it needs to: 23 (A) conduct an accounting; 24 (B) determine the amount of damages; 25 (C) establish the truth of any allegation by evidence; or 26 (D) investigate any other matter. 27 Fed. R. Civ. P. 55. 1 The decision to grant a motion for default judgment is within the discretion of the court. 2 PepsiCo, Inc. v. California Security Cans, 238 F.Supp.2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. Cal. 2002). The Ninth 3 Circuit has set forth the following seven factors (the “Eitel factors”) that the Court may consider in 4 exercising its discretion:

5 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at stake in the 6 action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the 7 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 8 Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471-72. 9 Generally, once default has been entered, “the factual allegations of the complaint, except 10 those relating to damages, will be taken as true.” Garamendi v. Henin, 683 F.3d 1069, 1080 (9th 11 Cir. 2012) (quoting Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977)); see also Fed. 12 R. Civ. P. 8(b)(6) (“An allegation--other than one relating to the amount of damages--is admitted if 13 a responsive pleading is required and the allegation is not denied.”). Accordingly, the amount of 14 damages must be proven at an evidentiary hearing or through other means. Microsoft Corp. v. 15 Nop, 549 F.Supp.2d 1233, 1236 (E.D. Cal. 2008). Additionally, “necessary facts not contained in 16 the pleadings, and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps v. 17 Life Ins. Co. of North America, 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal citation omitted). 18 The relief sought must not be different in kind or exceed the amount that is demanded in the 19 pleadings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c). 20 III. 21 DISCUSSION 22 Before it may evaluate the Eitel factors to determine whether default judgment should be 23 entered, the Court must first determine whether it properly has jurisdiction in this matter. 24 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 25 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and their power to adjudicate is limited to 26 that granted by Congress. U.S v. Sumner, 226 F.3d 1005, 1009 (9th Cir. 2000). 27 A district court has diversity jurisdiction “where the matter in controversy exceeds the 1 citizens or subjects of a foreign state ….” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1)–(2). The burden of proving the 2 amount in controversy depends on the allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint. See Lowdermilk 3 v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 479 F.3d 994, 998–1000 (9th Cir. 2007). When the complaint alleges 4 damages less than the jurisdictional requirement, the party seeking to establish diversity 5 jurisdiction must prove the amount in controversy with legal certainty. Lowdermilk, 479 F.3d at 6 1000; Rynearson v. Motricity, Inc., 601 F.Supp.2d 1238, 1240 (W.D. Wash. 2009). 7 Here, Plaintiff asserts that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. (Compl. at ¶ 1.) 8 Plaintiff alleges that the amount due and owning on the loan is $80,283.89. (Id. at ¶ 15.) There 9 is also interest in the amount of $5,318.14, with a daily default rate of interest accruing of 10 $40.14; and late fees in the amount of $1,770.45 owing on the loan. (Id. at ¶¶ 16-18.) 11 Additionally, under the Agreement, Defendant Cheema is obligated to pay all expenses of 12 retaking, holding, and preparing for sale and selling the tractor, and attorney fees and costs 13 incurred in this lawsuit. (Id. at ¶¶ 19-20.) In the current motion, Plaintiff is seeking to recover 14 $100,705.91 for principal, accrued interest, late fees, legal fees, and costs. (Mot. at 8.) 15 Therefore, the amount in controversy requirement is satisfied. 16 The complaint alleges that Plaintiff is a national association with its main office in 17 Chicago, Illinois. (Compl. at ¶ 4.) Defendant Cheema is a resident and citizen of California.1 18 (Id. at ¶ 5.) Thus, Plaintiff has established complete diversity between the parties named in the 19 lawsuit and the Court has diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 20 Accordingly, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s complaint based on 21 diversity. 22 B. Jurisdiction Over Defendant 23 1. Legal Standards for Service of Process 24 As a general rule, the Court considers the adequacy of service of process before 25 evaluating the merits of a motion for default judgment. See J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Singh, 26 1 Although now dismissed, the complaint alleges that the Fresno Truck Defendants were also citizens of California. 27 Fresno Truck & Tire Service, Inc. is a California corporation with its principal place of business in Fresno, California. Defendant Singh is a resident and citizen of California and the sole officer and director of Fresno Truck 1 No. 1:13-cv-1453-LJO-BAM, 2014 WL 1665014, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2014); Penpower 2 Tech. Ltd. v. S.P.C. Tech., 627 F.Supp.2d 1083, 1088 (N.D. Cal. 2008); Mason v. Genisco Tech. 3 Corp., 960 F.2d 849, 851 (9th Cir. 1992) (stating that if party “failed to serve [defendant] in the 4 earlier action, the default judgment is void and has no res judicata effect in this action.”). 5 Service of the summons and complaint is the procedure by which a court having venue 6 and jurisdiction of the subject matter of the suit obtains jurisdiction over the person being served. 7 Miss. Publ’g Corp. v. Murphree, 326 U.S. 438, 444–45 (1946); see Direct Mail Specialists, Inc. 8 v. Eclat Computerized Techs., Inc. (Direct Mail), 840 F.2d 685, 688 (9th Cir. 1988) (“A federal 9 court does not have jurisdiction over a defendant unless the defendant has been served properly 10 under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4.”). 11 Service of a complaint in federal court is governed by Rule 4. Under Rule 4(e), an 12 individual may be served by: (1) delivering a copy of the summons and the complaint to that 13 person personally; (2) leaving a copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of abode 14 with someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there; or (3) delivering a copy of each to 15 an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 4(e)(2). 17 “Rule 4 is a flexible rule that should be liberally construed so long as a party receives 18 sufficient notice of the complaint.” Direct Mail, 840 F.2d at 688 (quoting United Food & Com. 19 Workers Union v. Alpha Beta Co., 736 F.2d 1371, 1382 (9th Cir. 1984)). However, “without 20 substantial compliance with Rule 4, ‘neither actual notice nor simply naming the defendant in the 21 complaint will provide personal jurisdiction.’ ” Direct Mail, 840 F.2d at 688 (quoting Benny v. 22 Pipes, 799 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 1986)). “Once service is challenged, plaintiffs bear the burden 23 of establishing that service was valid under Rule 4.” Brockmeyer v. May, 383 F.3d 798, 801 24 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). “[A] signed return of service constitutes prima facie evidence 25 of valid service which can be overcome only by strong and convincing evidence.” SEC v. 26 Internet Sols. for Bus., Inc., 509 F.3d 1161, 1163 (9th Cir. 2007). 27 2. Service on Defendant Cheema 1 process on Defendant Cheema. On June 20, 2024, at 6:06 p.m., and July 21, 2024, at 7:58 a.m., 2 there was no answer at Defendant Cheema’s residence. (Decl. of Diligence, ECF No. 9 at 3.2) 3 On July 22, 2024, at 12:02 p.m. a third attempt was made and per the co-occupant of the 4 residence, Defendant Cheema was not home so substitute service was effected on Defendant’s 5 wife. (Id.; Proof of Service at 2, ECF No. 9.) Thereafter, on June 24, 2024, a copy of the papers 6 was mailed to Defendant Cheema. (Id. at 2, 4.) 7 On this record, the Court concludes that service was properly effected on Defendant 8 Cheema, and the Court has jurisdiction over this matter. 9 C. Evaluation of the Eitel Factors in Favor of Default Judgment 10 For the reasons discussed herein, the Court finds that consideration of the Eitel factors 11 weighs in favor of granting default judgment. 12 1. Possibility of Prejudice to Plaintiff 13 The first factor considered is whether Plaintiff would suffer prejudice if default judgment 14 is not entered. See PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177. Plaintiff argues that denying default 15 judgment would prejudice it because Defendant Cheema has refused to participate in this action 16 and has made default judgment the sole avenue of relief available to Plaintiff. (Mot. at 6.) 17 Generally, where default has been entered against a defendant, a plaintiff has no other 18 means by which to recover against that defendant. PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177; 19 Moroccanoil, Inc. v. Allstate Beauty Prods., 847 F.Supp.2d 1197, 1200–01 (C.D. Cal. 2012). 20 Here, the Court finds Plaintiff would be prejudiced if default judgment were not granted because, 21 absent entry of a default judgment, Plaintiff will be without recourse against Defendant given his 22 unwillingness to pay the amounts due under the Agreement. See Vogel v. Rite Aid Corp., 992 23 F.Supp.2d 998, 1007 (C.D. Cal. 2014). This factor weighs in favor of default judgment. 24 2. Merits of Plaintiff’s Claim and Sufficiency of the Complaint 25 The second and third Eitel factors, taken together, “require that [the] plaintiff[s] state a 26 claim on which [they] may recover.” PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1175. Notably a 27 2 All references to pagination of specific documents pertain to those as indicated on the upper right corners via the 1 “defendant is not held to admit facts that are not well-pleaded or to admit conclusions of law.” 2 DIRECTV, Inc. v. Hoa Huynh, 503 F.3d 847, 854 (9th Cir. 2007). Here, Plaintiff brings a 3 breach of contract claim against Defendant Cheema. (Compl. at 8.) Plaintiff argues that it is 4 entitled to judgment on the merits of the claim because Plaintiff has performed all conditions and 5 obligations under the Agreement. (Mot. at 6.) However, Defendant Cheema entered into a 6 written agreement, breached his duty under the Agreement by defaulting on his payment 7 obligations which has resulted in the entire unpaid amount becoming due and payable 8 immediately, with interest. (Id.) 9 Under California law, the elements for a breach of contract claim are: “(1) the contract, 10 (2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant’s breach, and (4) 11 damage to plaintiff therefrom.” Wall St. Network, Ltd. v. New York Times Co., 164 Cal. App. 12 4th 1171, 1178 (2008) (quoting Regan Roofing Co. v. Superior Court, 24 Cal.App.4th 425, 434– 13 435 (1994)). The complaint establishes each of these elements. Plaintiff entered into a loan and 14 security agreement with Defendant Cheema whereby Plaintiff agreed to finance Defendant 15 Cheema’s purchase of the tractor for use in Defendant Cheema’s business. (Compl. at ¶ 10; 16 Loan and Security Agreement, Ex. A, ECF No. 1 at 11-15.) Plaintiff fully performed its 17 obligations under the loan and security agreement by financing Defendant Cheema’s purchase of 18 the tractor. (Mot. at ¶¶ 10, 53.) Defendant Cheema breached the terms of the loan and security 19 agreement by defaulting on his payments which were due under the Agreement. (Id. at ¶¶ 13, 20 14, 54.) Plaintiff’s prayer for relief also sets forth its claim for the amount due under the 21 Agreement, including attorneys’ fees, costs, late fees, and interest. (Id. at ¶¶ 55, 56, p. 9.) Thus, 22 the second and third Eitel factors support entry of default judgment. 23 3. The Sum of Money at Stake in the Action 24 Under the fourth Eitel factor, “the court must consider the amount of money at stake in 25 relation to the seriousness of Defendant’s conduct.” PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1176; see 26 also Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Castworld Prods., Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 500 (C.D. Cal. 2003). 27 The amount at stake must not be disproportionate to the harm alleged. See Lehman Bros. 1 Oct. 7, 2011). Default judgment is disfavored where the sum of money at stake is too large or 2 unreasonable in relation to the defendant’s conduct. Truong Giang Corp. v. Twinstar Tea Corp., 3 No. C 06-03594 JSW, 2007 WL 1545173, at *12 (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2007). 4 Plaintiff argues that the sum of money at stake here is reasonable in light of the terms of the 5 contract as it is in accord with the terms of the Agreement. (Mot. at 7.) Here, Plaintiff requests 6 contractual money damages relating to the tractor under the Agreement, including interest and 7 attorneys’ fees and costs where Defendant Cheema has failed to make such payments. (ECF No. 1 at 8 ¶¶ 15-18, p. 9; Ex. A, ECF No. 1 at 11-15.) The bulk of Plaintiff’s contractual damages consists of 9 the principal remaining on the purchase price of the vehicle. (See id.) Thus, the Court finds the 10 requested contractual damages reasonable for the purposes of permitting the entry of default 11 judgment. 12 4. The Possibility of a Dispute Concerning Material Facts 13 The next Eitel factor considers the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts. 14 Plaintiff contends that there is little possibility of dispute of the material facts as Plaintiff has 15 clearly set forth the facts and has provided evidence of their existence. (Mot. at 7.) 16 As discussed previously, Plaintiff has met its burden of establishing a breach of contract 17 claim. Defendant Cheema has defaulted. Since “all allegations in a well-pleaded complaint are 18 taken as true after the court clerk enters default judgment, there is no likelihood that any genuine 19 issue of material fact exists.” Elektra Entm’t Group Inc. v. Crawford, 226 F.R.D. 388, 393 (C.D. 20 Cal. 2005). Thus, taking the pleaded facts as true, the Court finds this factor favors entry of 21 default judgment. 22 5. Whether the Default was Due to Excusable Neglect 23 The sixth Eitel factor considers the possibility that a defendant’s default resulted from 24 excusable neglect. PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177. Courts have found that where a 25 defendant was “properly served with the complaint, the notice of entry of default, as well as the 26 paper in support of the [default judgment] motion,” there is no evidence of excusable neglect. 27 Shanghai Automation Instrument Co. v. Kuei, 194 F.Supp.2d 995, 1005 (N.D. Cal. 2001). 1 at 7.) As discussed above, Defendant Cheema was properly served with the complaint in this 2 matter. (ECF No. 9.) He was also served with a copy of the motion for default judgment and the 3 order continuing the hearing on the motion. (ECF No. 16 at 9; ECF No. 21 at 3.) 4 The Court finds this factor weighs in favor of granting default judgment as Defendant 5 Cheema has failed to file a responsive pleading or otherwise appear in this action, despite being 6 properly served. See Shanghai Automation Instrument Co., 194 F.Supp.2d at 1005 (“The default 7 of defendant … cannot be attributed to excusable neglect. Plaintiff was properly served with the 8 complaint, the notice of entry of default, as well as the papers in support of the instant motion.”). 9 6. The Strong Policy Favoring a Decision on the Merits 10 “Cases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel, 782 11 F.2d at 1472. However, district courts have concluded with regularity that this policy, standing 12 alone, is not dispositive, especially where a defendant fails to appear or defend itself in an action. 13 PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177; see also Craigslist, Inc. v. Naturemarket, Inc., 694 14 F.Supp.2d 1039, 1061 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2010). Accordingly, the Court finds this factor weighs 15 in favor of granting default judgment. See PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177 (“Defendant’s 16 failure to answer Plaintiffs’ complaint makes a decision on the merits impractical, if not 17 impossible. Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a), termination of a case before hearing the merits is 18 allowed whenever a defendant fails to defend an action.”). 19 In conclusion, the Court finds default judgment is appropriate as to Defendant Cheema. 20 Therefore, the Court finds Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment should be granted as to 21 Defendant Cheema. 22 D. Requested Relief 23 Plaintiff seeks damages, attorney fees, costs, interest, and late fees on all unpaid amounts 24 due and owing under the Agreement. As relevant here, the Agreement entered into by the parties 25 provides:

26 5.2 Remedies. Upon the occurrence or an event of default, . . . Lender may . . . declare this Agreement to be in default . . . and (iv) exercise all of the rights and 27 remedies of a secured party under the Uniform Commercial Code and any other applicable laws, including the right to require Debtor to assemble the Equipment 1 premises where the Equipment may be without Judicial process and take possession thereof. . . . Lender may dispose of any Equipment at a public or 2 private sale or at auction. Lender may buy at any sale and become the owner of the Equipment. . . . Debtor shall also pay to Lender all expenses of retaking, 3 holding, preparing for sale, selling and the like, including without limitation (a) the reasonable fees or any attorneys retained by Lender, and (b) all other legal 4 expenses incurred by Lender. . . .

5 5.3 Acceleration Interest. Debtor agrees to pay Lender, upon acceleration or of the above indebtedness, interest on all sums then owing hereunder at the rate of 6 1 1/2% per month if not prohibited by law, otherwise at the highest rate Debtor can legally obligate itself to pay or Lender can legally collect under applicable 7 law. 8 (Loan and Security Agreement, ECF No. 17 at 11 (emphasis in original).) 9 1. Damages 10 A plaintiff must prove all damages sought in the complaint, and “[a] judgment by default 11 shall not be different in kind [or] exceed in amount that prayed for in the [complaint].” Fed. R. 12 Civ. P. 54(c). The prevailing party in a breach of contract claim is entitled to recover “as nearly 13 as possible the equivalent of the benefits of performance.” Lisec v. United Airlines, Inc., 10 14 Cal.App.4th 1500, 1503 (1992). In determining the appropriate sum for a default judgment, the 15 court may rely on the affidavits or documentary evidence submitted by the plaintiff or order a 16 full evidentiary hearing. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2); see also Philip Morris USA, Inc., 219 F.R.D. 17 at 498. “Where damages are liquidated (i.e., capable of ascertainment from definite figures 18 contained in the documentary evidence or in detailed affidavits), judgment by default may be 19 entered without a damages hearing.” Microsoft Corp., 549 F.Supp.2d at 1235 (citing Dundee 20 Cement Co. v. Howard Pipe & Concrete Prods., 722 F.2d 1319, 1323–24 (7th Cir. 1983)). 21 Plaintiff seeks the following contractual damages under the Agreement: 22 Principal: $80,283.903 23 Unpaid Interest & Fees: $11,142.73 24 Other Post Accel. Fees (repossession fees): $2,377.004 25 Total: $93,803.63 26 (Mot. at 8; Decl. of Micki Koepke (Koepke Decl. ¶ 37., ECF No. 17; Ex. 5, Loan Damage 27 3 (ECF No. 17 at 35.) 1 Calculator, ECF No. 17 at 37.) 2 As previously discussed, Plaintiff has met its burden of establishing its breach of contract 3 claims, which remain unchallenged by Defendant, and is thus the prevailing party in this action. 4 Plaintiff’s aforementioned damages, the amounts of which are supported by the attached 5 agreements, receipts, and supporting declarations, result directly from Defendant Cheema’s 6 breach of contract. Since Plaintiff’s request appears to be supported by the record and by the 7 proper analysis, and Defendant has not appeared to oppose the request, the Court recommends 8 Plaintiff be granted its contractual damages in the amount of $93,803.63. 9 2. Attorney Fees 10 “In a diversity case, the law of the state in which the district court sits determines whether 11 a party is entitled to attorney fees, and the procedure for requesting an award of attorney fees is 12 governed by federal law.” Riordan v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 589 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th 13 Cir. 2009) (quoting In re Larry’s Apartment, L.L.C., 249 F.3d 832, 837–38 (9th Cir. 2001)). 14 California follows the “American rule,” under which each party to a lawsuit must pay its own 15 attorneys’ fees unless a contract or statute or other law authorizes a fee award. Cal. Code Civ. 16 Proc. §§ 1021, 1033.5(a)(10); Musaelian v. Adams, 45 Cal.4th 512, 516 (2009). California Civil 17 Code § 1717 governs attorney fees awards authorized by contract and incurred in litigating 18 claims sounding in contract. Frog Creek Partners, LLC v. Vance Brown, Inc., 206 Cal.App.4th 19 515, 523 (2012); Silverado Modjeska Recreation & Parks Dist. v. Cnty. of Orange, 197 20 Cal.App.4th 282, 310 (2011). Under section 1717, when a contract provides for an award of fees 21 “incurred to enforce that contract,” “the party prevailing on the contract ... shall be entitled to 22 reasonable attorney’s fees. . . .” Cal. Civ. Code § 1717(a). 23 Here, Plaintiff seeks fees in the amount of $6,240.00 and costs in the amount of $662.28. 24 (Decl. of Jennifer Witherell Crastz Re: Attorney Fees and Costs (“Crastz Decl.”) ¶¶ 5, 7, 8, ECF 25 No. 18.) As discussed above, the Agreement provides that Defendant will pay reasonable 26 attorney fees due to his default on his payment obligations. (Loan and Security Agreement at 27 11.) Therefore, Plaintiff is entitled to reasonable attorney fees. 1 determining a reasonable fee.” Antoninetti v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., 643 F.3d 1165, 1176 2 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal punctuation and citations omitted). The Ninth Circuit has explained the 3 lodestar approach as follows:

4 The lodestar/multiplier approach has two parts. First a court determines the lodestar amount by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the 5 litigation by a reasonable hourly rate. The party seeking an award of fees must submit evidence supporting the hours worked and the rates claimed. A district 6 court should exclude from the lodestar amount hours that are not reasonably expended because they are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary. 7 Second, a court may adjust the lodestar upward or downward using a multiplier based on factors not subsumed in the initial calculation of the lodestar. The 8 lodestar amount is presumptively the reasonable fee amount, and thus a multiplier may be used to adjust the lodestar amount upward or downward only in rare and 9 exceptional cases, supported by both specific evidence on the record and detailed findings by the lower courts that the lodestar amount is unreasonably low or 10 unreasonably high. 11 Van Gerwin v. Guarantee Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal citations 12 and punctuation omitted). 13 Under the lodestar method, the Court will first determine the appropriate hourly rate for 14 the work performed, and that amount is then multiplied by the number of hours properly 15 expended in performing the work. Antoninetti, 643 F.3d at 1176. The district court has the 16 discretion to adjust the number of hours claimed or the lodestar but is required to provide a clear 17 but concise reason for the fee award. Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1398 (9th Cir. 1992). 18 The lodestar amount is to be determined based upon the prevailing market rate in the relevant 19 community. Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 896 (1984). 20 a. Reasonable Hourly Rates 21 The fee applicant bears a burden to establish that the requested rates are commensurate 22 “with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably 23 comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n.11. An applicant meets 24 this burden by producing “satisfactory evidence—in addition to the attorney’s own affidavits— 25 that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by 26 lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation.” Id.; see also Chaudhry v. 27 City of L.A., 751 F.3d 1096, 1110–11 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Affidavits of the plaintiffs’ attorney[s] 1 prevailing market rate.”). The Court may apply “rates from outside the forum ... ‘if local counsel 2 was unavailable, either because they are unwilling or unable to perform because they lack the 3 degree of experience, expertise, or specialization required to handle properly the case.’ ” Barjon 4 v. Dalton, 132 F.3d 496 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Gates, 987 F.2d at 1405). 5 Hourly rates for attorney fees awarded in the Eastern District of California range from 6 $200 to $750, with hourly rates exceeding $600 reserved for attorneys who have been practicing 7 approximately 30 years. See, e.g., Cianchetta v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. 2:20-cv-00241- 8 KJM-JDP, 2022 WL 2160556, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Jun. 13, 2022) (reducing the hourly rate for 9 attorneys in their first year of practice to $200); Seebach v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. 2:18-cv- 10 00109-KJM AC, 2020 WL 4923664 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 21, 2020) (awarding the hourly rates 11 of $200 for an attorney who had been admitted to practice less than two years, and $505 for an 12 attorney “with roughly 20 years of experience” in 2020); Siafarikas v. Mercedez- Benz USA, 13 LLC, No. 2:20-cv-01784-JAM-AC, 2022 WL 16926265, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2022) 14 (approving the hourly rate of $250 for an attorney “who has practiced law for three years” and 15 $500 for an attorney who had practiced law for 21 years). 16 Ms. Crastz is a partner in the law firm representing Plaintiff in this matter. (Crastz Decl. 17 at ¶ 1.) She was admitted to practice in California in 1996 and has more than 28 years of 18 litigation experience with an emphasis in creditors’ rights and business and commercial 19 litigation. (Id. at ¶ 9.) She is seeking $325.00 per hour for her work in this matter. In light of 20 the aforementioned legal authorities, the Court finds Ms. Crastz’s hourly rate of $325.00 is 21 reasonable. 22 b. Reasonable Attorney Time Expended 23 Ms. Crastz proffers Plaintiff has incurred $3,965.00 in attorneys’ fees (12.2 hours) in 24 connection with this matter. (Crastz Decl. at ¶ 5; Ex. 7, ECF No. 18 at 5–9.) The Court finds the 25 time expended in this matter, as set forth in counsel’s timesheets, is reasonable. 26 Ms. Crastz further proffers an additional 5.5 hours to prepare the instant motion for 27 default judgment and anticipates an additional 1.5 hours relating to her appearance on the 1 motion and all supporting documents is reasonable; however, the amount of time relating to 2 appearing on this matter must be discounted. The hearing on the instant motion was vacated, and 3 the 1.5 hours to appear at the hearing were not used. Accordingly, the Court finds Ms. Crastz 4 reasonably expended an additional 5.5 hours related to the instant motion for default judgment, 5 for an additional total of $1,787.50. 6 Based on the foregoing, the Court recommends Plaintiff be awarded 17.7 hours of 7 attorney time (x $325.00 hourly rate), for a total reasonable fee amount of $5,752.50. 8 4. Litigation Expenses and Costs 9 Plaintiff seeks a total of $662.28 in costs, which consists of the filing fee ($405.00) and 10 service of process ($257.28).5 (Crastz Decl. at ¶ 10.) Plaintiff’s costs are also permitted 11 pursuant to the Agreement.6 (Loan and Security Agreement, ECF No. 17 at 11.) Further, the 12 Court finds that the costs are reasonable. See 42 U.S.C. § 12205. Accordingly, the Court 13 recommends Plaintiff be awarded its costs in the amount of $662.28. 14 IV. 15 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 16 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 17 1. Plaintiff BMO Harris Bank N.A.’s motion for default judgment (ECF No. 16) be 18 GRANTED, as follows: 19 2. Default judgment be ENTERED in favor of Plaintiff BMO Harris Bank N.A. 20 against Defendant Cheema in the amount of $100,218.41, which consists of: 21 a) Principal: $80,283.90 22 b) Interest and late fees: $11,142.73 23 5 Service on Defendant Cheema ($99.92) (ECF No. 9 at 2), Fresno Truck Tire and Service ($99.68) (ECF No. 6 at 24 2); and Amarjit Singh ($57.68) (ECF No. 5 at 3).

25 6 The Court notes that Plaintiff is seeking fees for service of process on the Fresno Truck Defendants who have been dismissed from this action. (Crastz Decl. at ¶ 10.) The Agreement provides that Defendant Cheema shall pay “all expenses of retaking, holding, preparing for sale, selling and the like, including without limitation (a) the reasonable 26 fees or any attorneys retained by Lender, and (b) all other legal expenses incurred by Lender.” (ECF No. 17 at 11.) At the time that the complaint in this action was filed, Fresno Truck Defendants had possession of the vehicle and 27 were not responding to Plaintiff’s demand for surrender of the tractor. (Compl. at ¶ 30.) The Court finds that the expense of service on Fresno Truck Defendants was reasonably an expense for retaking the truck and therefore is 1 Cc) Repossession Fees: $2,377.00 2 d) Attorneys’ Fees: $5,752.50 3 e) Legal Costs: $662.28 4 3. Upon sale of the identified vehicle in a commercially reasonable manner, the money 5 judgment entered herein be credited with the net sales proceeds. 6 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the district judge assigned to this 7 | action, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and this Court’s Local Rule 304. Within fourteen 8 | (14) days of service of this recommendation, any party may file written objections to these 9 | findings and recommendations with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document 10 | should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The 11 | district judge will review the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations pursuant to 28 12 | U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified 13 | time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th 14 | Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 15 16 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. DAM Le 1g | Dated: _ October 1, 2024

9 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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