INTRODUCTION

16 Plaintiff, an inmate in county jail, filed this civil rights case under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against 17 the County of Santa Clara,1 the City of Palo Alto, and several Palo Alto Police Officers. Now 18 before the Court are three motions to dismiss the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) for failure to 19 state a cognizable claim for relief under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure2 and 20 Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file a proposed Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”). The parties 21 have opposed each other’s motions and filed reply briefs. For the reasons explained below, 22 Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file the SAC is GRANTED, and the motions to dismiss are 23 DENIED. Based upon a review of the SAC under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a), the Court concludes it 24

25 1 Plaintiff named the County of Santa Clara Office of the Sheriff and County of Santa Clara District Attorney as Defendants, but as they are part of the County of Santa Clara and not separate 26 municipal entities, they are referred to herein as Santa Clara County. 2 Santa Clara County filed one motion, one was filed by Defendants City of Palo Alto (“Palo 27 Alto”), and Palo Alto Police Officers E. Gonzales, Daniel Cuevas, John Zalac, C. Conde, Paul 1 states a cognizable claim for relief against Defendants Cuevas and Webber for fabricating 2 evidence, and all of the other claims are DISMISSED without leave to further amend for failure to 3 state a cognizable claim for relief. The Court further orders production of certain documents 4 subject to protective limits, as well as a schedule for summary judgment briefing. 5 BACKGROUND3 6 Plaintiff was arrested pursuant to a warrant on January 30, 2021, in Palo Alto, California, 7 for indecent exposure, gun possession by a felon, ammunition possession, and possession of 8 methamphetamine for sale. He was arrested at the home of Jessica Navarro. Defendant Officer 9 Gonzales conducted a pat down search and discovered cash, handcuff keys, and a “surveillance . . 10 . listening device” in Plaintiff’s possession. Defendants Officers Zalac, Cuevas, Gonzales, 11 Stephens, and Sullivan searched Navarro’s apartment. Plaintiff alleges Cuevas and Zalac took a 12 photograph of methamphetamine found on Navarro’s dresser with money found in Plaintiff’s 13 wallet. Plaintiff alleges Navarro had a history of and prior convictions for selling drugs, while 14 Plaintiff did not. At the direction of Gonzales, Navarro opened her safe inside of which were an 15 empty pink gun holster labeled “Girls with Guns” and ammunition that, according to Plaintiff, 16 belonged to Navarro. Gonzales did another pat-down search of Plaintiff and found a key fob that 17 Plaintiff alleges Navarro had “planted” on him. 18 Gonzales unlocked Plaintiff’s car, where Cuevas found a gun on the driver’s seat and 19 Webber found cellphones in the trunk. Plaintiff alleges the gun was not his, and Navarro, Cuevas, 20 or another woman (not named as a Defendant) “planted” it in his car. Plaintiff alleges Cuevas 21 rubbed the gun on the driver’s seat to put Plaintiff’s DNA material on it. A later analysis of the 22 gun, according to Plaintiff, indicated two unidentified parties contributed to DNA found on the 23 gun. The phones were from Navarro’s apartment, but Webber had “planted’ them in his car. 24 3 This background is based upon the allegations in the SAC and documents filed in Plaintiff’s state 25 court criminal proceedings, of which the Court takes judicial notice. Courts “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those 26 proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” United States v. Black, 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007). Court orders and other court documents are proper subjects of judicial 27 notice, see id., as are records of court proceedings, see Dawson v. Mahoney, 451 F.3d 550, 551 n.1 1 Plaintiff was held in Santa Clara County Jail until June 2023, when his charges were dismissed. 2 Plaintiff was subsequently charged and convicted for committing murder and possessing a 3 gun on January 1, 2021, in Stanislaus County. Those crimes occurred on January 1, 2021, . The 4 gun supporting that conviction was the same gun that he was charged with possessing in Santa 5 Clara County on January 30, 2021. Plaintiff named several Stanislaus County defendants in his 6 original complaint, but those Defendants were dismissed and are not included in the SAC. 7 The SAC adds the following new Defendants not included in the FAC: two Santa Clara 8 County Deputy District Attorneys, Tamara Cool and McKeown, as well as Jessica Navarro as a 9 Defendant. The SAC drops Officer Conde, who had been named as a Defendant in the FAC. 10 STANDARD OF REVIEW 11 I. Screening Standard 12 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek 13 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 14 1915A(a). The Court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion of 15 the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief 16 may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” Id. 17 § 1915A(b). Pleadings filed by unrepresented parties must be liberally construed. Balistreri v. 18 Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). 19 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement of the 20 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” “Specific facts are not necessary; the 21 statement need only give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . . claim is and the grounds upon 22 which it rests.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (citations omitted). Although to state 23 a claim a complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations, . . . a plaintiff’s obligation to 24 provide the grounds of his entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a 25 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. . . . Factual allegations must 26 be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 27 550 U.S. 544, 555 (citations omitted). A complaint must proffer “enough facts to state a claim for 1 A pleading filed by a party unrepresented by counsel must be liberally construed, and 2 “however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted 3 by lawyers.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976) (internal quotations and citations 4 omitted). A pro se complaint must be liberally construed and "may be dismissed for failure to 5 state a claim only where it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in 6 support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Weilburg v. Shapiro, 488 F.3d 1202, 1205 7 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 8 DISCUSSION 9 I. Amendment 10 Plaintiff seeks leave to file a SAC to add and delete certain causes of action and 11 defendants. He states the SAC consists of “all of the correct claims that I wish to pursue” and “to 12 correct” the “deficiencies” in the FAC. (ECF No. 64 at 2.) 13 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides:

14 (1) Amending as a Matter of Course. A party may amend its pleading once as a matter of course within: 15 (A) 21 days after serving it, or (B) if the pleading is one to which a responsive pleading is 16 required, 21 days after service of a responsive pleading or 21 days after service of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b), 17 (c), or (f), whichever is earlier. (2) Other Amendments. In all other cases, a party may amend its 18 pleading only with the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave. The court should freely give leave when justice so requires. 19 Rule 15(a) is to be applied liberally in favor of amendments and, in general, leave shall be freely 20 given when justice so requires. See Janicki Logging Co. v. Mateer, 42 F.3d 561, 566 (9th Cir. 21 1994). “In the absence of any apparent or declared reason – such as undue delay, bad faith or 22 dilatory motive on the part of the movant, . . . undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of 23 allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc. – the leave sought should, as the rules 24 require, be freely given.” Hall v. City of Los Angeles, 697 F.3d 1059, 1073 (9th Cir. 2012) 25 (internal quotations and citations omitted). 26 As the SAC sets forth the claims Plaintiff wishes to pursue and deletes those he does not, 27 the interests of justice are best served by allowing him leave to file it. The SAC is not an exercise 1 in futility insofar as it does set forth a cognizable claim, as discussed below, and it also removes 2 claims and at least one Defendant that Plaintiff does not want to pursue. Moreover, filing the SAC 3 does not cause undue delay or prejudice to Defendants. The only claim in the SAC the Court 4 concludes is cognizable, as discussed below, remains essentially unchanged from the FAC, so the 5 Court discerns no more prejudice to Defendant by allowing Plaintiff to proceed with the SAC than 6 if the SAC were not allowed. Leave to file the SAC is granted. No further amendment will be 7 allowed as Plaintiff has now had two opportunities to correct deficiencies in his complaint by 8 amendment, as well as with the benefit of Defendants’ arguments as to why his claims were not 9 sufficiently pled in the FAC. 10 The SAC entirely supersedes the FAC. See Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th 11 Cir. 1992) (amended complaint supersedes prior version of complaint). In light of this, the 12 motions to dismiss the FAC are now moot. Nonetheless, the Court has considered the arguments 13 and judicially noticeable documents submitted with those motions, in addition to those in 14 Defendants’ opposition to the motion for leave to file the SAC, in its analysis of the claims in the 15 SAC to the extent they are similar to claims brought in the FAC. 16 II. Legal Claims 17 The SAC brings claims for false arrest and imprisonment4, fabrication of evidence, 18 unlawful search, conspiracy, malicious prosecution, and violation of speedy trial rights. 19 1. False Arrest/False Imprisonment 20 Plaintiff has not alleged a cognizable claim for false arrest. A claim of false or unlawful 21 arrest is cognizable under § 1983 as a violation of the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against 22 unreasonable search and seizure if the allegation is that the arrest was without probable cause or 23 other justification. See Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 555-558 (1967). “Probable cause to arrest 24 exists when there is a ‘fair probability or substantial chance of criminal activity’ by the arrestee 25

26 4 Plaintiff also brings a claim called “judicial deception” which is based on allegations that Defendants made false representations in the arrest warrant. These allegations are also the basis 27 for, and addressed in connection with, his claims for unlawful arrest and imprisonment. The Court 1 based on the totality of the circumstances known to the officers at the time of arrest.” Vanegas v. 2 City of Pasadena, 46 F.4th 1159, 1164 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 3 896, 918 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc)). This “is not a high bar: It requires only the kind of fair 4 probability on which reasonable and prudent people, not legal technicians, act.” Kaley v. United 5 States, 571 U.S. 320, 338 (2014) (cleaned up). The probable cause for the arrest of Plaintiff was 6 his arrest warrant. Plaintiff’s allegations that Defendants made false and malicious statements in 7 the warrant are conclusory. He does not explain what statements were false and malicious, or how 8 they were false or malicious. Furthermore, bindles of methamphetamine and sale baggies, as well 9 as ammunition, were found in the same location as Plaintiff, which provides probable cause to 10 arrest him for possession for sale of drugs and ammunition. Plaintiff’s allegations that these items 11 in fact belonged to Navarro do not mean that the officers could not have reasonably believed there 12 was a “fair probability” they belonged to him. There also evidence (i.e. the key found on him and 13 in a vehicle search) that he was associated with the car where the officers found a gun, which 14 provided probable cause to believe he was as an active parolee in possession of a firearm. 15 Plaintiff’s allegations that the drug and gun evidence was “planted” by Defendants does not negate 16 the evidence of ammunition found in Navarro’s apartment. In addition, Plaintiff was a convicted 17 felon on active parole with multiple felony warrants, which would provide probable cause for his 18 arrest even if it is assumed true that the evidence of the gun and drugs was planted. Plaintiff’s 19 assertion that these warrants were false, once again, does not mean the Defendants knew they were 20 false such that they did not constitute probable cause for his arrest. In sum, under the totality of 21 the circumstances alleged and judicially noticeable, there was probable cause for Defendants to 22 arrest him, and he has not stated a cognizable claim for unlawful arrest. 23 Plaintiff’s claim of false imprisonment is a state-law claim that the California Supreme 24 Court has defined as the violation of the personal liberty of another without lawful privilege. See 25 Asgari v. City of Los Angeles, 15 Cal. 4th 744, 752 n.3 (1997). “‘The elements of a claim of false 26 arrest or false imprisonment are: (1) the non-consensual, intentional confinement of a person, (2) 27 without lawful privilege, and (3) for an appreciable period of time, however brief.’” Tekle v. 1 Rptr. 2d 316, 323 (Ct. App. 2000)). Under California Penal Code § 847, “no cause of action shall 2 arise against any peace officer . . . , acting within the scope of his or her authority, for false arrest 3 or false imprisonment arising out of any arrest when . . . [t]he arrest was lawful . . . .” See, e.g., 4 Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 486-87 (9th Cir. 2007) (arresting officers entitled 5 to immunity pursuant to § 847(b) on state law false imprisonment claim where arresting officers 6 had probable cause to arrest plaintiff for trespassing and acted within the scope of their authority 7 under state law, therefore arrest was lawful). As Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently plead the arrest 8 was unlawful (or lacked probable cause), he has not sufficiently pled a false imprisonment claim. 9 Furthermore, the claim for false imprisonment is not cognizable for the reasons discussed below 10 with respect to Plaintiff’s state law claims generally. 11 2. Fabrication of Evidence 12 There is a “clearly established due process right not to be subjected to criminal charges on 13 the basis of false evidence that was deliberately fabricated by the government.” Devereaux v. 14 Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074-75 (9th Cir. 2001). To prevail on a section 1983 claim of deliberate 15 fabrication, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the defendant official deliberately fabricated evidence 16 and (2) the deliberate fabrication caused the plaintiff's deprivation of liberty. Spencer v. Krause, 17 857 F.3d 789, 798 (9th Cir. 2017). 18 Plaintiff’s allegations that Gonzalez, Cuevas, and Zalac, fabricated evidence by taking 19 photographs of methamphetamine bindles and money together does not allege a plausible claim 20 for fabrication of evidence because he alleges no facts plausibly showing how the photograph of 21 these items together, as opposed to the items themselves all being found in the same place as 22 Plaintiff, caused him to be arrested charged, detained, or otherwise deprived of liberty. Plaintiff’s 23 allegation that Cuevas fabricated evidence by planting the gun and causing his DNA material to be 24 on the gun, when liberally construed, states a cognizable claim for the fabrication of evidence that 25 was used to arrest and prosecute him for possessing a gun on January 30, 2021.5 Plaintiff’s 26

27 5 For the reasons discussed below, Plaintiff’s claim against Navarro for planting evidence is not 1 allegation that Webber planted cellphones in Plaintiff’s car to obtain his conviction “in another 2 county,” even when liberally construed, does not state a cognizable claim for relief because the 3 SAC does not allege facts showing how such cellphone evidence was relied upon for his 4 prosecution, conviction, or to deprive him of liberty. 5 3. Conspiracy 6 Plaintiff’s conspiracy claim is not an independent grounds for relief because it is not itself 7 a constitutional tort under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 935 (9th 8 Cir. 2012) (en banc). Conspiracy may, however, enlarge the pool of responsible defendants, such 9 as private parties in a Section 1983 actin, by demonstrating their causal connection to the 10 violation; the fact of the conspiracy may make a party liable for the unconstitutional actions of the 11 party with whom he has conspired. Id. To prove a civil conspiracy, the plaintiff must show that 12 the conspiring parties reached a unity of purpose or common design and understanding, or a 13 meeting of the minds in an unlawful agreement. Gilbrook v. City of Westminster, 177 F.3d 839, 14 856 (9th Cir. 1999). To be liable, each participant in the conspiracy need not know the exact 15 details of the plan, but each participant must at least share the common objective of the 16 conspiracy. Id. A defendant's knowledge of and participation in a conspiracy may be inferred 17 from circumstantial evidence and from evidence of the defendant's actions. Id. at 856-57. 18 As noted Plaintiff adds Jessica Navarro, a private party, as a Defendant in the SAC. He 19 alleges she conspired with the Defendant police officers to have him arrested and to plant 20 incriminating evidence on him and in his car. However, Plaintiff makes only conclusory 21 allegations regarding the elements of a conspiracy, i.e. that there was an “agreement and a meeting 22 of the minds” between them. The SAC does not allege, for example, that they knew each other, 23 how they knew each other, or when or how they reached an agreement. Therefore, even when 24 liberally construed, the SAC does not allege facts that, if true, would plausibly establish that they 25 had a unity of purpose, a common design and understanding, or a meeting of the minds. 26 Consequently, the Plaintiff has alleged a cognizable theory of liability for Defendant Navarro 27 1 based upon a conspiracy with the other Defendants.6 2 4. Unlawful Search 3 Plaintiff claims Defendants engaged in an unlawful search of his car. The Fourth 4 Amendment protects persons against “unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. 5 IV. The Fourth Amendment “secures the persons, houses, papers and effects of the people against 6 unreasonable searches and seizures, and requires the existence of probable cause before a warrant 7 shall issue. Our cases hold that procedure by way of a warrant is preferred, although in a wide 8 range of diverse situations we have recognized flexible, common-sense exceptions to this 9 requirement.” Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 742 (1983) (citing cases establishing exceptions to 10 warrant requirement and “intrusions less severe than full-scale searches or seizures” that do not 11 necessitate a warrant). Probable cause means “more than a bare suspicion; it exists when the 12 officer’s knowledge of reasonably trustworthy information is sufficient to warrant a prudent 13 person to believe that an offense has been or is being committed.” Graves v. City of Coeur 14 D’Alene, 339 F.3d 828, 841 (9th Cir. 2003). 15 Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts that, if true, would indicate Defendants engaged in 16 unlawful searches. Defendants had probable cause to search Plaintiff’s car for evidence because 17 there was sufficient reasonably trustworthy evidence in Navarro’s home where Plaintiff was 18 located of a gun holster, ammunition, methamphetamine, and drug sale baggies such that a prudent 19 person would believe that there would be additional evidence of drug or gun possession or drug 20 sales in Plaintiff’s car. Plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable claim for an unlawful search 21 because he has not alleged enough facts to plausibly support his claim that the search of his car 22 lacked probable cause.7 23 24

25 6 As a private individual, Navarro is not a state actor who can be held liable under Section 1983 based upon her own alleged actions in planting evidence. See Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 26 (1980). 7 Plaintiff lacks standing to bring a claim for unlawful searches of Navarro’s home and safe. 27 Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165, 174 (1969) (Fourth Amendment rights are “personal 1 5. Malicious Prosecution 2 Plaintiff claims the Santa Clara County District Attorney and two prosecutors in the 3 District Attorney’s Office, Cool and McKeown, engaged in a malicious prosecution of him for the 4 charges stemming from his arrest on January 30, 2021. Under the doctrine of state sovereign 5 immunity, states and arms of the state are immune from suits authorized by federal law. Northern 6 Ins. Co. of New York v. Chatham County, Ga., 547 U.S. 189, 193 (2006). District attorneys are 7 state officials for the purposes of § 1983, and if the state has not consented to be sued, the 8 prosecutor is entitled to sovereign immunity and may not be sued for monetary damages when 9 acting in their prosecutorial capacity. Del Campo v. Kennedy, 517 F.3d 1070, 1073 (9th Cir. 10 2008). The State of California has not consented to be sued by Plaintiff. Therefore the County of 11 Santa Clara as the legal entity that encompasses the Santa Clara County District Attorney, as well 12 as the prosecutors Cool and McKeown in their official capacity, have sovereign immunity from 13 Plaintiff’s claims. 14 These Defendants also have prosecutorial immunity in their individual capacities from the 15 alleged malicious prosecution. A state prosecuting attorney enjoys absolute immunity from 16 liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for her conduct in "pursuing a criminal prosecution" insofar as 17 she acts within his role as an "advocate for the State" and her actions are "intimately associated 18 with the judicial phase of the criminal process." Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430-31 19 (1976). Although prosecutors are entitled only to qualified immunity when they perform 20 investigatory or administrative functions, Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 273 (1993), 21 Plaintiff’s allegations that prosecutors violated his rights by initiating charges that were false, 22 delaying his preliminary hearing, bringing him for an untimely arraignment, prosecuting him 23 based upon insufficient evidence, and sought to keep him in custody while the charges were 24 pending, are clear prosecutorial activities “intimately associated with the judicial phase of the 25 criminal process.” Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430. Plaintiff alleges these functions were administrative, 26 but these allegations are wholly conclusory and as such insufficient to state a cognizable claim for 27 relief. 1 Defendants gave false testimony in his preliminary or other pretrial hearings, such officers are 2 absolutely immune from liability for testimony, even for allegedly perjured testimony, given such 3 hearings. See Burns v. Cty. of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989) (“witnesses are absolutely 4 immune from suits for damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for testimony given at trial, or for 5 testimony given during adversarial pretrial proceedings”). 6 Plaintiff has not stated a cognizable claim for relief for malicious prosecution. 7 6. Speedy trial 8 Plaintiff claims Cool and McKeown violated his speedy trial rights by delaying his 9 preliminary hearing past 60 days and delaying his arraignment past 48 hours, time limits required 10 by state law. The Court is aware of no authority that there is a cause of action for money damages 11 for a violation of speedy trial rights under § 1983 or under state law. See, e.g., Hagos v. King 12 Cnty. Superior Ct., No. C22-0928-JCC, 2022 WL 3577422, at *1–2 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 19, 2022) 13 (dismissing complaint asserting speedy trial violation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983). In addition, for 14 the reasons discussed above, these Defendants have immunity. Accordingly, Plaintiff has not 15 stated a cognizable claim against for the violation of his speedy trial rights. 16 7. State law claims 17 Plaintiff’s state-law claims are barred because he has not alleged he has not presented a tort 18 claim to both Santa Clara County and Palo Alto in accordance with California Government Code § 19 900 et seq. before filing suit. The Government Claims Act requires that a tort claim against a 20 public entity for personal injury must be presented within six months from the date the cause of 21 action accrued. Cal. Gov’t. Code § 911.2. “The filing of a claim is a condition precedent to the 22 maintenance of any cause of action against the public entity and is therefore an element that a 23 plaintiff is required to prove in order to prevail.” DiCampli-Mintz v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 55 Cal. 24 4th 983, 990 (2012). Compliance with the statute is mandatory. City of San Jose v. Superior 25 Court, 12 Cal. 3d 447, 454 (1974) (internal citations omitted). 26 The SAC does not allege Plaintiff ever submitted a tort claim to Palo Alto, nor does he 27 submit a copy of such claim. He attaches a claim submitted to the Santa Clara County in August 1 May 15, 2023, and thereafter submitted an amended claim. Claims for false imprisonment and 2 false arrest accrue on the date of the arrest, however, which was January 30, 2021, because that is 3 when Plaintiff had reason to suspect Defendants were engaged wrongdoing. See Kassab v. Cnty. 4 of San Diego, No. D057970, 2011 WL 4923744, at *7 (Cal. Ct. App. Oct. 18, 2011) (citing Fox v. 5 Ethicon Endo–Surgery, Inc., 35 Cal.4th 797, 807 (2005) (claim accrues when there is a “suspicion 6 of wrongdoing)); Reyes v. State, No. B212110, 2009 WL 3298366, at *4 (Cal. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 7 2009) (holding that a false arrest claim accrues at the time of the arrest, and a false imprisonment 8 claim accrues at the time of the imprisonment, because the plaintiff “had reason to discover his 9 causes of action no later” than those dates). 10 Plaintiff alleges he is seeking permission from the state to file a late tort claim against 11 Santa Clara County. If and when he obtains such permission, and can plausibly allege he has 12 satisfied the claims-presentation requirements of California Government Code, he may be able to 13 state a cognizable claim for relief under state law.8 But his alleged effort to be excused from 14 presenting his claims in a timely to Santa Clara County manner does not mean he has complied 15 with the state law requirement to present his tort claims to Santa Clara County and Palo Alto in a 16 timely manner; to the contrary, it means he has not. Accordingly, the SAC does not state 17 cognizable claims for relief under state law are not cognizable. 18 8. Heck v. Humphrey 19 Defendants argue Plaintiff’s claims are barred because of his convictions in Stanislaus 20 County. Plaintiff’s claims are dismissed for other reasons discussed above, except for his 21 fabrication of evidence claims against Defendant Cuevas. 22 “[I]n order to recover damages for an allegedly unconstitutional conviction or 23 imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction 24 or sentence invalid, a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has 25 been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal 26 8 Plaintiff’s speculation that he may obtain such relief does not justify staying this case or further 27 delaying the resolution of the pending motions. Moreover, the Court makes no finding as to 1 authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a 2 writ of habeas corpus.” Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-487 (1994).9 “A claim for 3 damages bearing that relationship to a conviction or sentence that has not been so invalidated is 4 not cognizable under § 1983.” Id. at 487. “Thus, when a state prisoner seeks damages in a § 1983 5 suit, the district court must therefore consider whether a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would 6 necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence; if it would, the complaint must be 7 dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already been 8 invalidated.” Id. “But if the district court determines that the plaintiff's action, even if successful, 9 will not demonstrate the invalidity of any outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the 10 action should be allowed to proceed.” Id. 11 Defendants’ argument under Heck is not persuasive because Plaintiff’s claims here arise 12 from a separate incident than his conviction. Plaintiff was convicted in Stanislaus County for 13 murder and gun possession based upon crimes committed on January 1, 2021. His claims here 14 that Cuevas fabricated evidence of gun possession on January 30, 2021, would not, if proven true, 15 “necessarily imply” that he did not possess the gun or commit the murder 29 days earlier in a 16 different incident in a different county. Defendants indicate it was the same gun, but even if so, 17 there are factual scenarios in which Plaintiff could have possessed the gun on January 1, 2021, in 18 Stanislaus County, as his convictions establish, but not possessed it later on January 30, 2021, in 19 Palo Alto. Defendants may have evidence showing this did not occur, but at this stage the Court 20 cannot consider such evidence; that is a matter for summary judgment. Moreover, Defendants’ 21 arguments that Plaintiff’s claims here “impugn” or amount to a collateral attack on his conviction 22 do not apply the correct standard under Heck; his claims must “necessarily imply” his convictions 23 are invalid. See id. (emphasis added). Defendants have not shown that based upon the allegations 24 in the SAC and exhibits, and judicially noticeable materials, Plaintiff’s claim against Cuevas for 25 fabricating evidence would, if proven true, “necessarily imply” his convictions in Stanislaus 26

27 9 Defendants make the same argument vis-à-vis his state-law claims under the California analog to 1 County are invalid. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims will not be dismissed under Heck. 2 III. Motions for Disclosure of Records 3 Previously, the Court denied Plaintiff’s motion for disclosure of records, and indicated it 4 would consider these requests again if any claims remain following finalization of the pleadings 5 and resolution of any related motions to dismiss. 6 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1) governs the scope of discovery in civil actions, 7 and provides in relevant part:

8 (1) Scope in General. Unless otherwise limited by court order, the scope of discovery is as follows: Parties may obtain discovery 9 regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case, 10 considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant 11 information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the 12 proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit. Information within this scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be 13 discoverable. 14 Good cause appearing, Defendants are directed to turn over, within 28 days, the following 15 records to Plaintiff: 16 1. complaints or reports, including any contained within personnel files, related to 17 instances of fabrication, tampering, or planting of evidence involving Defendant Officers Cuevas, 18 and 19 2. the names and addresses of any witnesses to any such fabrication, tampering, or planting 20 of evidence by these officers in the five years leading up to the present. 21 The disclosure is subject to the following limitations: 22 1. the records disclosed or discovered may not be used for any purpose other than this 23 court proceeding, see Kelly v. City of San Jose, 114 F.R.D. 653, 660 (N.D. Cal. 1987), and 24 2. the use of the records and information limited to the instant action and requires Plaintiff 25 to return the records and information at the close of this litigation. 26 The parties may within 21 days submit a further stipulated protective order, which the 27 Court will file upon good cause shown. The parties may use the model protective order found on 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file a SAC is GRANTED. 3 Defendants’ motions to dismiss are DENIED. Plaintiff’s claim in the SAC against Cuevas for 4 fabrication of evidence is cognizable to the extent described above and may proceed; all other 5 claims are DISMISSED without leave to amend and with prejudice. Defendants shall produce 6 documents as provided above. 10 7 In order to expedite the resolution of this case: 8 1. No later than October 1, 2024, Defendant Cuevas shall file a motion for summary 9 judgment. The motion shall be supported by adequate factual documentation and shall conform in 10 all respects to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, and shall include as exhibits all records and 11 incident reports stemming from the events at issue. If Defendant is of the opinion that this case 12 cannot be resolved by summary judgment, they shall so inform the Court prior to the date the 13 summary judgment motion is due. All papers filed with the Court shall be promptly served on 14 Plaintiff. 15 2. At the time the dispositive motion is served, Defendant shall also serve, on a separate 16 paper, the appropriate notice required by Rand v. Rowland, 154 F.3d 952, 953-954 (9th Cir. 1998) 17 (en banc). See Woods v. Carey, 684 F.3d 934, 940-941 (9th Cir. 2012). 18 3. Plaintiff's opposition to the summary judgment motion, if any, shall be filed with the 19 Court and served upon Defendant no later than October 29, 2024. Plaintiff must read the attached 20 page headed “NOTICE -- WARNING,” which is provided to him pursuant to Rand v. Rowland, 21 154 F.3d 952, 953-954 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc). 22 4. Defendant shall file a reply brief no later than November 12, 2024. 23 10 Plaintiff’s motion for photocopies of documents and all future filings is DENIED because his 24 request for photocopies form was not properly filled out insofar as he indicates he will not pay and states “bill me later.” (ECF No. 74.) The court does not provide free photocopies, and he must 25 pay for them when he requests them according to the instructions on the form. If he wishes to obtain copies from the court, he must follow the instructions on the photocopy form (which he did 26 not do insofar as he completed step three before the Clerk mailed the form back to him), of which he was mailed three copies. If he needs more copies of the form, he may submit such a request. 27 The clerk has sent him a copy of the docket sheet. The subpoena submitted by Plaintiff does not 1 5. The motion shall be deemed submitted as of the date the reply brief is due. No hearing 2 || will be held on the motion unless the Court so orders at a later date. 3 6. The parties may obtain a reasonable extension of time upon a showing of good cause 4 || prior to the deadline they seek to extend. 5 7. The clerk shall file the proposed Second Amended Complaint (ECF No. 64). 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 || Dated: July 2, 2024 SO Cf ike 8

JEFFREY S. ITE

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1 NOTICE -- WARNING (SUMMARY JUDGMENT) 2 If Defendants move for summary judgment, they are seeking to have your case dismissed. 3 A motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure will, if 4 granted, end your case. 5 Rule 56 tells you what you must do in order to oppose a motion for summary judgment. 6 Generally, summary judgment must be granted when there is no genuine issue of material fact-- 7 that is, if there is no real dispute about any fact that would affect the result of your case, the party 8 who asked for summary judgment is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, which will end your 9 case. When a party you are suing makes a motion for summary judgment that is properly 10 supported by declarations (or other sworn testimony), you cannot simply rely on what your 11 complaint says. Instead, you must set out specific facts in declarations, depositions, answers to 12 interrogatories, or authenticated documents, as provided in Rule 56(e), that contradict the facts 13 shown in Defendant's declarations and documents and show that there is a genuine issue of 14 material fact for trial. If you do not submit your own evidence in opposition, summary judgment, 15 if appropriate, may be entered against you. If summary judgment is granted, your case will be 16 dismissed and there will be no trial. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27