1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 COLLIN STARKES, Case No. 24-cv-03226-JST

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S

9 v. MOTION TO DISMISS

10 JOHN GREENE, Re: ECF No. 9 Defendant. 11

12 13 Before the Court is Defendant John Greene’s motion to dismiss. ECF No. 9. The Court 14 will grant the motion. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 On February 9, 2024, Plaintiff Collin Starkes filed this action against Greene, the Chief 17 Financial Officer (“CFO”) of Discover Bank, alleging that on or around October 17, 2022, he 18 provided Discover with “legal tender” in the form of a “lawful note” which worked to satisfy his 19 debt with Discover. ECF 1-1 at 4–6. Starkes alleges that Greene was obligated, on behalf of 20 Discover, to accept his “lawful note” as a full discharge of his debt. Id. at 4. Specifically, he 21 alleges that “Discover financial has chosen to dishonor [his] lawful Note and refused to zero the 22 account. Notes are considered as legal tender for debts, according to the code.” Id. Further, he 23 claims that “[l]awful money is no longer available for payment of debt in our economic system.” 24 Id. Starkes brought this action alleging dishonor in commerce, fraud, racketeering, and theft of 25 public funds, demanding $1,000,000.00 for each claim. Id. at 5. 26 II. JURISDICTION 27 The Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 1 III. LEGAL STANDARD 2 When a defendant objects to the Court’s personal jurisdiction over it pursuant to Federal 3 Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), “the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that jurisdiction is 4 proper.” Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1015 (9th Cir. 2008). Absent an evidentiary 5 hearing, however, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction. Id. 6 “Uncontroverted allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint must be taken as true”, and “[c]onflicts 7 between the parties over statements contained in affidavits must be resolved in the plaintiff’s 8 favor.” Id. (quoting Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800 (9th Cir. 9 2004)). “Where, as here, there is no applicable federal statute governing personal jurisdiction, the 10 district court applies the law of the state in which the district court sits.” Schwarzenegger, 374 11 F.3d at 800. “Because California’s long-arm jurisdictional statute is coextensive with federal due 12 process requirements, the jurisdictional analyses under state law and federal due process are the 13 same.” Id. at 800–01. 14 IV. DISCUSSION 15 “Personal jurisdiction must exist for each claim asserted against a defendant.” Action 16 Embroidery Corp v. Atl. Embroidery, Inc., 368 F.3d 1174, 1180 (9th Cir. 2004). Courts “have 17 recognized two types of personal jurisdiction ‘general’ (sometimes called ‘all-purpose’) 18 jurisdiction and ‘specific’ (sometimes called ‘case-linked’) jurisdiction.” Bristol-Myers Squibb 19 Co. v. Super. Ct., 582 U.S. 255, 262 (2017). Greene contends that the Court lacks both general 20 and specific jurisdiction over him, ECF No. 9 at 10–14, and Starkes has conceded the Court lacks 21 personal jurisdiction. ECF No. 21. 22 A. General Jurisdiction 23 “A court with general jurisdiction may hear any claim against that defendant, even if all the 24 incidents underlying the claim occurred in a different State.” Bristol-Myers, 582 U.S. at 262 25 (emphasis omitted). General jurisdiction arises “when [the defendant’s] affiliations with the State 26 are so ‘continuous and systematic’ as to render them essentially at home in the forum State.” 27 Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011). “The ‘paradigm’ for 1 Anchor Semiconductor, Inc., 20-cv-06846-EJD, 2021 WL 3037701, at *7 (N.D. Cal. July 19, 2 2021) (quoting Goodyear, 563 U.S. at 924). 3 Greene does not have “continuous and systematic” contacts with California. He is a 4 resident of Illinois and works for an Illinois based company as its CFO. Greene Decl. ¶¶ 3–5, ECF 5 No 9-1. Greene has never resided in California and owns no property in the state. Id. ¶ 6. He 6 occasionally visits California for professional or personal reasons, id. ¶ 7, but this is not enough to 7 confer general jurisdiction. See Elite Semiconductor, Inc., 2021 WL 3037701, at * 7 (“An 8 individual’s frequent visits to the forum, or even his owning property in a forum, do not, alone 9 justify the exercise of general jurisdiction over him.”). 10 B. Specific Jurisdiction 11 Specific jurisdiction arises when a defendant’s contacts with the forum give rise to the 12 claim in question. See Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 127 (2014). “The inquiry whether 13 a forum State may assert specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant ‘focuses on the 14 relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.’” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 15 283–84 (2014) (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Mag., Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 775 (1984)). “[T]here must 16 be ‘an affiliation between the forum and the underlying controversy, principally, [an] activity or an 17 occurrence that takes place in the forum State and is therefore subject to the State’s regulation.’” 18 Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 582 U.S. at 262 (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919). Thus, specific 19 jurisdiction exists only when the claims arise out of or relate to the defendant’s contacts with the 20 forum state. See id. 21 The Ninth Circuit has established a three-part test to determine whether a court has specific 22 personal jurisdiction over a defendant:

23 (1) the non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; 24 or perform some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the 25 benefits and protections of its laws; (2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related activities; and 26 (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice, i.e. it must be reasonable. 27 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802. “The plaintiff bears the burden of satisfying the first two 1 prongs of the test.” Jd. “Ifthe plaintiff fails to satisfy either of these prongs, personal jurisdiction 2 || is not established in the forum state.” Jd. Ifthe plaintiff satisfies both prongs, “the burden then 3 shifts to the defendant to “present a compelling case’ that the exercise of jurisdiction would not be 4 reasonable.” /d. (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476-78 (1985)). 5 Starkes has not met his burden regarding either of the first two prongs. Starkes’s only 6 || allegation against Greene is that he sent Greene multiple letters to his place of business in Illinois, 7 requesting that Greene discharge Starkes’s debt to Discover. This does not constitute purposeful 8 activity by Greene in California. See Sinatra v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 854 F.2d 1191, 1995 (9th 9 || Cir. 1988) (“Purposeful availment analysis examines whether the defendant’s contacts with the 10 || forum are attributable to his own actions or are solely the actions of the plaintiff.’””); see also 11 Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475 (“This ‘purposeful availment’ requirement ensures that a defendant 12 || will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of ‘random,’ ‘fortuitous,’ or ‘attenuated’ 13 || contacts, ... or of the unilateral activity of another party or a third person”); Davis v. Metro 14 || Prods., Inc., 885 F.2d 515, 520 (9th Cir. 1989) (“a person’s mere association with a corporation 3 15 that causes injury in the forum state is not sufficient in itself to permit that forum to assert a 16 || jurisdiction over the person.”). 3 17 Accordingly, the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over Greene. 1g CONCLUSION 19 For the foregoing reasons Greene’s motion to dismiss is granted. Dismissal is without 20 leave to amend, as the Court finds amendment would be futile. See AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. 21 Dialysist W., Inc., 465 F.3d 946, 951 (9th Cir. 2006). The Clerk shall enter judgment and close 22 || the file. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 Dated: September 17, 2024 .

25 JON S. TIGAR 26 ited States District Judge 27 28