1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9

10 D.B., Case No. 24-cv-00307-NC 11 Plaintiff,

ORDER REVERSING

12 v. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE

DECISION AND REMANDING FOR

13 MARTIN J. O’MALLEY, et al., FURTHER PROCEEDINGS 14 Defendants. Re: ECF 11, 12, 14 15 16 Claimant D.B. appeals from an Administrative Law Judge’s denial of disability 17 insurance benefits for the period of May 15, 2014, to August 14, 2018. D.B. argues the 18 ALJ erred in determining his residual functional capacity (RFC) by improperly weighing 19 medical opinions and failing to account for his allegations of pain, including by 20 discounting his subjective testimony. D.B. also argues the ALJ erred at steps four and five 21 by finding D.B. could perform past relevant work or, in the alternative, had acquired skills 22 transferable to other jobs available in significant numbers in the national economy. The 23 Court concludes the ALJ’s RFC determination is not supported by substantial evidence 24 because he erred in weighing the medical opinions, inadequately considered D.B.’s pain, 25 and did not provide clear and convincing reasons for discounting D.B.’s testimony. The 26 Court declines to reach the parties’ arguments as to steps four and five, which depend on 27 the RFC determination. Accordingly, the Court reverses the ALJ’s decision at the RFC 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 A. Procedural Background 3 The Court recounts only part of this case’s lengthy procedural history. On June 27, 4 2014, D.B. filed a Title II application for disability insurance benefits for a period 5 beginning January 1, 2014. AR 10. D.B. later amended the alleged onset date of disability 6 to May 15, 2014. AR 10. In 2019, an ALJ issued a partially favorable decision finding 7 D.B. disabled as of August 15, 2018. AR 387, 405. In 2022, following remand by the 8 Court, AR 1090, an ALJ again concluded that D.B. was not disabled prior to August 15, 9 2018. AR 1109, 1127. D.B. appealed and the Appeals Council remanded to an ALJ to 10 reconsider the period between May 15, 2014, and August 15, 2018. AR 1136–39. On 11 November 24, 2023, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision finding D.B. was not disabled 12 during this period. AR 931, 950. Hearings before an ALJ occurred in 2016, 2018, 2021, 13 and 2023. AR 32, 412, 965, 1006. 14 D.B. appealed the November 24, 2023, decision to the Court on January 18, 2024. 15 ECF 1. D.B. filed a motion for summary judgment. ECF 11 (Mot.). Commissioner 16 O’Malley opposed D.B.’s motion and filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. ECF 17 12. D.B. filed a reply. ECF 14. All parties have consented to magistrate judge 18 jurisdiction. ECF 6, 7. 19 B. ALJ Decision 20 In his November 24, 2023, decision, the ALJ followed the five-step process under 21 20 CFR § 404.1520(a) to determine whether D.B. was disabled prior to August 15, 2018. 22 At the first three steps, the ALJ concluded: (1) D.B. had not engaged in substantial gainful 23 activity since his alleged disability onset date of May 15, 2014; (2) D.B. had severe 24 impairments including diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, obesity, hernia, 25 osteoarthritis of the bilateral hips, and asthma, and non-severe impairments of 26 hypertension and left kidney removal; and (3) D.B. did not have an impairment or a 27 combination of impairments that met or equaled a listed impairment. AR 937–42. Prior to 1 perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) except 2 that claimant could frequently perform postural activities of stooping, crouching, kneeling, balancing, and climbing 3 ramps/stairs; could not crawl; could not climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds; could not work around unprotected heights; had to 4 avoid odors, dusts, gases, fumes, pulmonary irritants; and had to avoid concentrated exposure to extreme heat, extreme cold, and 5 heavy machinery. 6 AR 942. At step four, the ALJ concluded D.B. could perform his past relevant work as a 7 volunteer coordinator and his composite job as a chaplain, substance abuse coordinator, 8 and education dean. AR 948. At step five, the ALJ alternatively concluded that D.B. 9 could perform other work available in significant numbers in the national economy based 10 on transferrable skills he acquired from his past relevant work. AR 949. As such, the ALJ 11 concluded D.B. was not disabled from May 15, 2014, to August 14, 2018. AR 949–50. 12 II. LEGAL STANDARD 13 A district court has the “power to enter, upon the pleadings and transcript of the 14 record, a judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the Commissioner of 15 Social Security, with or without remanding the case for a rehearing.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 16 The decision of the Commissioner should only be disturbed if it is not supported by 17 substantial evidence or if it is based on legal error. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 18 (9th Cir. 2005). Substantial evidence is evidence that a reasonable mind would accept as 19 adequate to support the conclusion. Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1214 n.1 (9th Cir. 20 2005) (“[It] is more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance.”). Even when the 21 ALJ commits legal error, the decision must be upheld if the error is harmless. Treichler v. 22 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014). However, “[a] 23 reviewing court may not make independent findings based on the evidence before the ALJ 24 to conclude that the ALJ’s error was harmless.” Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 25 492 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th 26 Cir. 2006)). Where evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, the 27 ALJ’s decision should be upheld. Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039–40 (9th Cir. 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. The Residual Functional Capacity Determination Relies on Legal Error and is Not Supported by Substantial Evidence 3 4 D.B. argues that ALJ erred in determining his RFC by failing to properly weigh the 5 medical opinions and consider D.B.’s chronic pain. Mot. 6–10. The Court agrees. 6 A claimant’s RFC is a determination of how much the claimant can still do in a 7 work setting despite physical and mental limitations. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). An ALJ 8 must consider all medical and nonmedical evidence, including descriptions and 9 observations of the claimant’s limitations provided by the claimant, family, friends, and 10 others. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)(3), (e); Laborin v. Berryhill, 867 F.3d 1151, 1153 (9th 11 Cir. 2017). The ALJ must also consider the limiting effects of all impairments, including 12 those that are not severe, as well as “the claimant’s subjective experiences of pain” and 13 other symptoms. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)(3), (e); Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 14 1011 (9th Cir. 2014). 15 1. The ALJ’s Weighing of the Medical Opinions is Inconsistent and Unsupported by Substantial Evidence 16 17 An ALJ must evaluate every medical opinion in evidence and consider various 18 factors in determining the weight to give each opinion. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c). “Where 19 an ALJ does not explicitly reject a medical opinion or set forth specific, legitimate reasons 20 for crediting one medical opinion over another, he errs.” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 21 (citation omitted). 22 For claims filed prior to March 27, 2017, ALJs distinguish between medical 23 opinions from three types of “acceptable medical sources,” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(1): 24 “(1) those who treat the claimant (treating physicians); (2) those who examine but do not 25 treat the claimant (examining physicians); and (3) those who neither examine nor treat the 26 claimant (nonexamining physicians).” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012. Generally, “the 27 opinion of a treating physician is [] entitled to greater weight than that of an examining 1 that of a non-examining physician.” Id. An ALJ may only reject or discount the opinion 2 of a treating or examining physician that is contradicted by another medical opinion by 3 “giving ‘specific and legitimate reasons’ that are supported by substantial evidence.” Id.; 4 Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1155 (9th Cir. 2020). Nonetheless, an ALJ “need not accept 5 the opinion of any physician, including a treating physician, if that opinion is brief, 6 conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings.” Ford, 950 F.3d at 1154. 7 Moreover, “[d]epending on the particular facts in a case, and after applying the factors for 8 weighing opinion evidence, an opinion from a medical source who is not an acceptable 9 medical source,” such as a nurse practitioner or physical therapist, “or from a nonmedical 10 source may outweigh the medical opinion of an acceptable medical source, including the 11 medical opinion of a treating source.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(f)(1). 12 Here, the ALJ considered the medical opinions of Doctors Greene, McMillan, 13 Bayar, Lipson, and Cirksena, and of occupational therapist Kaufman, in determining 14 D.B.’s RFC. AR 944–47. However, the ALJ erred in failing to evaluate these opinions 15 consistent with the guidelines for claims filed prior to March 27, 2017, and by determining 16 an RFC that conflicts with various aspects of medical opinions to which he afforded 17 significant or great weight. 18 The ALJ afforded great weight to the medical opinions of Greene and Bayar, both 19 State agency medical consultants. AR 945. However, neither physician appears to have 20 conducted a physical exam of D.B. See AR 67–75, 77–84. Instead, both physicians 21 reviewed D.B.’s medical records, multiple of which came from unknown sources, and 22 which Greene notes were “[l]imited.” AR 70.1 23

24 1 The ALJ afforded the opinion of another nonexamining doctor, medical expert Dr. Criksena, partial weight in determining the RFC because Dr. Cirksena did not consider 25 D.B.’s hernia. This weighting is supported by substantial evidence. D.B. argues the ALJ erred in its consideration of Cirksena’s medical opinion in determining whether D.B. met 26 or equaled a listing at step three, not in the RFC determination. Mot. 7–8. However, because D.B. does not argue that he does in fact meet a listing, the Court declines to 27 address his arguments as to the weighting of Cirkensa’s opinion at that step. See Mot. 7–8 1 On the other hand, the ALJ afforded Lipson’s medical opinion, a Physical 2 Functioning Questionnaire from January 2016, little weight. D.B. argues Lipson’s opinion 3 should have been given more weight because Lipson was D.B.’s treating physician. 4 However, Lipson’s own notes regarding D.B.’s patient visit on January 11 or 12, 2016, 5 state that it was Lipson’s first time meeting D.B. and that he was unfamiliar with D.B.’s 6 history. AR 311, 326–28, 946. It is also unclear whether Lipson examined D.B. during 7 this visit, as the ALJ noted. AR 946. Therefore, there is substantial evidence to support 8 the ALJ’s decision to not treat Lipson’s opinion, which was formed after that first visit, 9 with the weight of a treating physician, even though he went on to become D.B.’s treating 10 physician. 11 Nonetheless, the ALJ did not provide specific, legitimate reasons for discounting 12 Lipson’s opinion. Lipson’s opinion, even as a nonexamining doctor, does not appear any 13 more “brief” or “conclusory” than those of nonexamining doctors Greene and Bayar. AR 14 946. And the ALJ’s conclusion that Lipson relied on “some other unidentified source” in 15 arriving at his opinion is not supported by substantial evidence. AR 946. Instead, 16 Lipson’s notes stated he would review D.B.’s medical records following the patient visit, 17 and that a few days after the visit, he completed his opinion (the Physical Functioning 18 Questionnaire) by considering “the patient’s chart [and] especially the industrial rehab 19 evaluation recently completed”—seemingly a reference to OT Kaufman’s evaluation, 20 discussed below. AR 326–27. The ALJ’s determination that Lipson’s opinion was not 21 consistent with the medical record as a whole or clinical findings is also not supported by 22 substantial evidence because Lipson’s opinion appears consistent with the functional 23 capacity examination by OT Kaufman. 24 Dr. McMillan and OT Kaufman both conducted physical exams of D.B.— 25 McMillan in December 2014 at the request of the State agency and OT Kaufman in 26 December 2015. AR 945–46. McMillan provided a five-page report including a 27 functional capacity assessment consistent with light work and similar to the opinions of 1 as consistent with the medical evidence. AR 945. 2 OT Kaufman produced a 14-page report following three hours of functional 3 capacity testing with D.B. AR 366–79. Kaufman noted a range of activities and postures 4 “that appeared to significantly increase patient’s pain,” and concluded D.B. “appears to 5 have pain[,] range of motion issues,” and peripheral neuropathy that limit his functional 6 abilities. AR 366, 370–71. Specifically, D.B. exhibited poor left hip strength and pain, an 7 inability to lower or rise from the kneeling position without supports, and poor single leg 8 balance with pain. AR 369–71. Kaufman observed straining and shortness of breath by 9 D.B. to conclude D.B. could not lift more than 20 pounds or push and pull 100 pounds 10 without increased pain. AR 374, 376. D.B. was able to stand for “3 minutes 10 seconds” 11 before reporting “6/10” pain. AR 375. The ALJ assigned Kaufman’s opinion “significant 12 weight because it is generally consistent” with the medical evidence in the record and other 13 opinions. AR 946. 14 Overall, the ALJ’s weighing of the opinions is internally inconsistent and 15 erroneous. As noted, the variation in weight given to nonexamining physician opinions 16 from Greene and Bayar and from Lipson is unsupported by specific, legitimate reasons. In 17 addition, the ALJ’s decision to afford OT Kaufman’s opinion less weight is not supported 18 by substantial evidence, even though physical and occupational therapists are sources other 19 than acceptable medical sources. See Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1161 (9th Cir. 20 2014); Revels, 874 F.3d at 665 (holding ALJ erred by failing to provide germane reasons 21 for assigning no weight to opinion of physical therapist who conducted functional capacity 22 evaluation and provided a nine-page report). Kaufman’s opinion was based on a lengthy 23 examination and includes “better supporting evidence and a better explanation for the 24 opinion” than the opinions the ALJ afforded great weight—from Greene and Bayar who 25 did not examine D.B., and from McMillan who provided perfunctory explanation. See 20 26 C.F.R. § 404.1527; cf. Revels, 874 F.3d at 664 (“[T]he opinions of nonexamining doctors 27 ‘cannot by [themselves] constitute substantial evidence that justifies the rejection of the 1 Moreover, the ALJ’s conclusion that Kaufman’s opinion was in accord with the 2 opinions of Greene, Bayar, and McMillan is inaccurate, as these opinions do not all 3 comport. Instead, the opinions of Greene, Bayar, and McMillan reach similar conclusions, 4 whereas the opinions of Kaufman and Lipson do the same. Greene and Bayar recommend 5 an RFC of light work with the ability to stand or walk six hours in an eight-hour day and 6 an unlimited push/pull limit. AR 72–73, 83–84. McMillian recommends a similar RFC 7 with standing or walking “at least six hours of an eight-hour workday,” no limitations on 8 sitting, and an ability to stoop, kneel, or crouch for more than a third of the workday. AR 9 309. In contrast, Kaufman states D.B. would “benefit from a sedentary occupation” and 10 noted observable difficulties with prolonged standing, kneeling, and lifting and 11 pushing/pulling certain levels of weight. AR 366. Lipson also states that D.B. can walk 12 one block at most, can stand for five minutes at a time, and recommends D.B. stand or 13 walk less than two hours of an eight-hour workday and rarely lift twenty pounds. AR 311– 14 15. The ALJ does not resolve these discrepancies. See Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039 (9th Cir. 15 1995) (noting ALJ is responsible for “resolving conflicts in medical testimony”). 16 As such, the conclusions of Kaufman’s opinion, even though afforded significant 17 weight, also conflict with the RFC reached by the ALJ. Similarly, despite noting that 18 Greene found D.B. “had frequent postural limitations”—an opinion afforded great weight 19 and similarly reflected in Dr. Bayar’s opinion, AR 83—the ALJ determined that D.B. 20 “could frequently perform postural activities.” AR 942, 945. 21 Finally, the ALJ does not appear to consider that D.B.’s impairments may have 22 worsened between the time of Greene, Bayar, and McMillan’s opinions, formed between 23 August 2014 and January 2015, and the time of Kaufman and Lipson’s opinions, formed at 24 the end of December 2015 and in January 2016, such that there may have been at least a 25 12-month period of disability from around January 2016 to August 15, 2018. 26 Upon remand, the ALJ must weigh the medical opinions in a manner consistent 27 with the guidelines for claims filed prior to March 27, 2017, and formulate an RFC 1 2. The ALJ Fails to Consider D.B.’s Pain 2 Although the ALJ states that he “considered all impairments, regardless of severity, 3 including the claimant’s self-reported limitations and subjective pain, in assessing his 4 residual functional capacity,” it does not appear that he did so. AR 938. Rather, the RFC 5 determination is not supported by substantial evidence because the ALJ fails to adequately 6 consider and address D.B.’s pain and fails to provide clear and convincing reasons for 7 discounting D.B.’s testimony as to his pain. 8 At the outset, D.B.’s argument that the ALJ did not properly consider D.B.’s pain 9 when determining the RFC lacks clarity; he does not explain the source of the pain the ALJ 10 failed to consider, mentioning pain from kidney disease, diabetic neuropathy, asthma, and 11 hip degeneration. Mot. 8–9. D.B.’s imprecise invocation of pain in his motion is 12 reflective of a broader trend throughout the record and hearings in this case. D.B.’s 13 statements, records, and briefs, as well as the medical evidence, at various times reference 14 pain in D.B.’s legs from diabetes, hip degeneration, and a hernia on his side, and pain 15 generally, perhaps referring to all sources of pain. The parties also appear to commonly 16 confuse and collapse D.B.’s diabetic leg pain and diabetic neuropathy, though D.B. and a 17 medical expert attempt to distinguish the two. See, e.g., AR 435–38 (medical expert 18 stating neuropathy usually means numbness and not pain); AR 942–43 (ALJ stating D.B. 19 “was unable to be on his feet for more than one hour because of diabetic neuropathy” but 20 also that D.B.’s “biggest problem was diabetic nerve pain and not numbness and 21 tingling”); AR 1031–32 (D.B. clarifying diabetic neuropathy, with “numbness and the 22 tingling . . . wasn’t my biggest problem. My biggest problem was diabetic nerve pain, and 23 it was sharp pains up and down my shin bones”). Compare AR 44–45 (characterizing 24 Gabapentin prescription as for pain) with AR 432 (characterizing Gabapentin prescription 25 as for neuropathy). 26 The ALJ, similarly, does not specify what pain he considers in the RFC 27 determination, such that it is unclear whether he considered each of D.B.’s impairments. 1 most consistently fallen by the wayside in hearings and in consideration by the ALJ. 2 Although the ALJ acknowledges that D.B. experiences “diabetic leg pain in both legs and 3 severe arthritis of the left hip,” he only concludes, broadly, that the “medical evidence, as 4 extracted and cited below, does no support the claimant’s allegations of fatigue or pain.” 5 The ALJ does not address D.B.’s leg pain with any specificity. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 6 404.1545(a)(3) (“We will assess your residual functional capacity based on all of the 7 relevant medical and other evidence . . . including limitations that result from your 8 symptoms, such as pain, provided by you . . .); Ferguson v. O’Malley, 95 F.4th 1194, 9 1200 (9th Cir.) (holding RFC was not supported by substantial evidence where the ALJ did 10 not consider headache pain testified to by the claimant). 11 a. The ALJ Does Not Provide Clear and Convincing Reasons to Reject D.B.’s Subjective Pain Testimony 12 13 To determine whether a claimant’s testimony of subjective pain is credible, an ALJ 14 engages in a two-step analysis. Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1014. First, the ALJ determines 15 “whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying 16 impairment which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms 17 alleged.” Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). A claimant need not produce 18 “objective medical evidence of the pain or fatigue itself, or the severity thereof.” Id. 19 Second, if there is no evidence of malingering, “the ALJ can reject the claimant’s 20 testimony about the severity of her symptoms only by offering specific, clear and 21 convincing reasons for doing so.” Id. at 1014–15 (citation omitted). “General findings are 22 insufficient; rather, the ALJ must identify what testimony is not credible and what 23 evidence undermines the claimant’s complaints.” Berry v. Astrue, 622 F.3d 1228, 1234 24 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). In determining a claimant’s credibility, an ALJ may 25 consider the claimant’s reputation for truthfulness, consistency within their testimony, 26 daily activities, work record, and observations from physicians. Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 27 1273, 1284 (9th Cir. 1996). 1 reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms.” AR 938, 944. The ALJ does not 2 identify any evidence of malingering. Second, as noted above, the ALJ discounts D.B.’s 3 testimony by concluding D.B.’s allegations of “fatigue and pain” are not supported by the 4 medical evidence. AR 944; see Ferguson v. O’Malley, 95 F.4th 1194, 1198 n.1 (9th Cir. 5 2024) (concluding ALJ rejected claimant’s symptom testimony where he found the 6 intensity and persistence of claimant’s symptoms not entirely consistent with the record, 7 and where the RFC did not include limitations to account for severity and frequency of 8 claimant’s pain). The ALJ then describes various medical records and physical 9 examinations. AR 944–47. 10 The ALJ fails to identify clear and convincing reasons for discounting D.B.’s 11 testimony as to his diabetic leg pain. Instead, he improperly cites to a dearth of objective 12 medial evidence affirming D.B.’s pain generally. See Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1014; 13 Ferguson, 95 F.4th at 1200–01 (“Again, the ALJ failed to specify which of Ferguson’s 14 many symptoms were, in the ALJ's view, inconsistent with the record evidence.”). The 15 ALJ’s summary of medical evidence includes multiple examples of physical exams in 16 which D.B. appeared “in no distress.” AR 946. However, the “ALJ did not explain, and 17 we do not see, how the absence of” distress or the presence of a normal gait, AR 944–47, 18 “are inconsistent with [D.B.’s] testimony about the severity and frequence of his” leg pain. 19 See Ferguson, 95 F.4th at 1200–01. For example, the ALJ cites no medical opinion stating 20 D.B.’s alleged level of leg pain would necessarily result in an irregular gait or constant 21 distress, or that a physician would equate chronic pain with distress in examination notes. 22 If anything, the ALJ’s summaries of medical evidence demonstrate D.B. consistently told 23 doctors of his diabetic leg pain, was prescribed medication for the pain, and that his 24 diabetes was at times not well controlled. See AR 944–47. 25 To the extent the ALJ relies on D.B.’s daily activities to discount his subjective 26 testimony—though it is unclear if he does—the ALJ mischaracterizes aspects of D.B.’s 27 testimony as to his activity levels and provides inadequate explanation. First, in the ALJ’s 1 to three days “without significant difficulty.” AR 943. This characterization is 2 unsupported by the record. See Revels, 847 F.3d at 664, 667 (holding ALJ erred in 3 discounting claimant’s testimony based on her daily activities where the ALJ “omitted 4 highly relevant” portions of the claimant’s statements, which “repeatedly and consistently 5 described the severe limitations on her ability to complete daily activities”). For example, 6 during the 2016 hearing with an ALJ, D.B. stated that he had to psych himself up to walk 7 50 yards to the store, put off going to the store until he was out of items, chose lightweight 8 food items if he had to buy a heavy item like milk, and had to rest for one to two hours 9 after getting home. AR 49–50. Second, “the ALJ did not explain how, in his view, 10 [D.B.’s] testimony about those daily activities is inconsistent with his testimony about the 11 severity and frequency of his [leg pain]. And we see no reasonable inference that such an 12 inconsistency exists.” Ferguson, 95 F.4th at 1203. 2 13 Finally, the Court notes that the ALJ may have taken a “backward approach” to 14 determining D.B.’s credibility. See Revels, 874 F.3d at 666. The ALJ found D.B.’s 15 “statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of his symptoms . . . 16 inconsistent because the evidence as a whole indicates that, despite his impairments, the 17 claimant could perform a range of light work as set forth in the residual functional capacity 18 finding above.” AR 944. However, because “an ALJ must take into account a claimant’s 19 symptom testimony when determining the RFC . . . [t]o determine the RFC first and then 20 assess the claimant’s testimony is to put the cart before the horse.” Revels, 874 F.3d at 666 21 (cleaned up and citations omitted). 22 On remand, the ALJ must reconsider D.B.’s subjective pain testimony and offer 23 clear, convincing reasons for rejecting any specific aspects of this testimony. 24 2 The ALJ also failed to provide accurate, germane reasons for discounting testimony from 25 D.B.’s family and friends, which he found was not fully consistent with the overall evidence and “appear to have relied exclusive[ly] on the claimant’s self-report.” AR 947; 26 see Diedrich v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 634, 640–41 (9th Cir. 2017) (noting a “lack of support from medical records is not a germane reason to give ‘little weight’” to observations by lay 27 persons). The testimony describes the family and friend’s personal observations of D.B.’s 1 || IV. CONCLUSION 2 Because the ALJ erred in weighing the medical opinions and failed to consider 3 || D.B.’s pain testimony, the Court reverses the ALJ’s decision at the RFC determination and 4 || remands for further proceedings. The Court denies D.B.’s request to find him disabled and 5 || to remand for payment of benefits because it is not clear from the record that the ALJ 6 || would be required to find D.B. disabled and award benefits if D.B.’s testimony were taken 7 as true. See Garrison, 759 F.3d 995, 1019-20. 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 10 Dated: September 24, 2024 hbo ——> _

NATHANAEL M. COUSINS

11 United States Magistrate Judge 12

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