1 2 3 4 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA, Case No. 24-cv-03104-MMC

8 Petitioner,

ORDER DENYING BARISH

9 v. RESPONDENTS' MOTION TO

DISMISS; VACATING HEARING

10 HILLS EXPLORATION CORPORATION, et al., 11 Respondents.

12 13 Before the Court is the Motion, filed September 19, 2024, "to Dismiss Petitioners' 14 Amended Petition to Recognize and Enforce ICSID Arbitral Award," filed by respondents 15 David A. Barish and Gale Ruth Feuer Barish, in their capacities as trustees of the Barish 16 Family Trust of 2008 ("Barish Respondents"). Petitioner the Republic of Nicaragua 17 ("Nicaragua") has filed opposition, to which Barish Respondents have replied. Having 18 read and considered the papers filed in support of and in opposition to the motion, the 19 Court deems the matter appropriate for determination on the parties' respective written 20 submissions, VACATES the hearing scheduled for October 25, 2024, and rules as 21 follows. 22 In its Amended Petition ("AP"), Nicaragua seeks to "enforce the [r]espondents' 23 pecuniary obligations imposed by a March 1, 2023 arbitral award ('Award') issued under 24 the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals 25 of Other States . . . ('ICSID Convention')." (See AP ¶ 1.) Specifically, the arbitration 26 tribunal ruled against Barish Respondents and others, who had brought claims against 27 Nicaragua (see AP Ex. 1 ¶¶ 9, 253-54, 569), and awarded Nicaragua the sum of 1 The ICSID Convention "established an international institution – the International 2 Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (the 'Centre' . . .) – under whose authority 3 arbitration panels may be convened to adjudicate disputes between international 4 investors and host governments in 'Contracting States," namely, "those countries whose 5 governments have adopted the Convention." See Mobil Cerro Negro, Ltd., v. Bolivarian 6 Republic of Venezuela, 863 F.3d 96, 101 (2nd Cir. 2017).1 Under the terms of the 7 Convention, "a party dissatisfied with an award may challenge it on various grounds, but 8 may do so only through proceedings at the Centre and not collaterally in the courts of 9 member states." See id. "The limited role played by the member states' courts is 10 articulated in Article 54 of the Convention, which provides that the member states agree 11 to 'recognize' ICSID awards 'as binding' and to 'enforce the pecuniary obligations by that 12 award.'" See id. (quoting Article 54 of the Convention). 13 Barish Respondents argue the instant action is, to the extent asserted against 14 them, subject to dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction. In support thereof, they cite 15 Shaffer v. Heitner, 422 U.S. 186 (1977), in which the Supreme Court found, in a suit 16 brought for breach of fiduciary duty, the plaintiff could not establish personal jurisdiction 17 based on the defendants' ownership of property in the forum state, see id. at 190, 213, 18 setting forth a general rule that "all assertions of state-court jurisdiction must be evaluated 19 according to the standards set forth in International Shoe and its progeny," see id. at 212, 20 which require a showing that the defendant has "certain minimum contacts" with the 21 forum, see id. at 203 (internal quotation and citation omitted). 22 In response, Nicaragua does not contend Barish Respondents have minimum 23 contacts, but, rather, that, in an enforcement action, such as the instant case, Barish 24 Respondents' ownership of real property in California (see AP ¶ 8.b; Resp'ts' Mot. at 25 9:14) suffices to establish personal jurisdiction. As set forth below, the Court agrees. 26 1 The United States and Nicaragua are among the Contracting States that have 27 adopted the Convention. See https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Pages/about/Database-of- 1 In Shaffer, the Supreme Court appears to acknowledge, as to enforcement 2 actions, an exception to the above-quoted general rule, noting "[o]nce it has been 3 determined by a court of competent jurisdiction that the defendant is a debtor of the 4 plaintiff, there would seem to be no unfairness in allowing an action to realize on that debt 5 in a State where the defendant has property, whether or not that State would have 6 jurisdiction to determine the existence of the debt as an original matter." See Shaffer, 7 422 U.S. at 210 n.36. 8 Indeed, the Ninth Circuit has interpreted Shaffer as creating such an exception. 9 Specifically, in Office Depot, Inc. v. Zuccarini, 596 F.3d 696 (9th Cir. 2010), the Ninth 10 Circuit held a plaintiff, who had obtained a monetary judgment against the defendant in a 11 prior action, established personal jurisdiction over such defendant in a later-filed 12 enforcement action, based solely on the defendant's ownership of property in that 13 subsequent forum. See id. at 699, 703. In so ruling, the Ninth Circuit, citing Shaffer, 14 held, "[i]n an action to execute on a judgment, due process concerns are satisfied, 15 assuming proper notice, by the previous rendering of a judgment by a court of competent 16 jurisdiction." See id. at 700 (citing Shaffer, 433 U.S. at 210 n.36). 17 The remaining question, which the Court answers in the affirmative, is whether the 18 issuance of the Award can be treated as a "previous rendering of a judgment by a court 19 of competent jurisdiction." See id. As set forth in 22 U.S.C. § 1650a, "pecuniary 20 obligations" imposed by an ICSID award "shall be enforced and shall be given the same 21 full faith and credit as if the award were a final judgment of a court of general jurisdiction 22 of one of the several States." See 22 U.S.C. § 1650a; see also Mobil Cerro, 863 F.3d at 23 102 (explaining Congress enacted § 1650a to "implement" ICSID).2 24

25 2 Barish Respondents' reliance on Base Metal Trading, Ltd. v. OJSC, 283 F.3d 208 (4th Cir. 2002) and Sociedad Concesionaria Metropolitana de Salud S.A., 2024 WL 26 4333144 (D. Del. September 27, 2024) is unavailing, as, in those cases, the plaintiff sought an order confirming an arbitration award that was not rendered in an ICSID 27 proceeding, i.e., no court of competent jurisdiction had rendered a decision the plaintiff 1 In light of the above, the Court finds it has personal jurisdiction over Barish 2 || Respondents based on the property they own in California.* 3 Lastly, Barish Respondents argue Nicaragua cannot establish venue. The Court 4 || disagrees. Where, as here, all defendants do not reside in a single state and a 5 || substantial part of the events giving rise to the claim did not occur in any judicial district, 6 || venue is proper in “any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court's 7 || personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). Here, as set 8 || forth above, Barish Respondents are subject to personal jurisdiction with respect to the 9 instant enforcement action. 10 Accordingly, the motion to dismiss is hereby DENIED. 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12

13 || Dated: October 16, 2024 ,

XINE M. CHESNEY

14 United States District Judge

16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 29 3 The Court declines to consider herein Barish Respondents’ request, made for the first time in their reply, that the Court certify for interlocutory appeal any decision finding 26 Bags personal jurisdiction exists, Nicaragua having had no opportunity to respond thereto. The 27 || Court notes, however, that the cases on which Barish Respondents rely to establish the existence of a substantial ground for difference of opinion did not address actions to 2g || enforce a prior judgment. (See Resp'ts' Reply at 15:13-23; see also id. at 8:16-9:21.)