1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 3 OPEN BOOK THEATRE COMPANY, Case No.: 3:24-cv-0076-AGS-VET individually and on behalf of all others 4 ORDER COMPELLING similarly situated,

ARBITRATION (ECF 9),

5 Plaintiff, DENYING AS MOOT REMAINING 6 MOTIONS, AND STAYING CASE v. 7 BROWN PAPER TICKETS, LLC, et al., 8 Defendants. 9

10 Defendants seek to compel arbitration of this putative class action based on the 11 provisions of an online point-and-click agreement. 12 BACKGROUND1 13 The legal battlefield here is the website of defendant Brown Paper Tickets, LLC, 14 which handles ticket sales for event organizers. (See ECF 6, at 3.) To set up an “event” on 15 that site, visitors are first presented with a checkbox and notice. (See ECF 9-2, at 3–4.) The 16 notice affirms: “I have read and agree to the Brown Paper Tickets Event Organizer Terms 17 of Usage.” (Id. at 4.) Before proceeding, users must “affirmatively check” the box beside 18 the notice. (Id. at 3.) The final eight words of the notice are displayed as a color-contrasted 19 “blue hyperlink,” which, if clicked, takes users to a page containing the promised Terms 20 of Usage. (Id.; see ECF 9-4, at 2–7.) According to those terms, any dispute that “arises out 21 of or relates to” the agreement and that cannot be resolved by mediation will be “resolved 22

23 1 Open Book’s evidentiary objections to Jeremy Campbell’s declaration (see 24 ECF 10-2) are overruled. “[O]n a motion to compel arbitration,” a court “does not focus 25 on the admissibility of the evidence’s form, so long as the contents are capable of presentation in an admissible form at trial.” Lomeli v. Midland Funding, LLC, No. 19-cv- 26 01141-LHK, 2019 WL 4695279, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 26, 2019) (cleaned up). As to 27 objections based on lack of foundation, Campbell established his personal knowledge in the introductory paragraphs of his declaration. (See ECF 9-2, at 2–3.) At any rate, the Court 28 has not relied on Campbell’s characterizations of the terms of the disputed agreement. 1 by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association under its Commercial 2 Arbitration Rules.” (ECF 9-4, at 6.) 3 Plaintiff Open Book Theatre Company created an account and listed three of its 4 events on Brown Paper Tickets’ website. (ECF 6, at 5.) Ticket sales for these performances 5 generated $5,547 for Open Book. (Id.) Believing it was entitled to full payment “within 6 10 days of the event,” and not having been paid within that time, Open Book filed a putative 7 class action against Brown Paper Tickets and its parent company, codefendant Events.com, 8 Inc. (See generally ECF 6; see id. at 3.) 9 Defendants now move to compel arbitration of all claims or, alternatively, to dismiss 10 the complaint. (See generally ECF 9.) 11 DISCUSSION 12 In opposing the defense’s motion to compel arbitration, Open Book argues that: 13 (1) no arbitration agreement was formed (see ECF 10, at 8–13); (2) even if one was formed, 14 it was unconscionable (see id. at 13–19); and (3) regardless, Events.com, as a nonsignatory, 15 cannot invoke the arbitration provision (see id. at 19–21). Before addressing these 16 arguments, this Court must determine which jurisdiction’s laws apply. 17 A. Choice of Law 18 Open Book asserts that “California law” governs this dispute, as it is the forum state. 19 (ECF 10, at 10.) Defendants, on the other hand, urge this Court to apply the law of 20 Washington State, as required by the arbitration agreement’s choice-of-law provision. 21 (ECF 9-4, at 7 (stipulating that “any dispute will be governed by the laws and codes of the 22 State of Washington”).) 23 In a diversity case like this one, federal courts apply “the forum’s choice of law 24 rules”—here, California’s. See Insurance Co. of N. Am. v. Federal Express Corp., 189 F.3d 25 914, 919 (9th Cir. 1999). When a disputed contract has a choice-of-law clause, California 26 courts determine “whether the chosen state has a substantial relationship to the parties or 27 their transaction.” First Intercontinental Bank v. Ahn, 798 F.3d 1149, 1153 (9th Cir. 2015). 28 If so, and if California would otherwise “be the state of the applicable law in the absence 1 of an effective choice of law by the parties,” “the court then determines whether the 2 relevant portion of the chosen state’s law is contrary to a fundamental policy in California 3 law.” Id. If not, “the court applies the law of the forum selected in the contract”—here, 4 Washington’s. Id. at 1154. 5 Under this choice-of-law framework, California courts analyzing this agreement 6 would apply Washington State law. First, defendant Brown Paper Tickets has a substantial 7 relationship to the chosen forum of Washington, “where it is incorporated and has its 8 headquarters.” (ECF 9-1, at 18); see Consul Ltd. v. Solide Enters., 802 F.2d 1143, 1147 9 (9th Cir. 1986) (finding a substantial relationship sufficient to “honor a choice-of-law 10 provision” when “one of the parties resides in the chosen state”); Simulados Software, Ltd. 11 v. Photon Infotech Private, 40 F. Supp. 3d 1191, 1197–98 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (collecting 12 cases finding party had a “substantial relationship” to its state of incorporation or domicile). 13 Second, the “laws of contract formation” in California and Washington “are materially the 14 same.” Jackson v. Amazon.com, 55 F. Supp. 3d 1132, 1138 (S.D. Cal. 2021), aff’d, 65 F.4th 15 1093 (9th Cir. 2023). So application of Washington law wouldn’t violate any fundamental 16 policy of California. Thus, Washington law applies. 17 B. Formation of Arbitration Agreement 18 Turning to the merits, Open Book first protests that no arbitration agreement was 19 ever formed. Under Washington law, “[m]utual assent is required for the formation of a 20 valid contract,” such as an agreement to arbitrate. Yakima Cnty. Fire Prot. Dist. No. 12 v. 21 City of Yakima, 858 P.2d 245, 255 (Wash. 1993). “In the context of online agreements, the 22 existence of mutual assent turns on whether the consumer had reasonable notice of the 23 terms of service agreement.” Wilson v. Huuuge, Inc., 944 F.3d 1212, 1219 (9th Cir. 2019) 24 (applying Washington law). 25 Online agreements “come primarily in two flavors: ‘clickwrap’ (or ‘click-through’) 26 agreements . . . and ‘browsewrap’ agreements.” Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble Inc., 763 F.3d 27 1171, 1175–76 (9th Cir. 2014). “Clickwrap” agreements generally ensure better notice of 28 their provisions, because the “website presents users with specified contractual terms on a 1 pop-up screen and users must check a box explicitly stating ‘I agree’ in order to proceed.” 2 Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, LLC, 30 F.4th 849, 856 (9th Cir. 2022). “At the other 3 end of the spectrum are so-called ‘browsewrap’ agreements, in which a website offers 4 terms that are disclosed only through a hyperlink and the user supposedly manifests assent 5 to those terms simply by continuing to use the website.” Id. 6 While Open Book relegates this agreement to the “browsewrap” category, that is 7 plainly not so. The website does not seek to bind users by their passive browsing. As Open 8 Book itself admits, to proceed through Brown Paper Tickets’ website, a user “needs to 9 ‘check a box’ that is next to the link” and agree to the terms of usage. (ECF 10, at 11.) This 10 qualifies as a “modified” clickwrap agreement. That is, rather than presenting visitors the 11 full contractual terms on screen, “users are notified of the existence of the website’s terms 12 of use” and advised that “by making some type of affirmative act, often by clicking a 13 button,” they are agreeing to them. Moyer v. Chegg, Inc., No. 22-CV-09123-JSW, 2023 14 WL 4771181, at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 25, 2023). 15 Courts enforce modified clickwrap agreements, like the one here, when they satisfy 16 two “rules to determine whether meaningful assent has been given”: “(1) the website 17 provides reasonably conspicuous notice of the terms to which the consumer will be bound; 18 and (2) the consumer takes some action, such as clicking a button or checking a box, that 19 unambiguously manifests his or her assent to those terms.” Berman, 30 F.4th at 856. 20 1. Reasonably Conspicuous Notice 21 Because Open Book incorrectly analyzes this online agreement through a 22 browsewrap lens, its arguments about conspicuousness mostly miss the mark. For example, 23 it complains that “there is no specific call out to an arbitration agreement or that the 24 intended user is waiving a right to a jury in the hyperlink,” and that the “hyperlink to terms 25 of use do[es] not satisfy the requirements to form a valid contract between the parties.” 26 (ECF 10, at 8–9.) In other words, Open Book presumes that the terms are not reasonably 27 conspicuous, because the details are hidden until a user clicks on a hyperlink. But this is a 28 standard feature of modified clickwrap agreements. 1 In the clickwrap context, courts evaluating reasonable conspicuousness must 2 consider “the visual aspects of the notice”—like “font size, text placement, and overall 3 screen design”—as well as whether the “context of the transaction” contemplated “some 4 sort of continuing relationship that would have put users on notice for a link to the terms 5 of that continuing relationship.” Keebaugh v. Warner Bros. Ent. Inc., 100 F.4th 1005, 1019 6 (9th Cir. 2024). Both these touchpoints cut in favor of proper notice here. 7 Take the visual components. The presence of a hyperlink “must be readily apparent,” 8 customarily by “use of a contrasting font color (typically blue).” Berman, 30 F.4th at 857; 9 cf. Marshall v. Hipcamp Inc., No. 3:23-CV-06156-TLF, 2024 WL 2325197, at *5 10 (W.D. Wash. May 22, 2024) (finding hyperlink insufficiently “obvious” when, among 11 other failings, it was “not set forth in a different color to attract the reader’s attention”). 12 The hyperlink here was indeed set off in contrasting blue. (ECF 9-2, at 4.) In addition, the 13 hyperlink was placed front and center, not buried in some misleading location. It appears 14 next to the required “I agree” checkbox in the statement, “I have read and agree to the 15 Brown Paper Tickets Event Organizer Terms of Usage.” (ECF 9-2, at 4.) And this 16 checkbox notice and hyperlink are situated directly above the operative button “Add Event 17 Producer Tools.” (See id.) These convenient text placement and screen-design features 18 distinguish this online agreement from invalid clickwrap agreements in which the “location 19 of the hyperlink relative to the agreement” would “prevent a reasonable consumer from 20 being on constructive notice.” See Weimin Chen v. Sierra Trading Post, Inc., No. 2:18- 21 CV-1581-RAJ, 2019 WL 3564659, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 6, 2019); see also McKee v. 22 Audible, Inc., CV 17-1941-GW, 2017 WL 4685039, at *1–2 (C.D. Cal. July 17, 2017) 23 (interpreting Washington law and finding insufficient notice when user “was not prompted 24 or required to scroll past the Start Now box,” below which the notice and hyperlink 25 appeared). 26 Indeed, courts have approved less conspicuous notices when enforcing modified 27 clickwrap agreements. See, e.g., Grant v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., No. 2:23-CV-01946-MJP, 28 2024 WL 3510937, at *4 (W.D. Wash. July 23, 2024) (finding reasonably conspicuous a 1 hyperlink not presented in a contrasting color, when it was at least “underlined” and 2 “labeled with ‘(PDF)’”); Weimin Chen, 2019 WL 3564659, at *3 (deeming reasonably 3 conspicuous a notice separated from the “‘Place my order’ button” by “[s]everal lines of 4 text in the same font and size,” when the hyperlinked word “Term” in the notice was “both 5 capitalized and underlined”). 6 As for the “context of the transaction,” the website’s processes for setting up an 7 account and creating an event convey an expected “continuing relationship” with 8 customers like Open Book. See Keebaugh, 100 F.4th at 1019. Events are created for dates 9 in the future, tickets are sold over time as the event date approaches, and multiple events 10 may be set up. (See ECF 6, at 5 (noting that in July 2023 Open Book scheduled three 11 August events)). The site offers tools to “[t]rack your ticket buyers and event traffic” and 12 even “[c]hat with” those buyers. (ECF 9-2, at 4.) “There is no time limit imposed by 13 [Brown Paper Tickets] on how long the user may access” the site’s services—and 14 apparently no limit on how much a user might earn. See Keebaugh, 100 F.4th at 1020. 15 Reasonably prudent users would expect the hyperlinked terms to govern an ongoing and 16 substantial business relationship. 17 In short, the design of the website and the transactional context provided reasonably 18 conspicuous notice that the terms of usage to which the user would be bound—including 19 arbitration terms—were set forth in the hyperlinked document. 20 2. Unambiguously Manifested Assent 21 Next, Open Book takes issue with the evidence of assent. It points out that users are 22 not “required to open the link, read the terms[,] and assent to the terms that waive their 23 rights,” nor is there any evidence that Open Book in fact “clicked on the hyperlink.” 24 (ECF 10, at 9, 12.) Yet the issue is not whether Open Book clicked on the hyperlink, but 25 whether it clicked on the checkbox for: “I have read and agree to” the hyperlinked terms 26 of usage. (See ECF 9-2, at 4 (emphasis added).) Open Book must have done so, because 27 users must check that box “before they are able to create an event.” (See ECF 9-2, at 3.) 28 And “checking a box or clicking on a button” may manifest the necessary assent. Briggs v. 1 Service Corp. Int’l, No. C22-1646-JLR, 2023 WL 2075958 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 17, 2023). 2 A user’s failure to click on the hyperlink or read the hyperlinked terms is irrelevant. If “a 3 party has signed a contract without reading it, she cannot successfully argue that the 4 contract is unenforceable as long as she was not deprived of the opportunity to read it.” 5 Signavong v. Volt Mgmt. Corp., No. C07-515JLR, 2007 WL 1813845, at *3 (W.D. Wash. 6 June 21, 2007). 7 In fact, courts regularly find unambiguously manifested assent due to two “defining 8 features”: “the forced confrontation with the terms” and “the forced decision to accept or 9 reject them by clicking a button.” Wilson v. Playtika, Ltd., 349 F. Supp. 3d 1028, 1037 10 (W.D. Wash. 2018). So it is here. During Brown Paper Tickets’ event-creation process, 11 users cannot move on to create an event on the website until they first agree to the 12 hyperlinked terms of usage (including the arbitration provisions) by affirmatively checking 13 a box. This creates the necessary “forced confrontation with the terms” and “forced 14 decision to accept or reject them.” See id. 15 Thus, Open Book unambiguously manifested assent to the terms—including the 16 arbitration provision—and the parties formed an agreement to arbitrate. 17 C. Unconscionability 18 Even if an arbitration agreement was formed, Open Book contends that it “fails due 19 to its procedural and substantive unconscionability.” (ECF 10, at 14.) But this Court cannot 20 reach those issues. 21 A federal court’s review of any arbitration agreement is cabined by the Federal 22 Arbitration Act. Under the Act, the parties to a contract involving interstate commerce, 23 such as this one, “may agree that an arbitrator rather than a court will resolve disputes 24 arising out of the contract.” Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 586 U.S. 63, 25 65 (2019). The Act also allows parties to further limit a federal court’s authority with a 26 delegation clause—a stipulation that “an arbitrator, rather than a court, will resolve 27 threshold arbitrability questions,” such as whether the “arbitration agreement applies to the 28 1 particular dispute.” Id. Such a clause is effective so long as the parties delegate these 2 threshold questions “by ‘clear and unmistakable’ evidence.” Id. at 69. 3 The arbitration agreement here included a delegation clause, specifying that disputes 4 “shall be finally resolved by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration 5 Association under its Commercial Arbitration Rules.” (See ECF 9-4, at 6.) Among other 6 things, these AAA rules provide “that the ‘arbitrator shall have the power to rule on his or 7 her own jurisdiction[.]’” Brennan, 796 F.3d at 1130. As a result, “incorporation of the AAA 8 rules constitutes clear and unmistakable evidence that contracting parties agreed to arbitrate 9 arbitrability.” Id. Even unsophisticated parties may “clearly and unmistakably agree[] to 10 arbitrate questions of arbitrability” when an “arbitration agreement incorporates AAA rules” 11 because, “under Washington law, ‘[c]ourts presume that parties to an agreement have read 12 all parts of the entire contract and intend what is stated in its objective terms.’” G.G. v. 13 Valve Corp., 799 F. App’x 557, 558 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting West Coast Stationary Eng’rs 14 Welfare Fund v. City of Kennewick, 694 P.2d 1101, 1104 (Wash. Ct. App. 1985)). 15 In the face of this clear and unmistakable delegation—and this Court’s rejection of 16 the argument that “an agreement to arbitrate was never formed”—there remains only one 17 nondelegable issue that this Court may decide: “any challenge directed specifically to the 18 enforceability of the delegation clause.” Caremark, LLC v. Chickasaw Nation, 43 F.4th 19 1021, 1030 (9th Cir. 2022). But Open Book does not mount this attack. Its 20 unconscionability arguments are instead aimed at either the Terms of Usage agreement as 21 a whole or else the entire arbitration provision (all of paragraph 20.2) in which the 22 delegation clause sits. (See generally ECF 10, at 13–19; see also ECF 9-4, at 6 23 (paragraph 20.2).) Yet this Court may only hear arguments that are “specific to” and 24 “contest the validity of the delegation provision in particular”; “unconscionability 25 arguments [that] make no mention of it,” but instead contend only that the “entire 26 agreement” is unconscionable, are insufficient. See Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson, 27 561 U.S. 63, 74 (2010). 28 1 So, this case must be referred to arbitration, and “all arguments going to the scope 2 or enforceability of the arbitration provision are for the arbitrator to decide in the first 3 instance.” See Caremark, 43 F.4th at 1030. 4 D. Events.com’s Invocation of the Arbitration Provision 5 Finally, Open Book objects to the invocation of arbitration by Events.com because 6 it is not “an intended third party beneficiary of the alleged agreement to arbitrate.” (ECF 10, 7 at 19.) This argument is entirely beside the point. The defense contends that Events.com 8 should join the parties in arbitration under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, regardless of 9 the intended beneficiaries. (See ECF 9-1, at 23–24.) 10 “The right to compel arbitration is generally limited to parties to the contract, but 11 non-signatories may invoke arbitration under the [Federal Arbitration Act] if the relevant 12 state contract law allows the litigant to enforce the agreement.” In re Pacific Fertility Ctr. 13 Litig., 814 F. App’x 206, 208 (9th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up). Under Washington law, when 14 a plaintiff sues both signatories and nonsignatories to an arbitration agreement, equitable 15 estoppel may allow the nonsignatories to share the benefits of arbitration. Equitable 16 estoppel “applies when the claims are intimately founded in and intertwined with the 17 underlying agreement.” Norwood v. MultiCare Health Sys., 548 P.3d 978, 986 18 (Wash. Ct. App. 2024) (cleaned up); cf. Patrick v. Ramsey, No. C23-0630JLR, 2024 WL 19 3914866, at *5–6 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 21, 2024) (rejecting estoppel argument when claims 20 were “based on [the nonsignatories’] extra-contractual conduct”). This rule prevents an 21 arbitration-agreement signatory from strategically “avoid[ing] arbitration by bringing 22 claims against nonsignatories.” David Terry Invs., LLC-PRC v. Headwaters Dev. Grp. LLC, 23 463 P.3d 117, 123 (Wash. Ct. App. 2020). 24 Estoppel is proper here because the claims against Events.com “are based on the 25 same facts and are inherently inseparable from arbitrable claims against signatory 26 defendants.” See David Terry Invs., 463 P.3d at 124. Beyond the complaint’s caption and 27 attached exhibits, Events.com is only named individually in the document’s opening 28 paragraphs. (See ECF 6, at 3.) Otherwise, Brown Paper Tickets and its parent company 1 || Events.com are charged collectively with each use of the term “Defendant or Defendants.” 2 || Ud. at 4.) In fact, Open Book levels identical causes of action against defendants Brown 3 Paper Tickets and Events.com, based on the same alleged failure to timely pay proceeds 4 |lunder the contract. (See generally ECF 6.) There are no unique allegations against 5 || Events.com. (See generally id.) It is hard to conceive of claims more “intertwined with the 6 || underlying agreement.” See Norwood, 548 P.3d at 986. 7 Thus, Open Book is equitably estopped from avoiding arbitration as to its claims 8 ||against Events.com and must face an arbitrator’s decision on any remaining issues. 9 CONCLUSION 10 Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration is GRANTED, and all claims against both 11 || defendants, including the class claims, are referred to arbitration. This matter is STAYED 12 || pending resolution of arbitration. (See ECF 9-1, at 21, 36 (defense request for stay)); Smith 13 || v. Spizzirri, 601 U.S. 472, 478 (2024) (“When a district court finds that a lawsuit involves 14 arbitrable dispute, and a party requests a stay pending arbitration,” the Federal 15 || Arbitration Act “compels the court to stay the proceeding.”). The alternative dismissal 16 || motion is DENIED as moot. 17 While arbitration is pending or proceeding, the parties must file a joint status report 18 December 1, 2024, and every three months thereafter (that is, March 1, 2025; June 1, 19 || 2025; etc.). Also, within 14 days of the arbitration action’s conclusion, the parties must file 20 |/a joint status report. 21 Dated: September 18, 2024 22 = | f. 3 Andrew G. Schopler United States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28 10