1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 NATASHA BALLARD; NATASHA Case No.: 24-CV-1579-JO-AHG

BALLARD LIVING ESTATE,

12

ORDER (1) GRANTING REQUEST

Plaintiff, 13 TO PROCEED IN FORMA v. PAUPERIS; (2) DISMISSING FIRST 14

AMENDED COMPLAINT

SELECT PORTFOLIO SERVICING,

15 PURSUANT TO SECTION 1915(e)

INC.; FULTON COUNTY SHERIFF’S

16 OFFICE, 17 Defendants. 18 19 20 Pro se Plaintiff Natasha Ballard filed suit against Defendants Select Portfolio 21 Servicing Inc. and Fulton County Sheriff’s Office alleging that she was the victim of an 22 unlawful foreclosure and eviction. Dkts. 1, 3. She alleges claims for violation of the Truth 23 in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq., various securities and tax laws, as well as state 24 claims. Dkts. 1, 3. Plaintiff also filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”). Dkt. 25 2. For the reasons stated below, the Court grants Plaintiff’s IFP request and, after screening 26 her complaint, dismisses her claims against both Defendants. 27 I. BACKGROUND 28 Plaintiff claims she was evicted from her home in Georgia as the result of an 1 unlawful foreclosure. See Dkt. 3 (First Amended Complaint, “FAC”) generally. Plaintiff 2 became unemployed in 2012 and fell behind in her mortgage payments. FAC at 5. 3 Although she allegedly negotiated a payment plan with the HOA Board, and eventually 4 offered to pay back the arrears in full, the HOA Board initiated foreclosure proceedings. 5 Id. at 5–6. During this process, Defendant Select sent Plaintiff notices stating that it would 6 foreclose on Plaintiff’s home and Defendant Fulton County Sheriff’s Office aided in this 7 allegedly unlawful foreclosure. Id. at 9–12. In 2023 or 2024, after the close of foreclosure 8 proceedings, Plaintiff’s home was sold to a third party, Dharmenda Jattaipatti of D23, LLC. 9 Id. at 5–12. 10 Based on these facts, Plaintiff alleges claims against Defendants for (1) violation of 11 the Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.; (2) securities fraud; (3) tax fraud; (4) 12 breach of contract; and (5) assignment. FAC at 1–2. 13 II. MOTION TO PROCEED IFP 14 A party may institute a civil action without prepaying the required filing fee if the 15 Court grants leave to proceed IFP based on indigency. 28 U.S.C. § 1915; Andrews v. 16 Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007). Plaintiffs in the Southern District of 17 California seeking to proceed IFP must establish their inability to pay by filing an affidavit 18 that includes a statement of all income and assets. See CivLR 3.2(a); see also Escobedo v. 19 Applebees, 787 F.3d 1226, 1234 (9th Cir. 2015). An affidavit is “sufficient where it alleges 20 that the plaintiff cannot pay the court costs and still afford the necessities of life.” Id. 21 (citation omitted). “The granting or refusing of permission to proceed [IFP] is a matter 22 committed to the sound discretion of the district court.” Skelly v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., No. 23 19-1812, 2019 WL 6840398, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 16, 2019) (quoting Smart v. Heinze, 347 24 F.2d 114, 116 (9th Cir. 1965)). 25 In support of her IFP motion, Plaintiff filed an affidavit explaining her financial 26

27 1 Plaintiff originally filed her complaint on September 5, 2024. Dkt. 1. On September 13, 2024, 28 1 circumstances and inability to pay. Dkt. 2. Plaintiff indicates she is unemployed, and her 2 monthly income is $0.00. Id. at 2. She also indicates she has a total of $45.00 in her bank 3 account and her only asset is a 2012 Toyota Prius valued at $5,000. Id. at 2, 3. She also 4 indicates her monthly expenses are $900.00. Id. at 5. The Court finds that the affidavit 5 has “sufficiently show[n] that [s]he lacks the financial resources to pay filing fees.” Dillard 6 v. So, No. 12-2958, 2013 WL 4857692, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2013). 7 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 8 U.S.C. § 1915(a). 9 III. LEGAL STANDARDS 10 Because Plaintiff is granted leave to proceed IFP, her FAC must undergo a sua 11 sponte screening for dismissal. Notwithstanding payment of any filing fee or portion 12 thereof, a complaint filed by any person proceeding IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) is 13 subject to a mandatory and sua sponte review and dismissal by the court to the extent it is 14 frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks 15 monetary relief from a defendant immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); 16 Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845, 845 (9th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 17 1915(e)(2)(B) are not limited to prisoners.”). 18 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 19 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 20 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 21 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 22 1998) (noting that “[t]he language of § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) parallels the language of Federal 23 Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires that a complaint “contain 24 sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 25 face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). 26 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a 27 cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Pro se 28 complaints are construed “liberally” and may be dismissed for failure to state a claim only 1 “if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of [her] 2 claim which would entitle him to relief.” Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d at 1113, 1121 (9th 3 Cir. 2012). 4 IV. DISCUSSION 5 In screening Plaintiff’s complaint, the Court examines whether Plaintiff validly 6 stated claims for violations of the Truth-in-Lending Act, securities fraud, and tax fraud. 7 The Court will then consider whether it should exercise supplemental jurisdiction over 8 Plaintiff’s remaining state law claims. 9 A. Truth-in-Lending Act Claims 10 The Court first considers whether Plaintiff has validly pled that Defendants Select 11 and Fulton County Sheriff’s Office violated the Truth-in-Lending Act. 12 The Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq. (“TILA”), is designed “to assure 13 a meaningful disclosure of credit terms so that the consumer will be able to compare more 14 readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformed use of credit.” 15 Barrer v. Chase Bank USA, N.A., 566 F.3d 883, 887 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing to 15 U.S.C. § 16 1601(a)). Rather than substantively regulate the terms creditors can offer or include in 17 their financial products, the Act primarily requires creditors to provide certain disclosures 18 to potential borrowers. See Hauk v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank USA, 552 F.3d 1114, 1118– 19 1120 (9th Cir. 2009). Pursuant to TILA, creditors must provide borrowers with specific 20 information including finance charges, annual percentage rate, and the right to rescind a 21 transaction. See, e.g., 15 U.S.C. §§ 1635, 1638. Regulation Z, 12 C.F.R. Part 226, is issued 22 by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to implement TILA. See 12 23 C.F.R. § 226.1(a). 24 The TILA defines a “creditor” as 25 a person who both (1) regularly extends . . . consumer credit which is payable by agreement in more than four installments or for which the payment of a 26 finance charge is or may be required, and (2) is the person to whom the debt 27 arising from the consumer credit transaction is initially payable on the face of the evidence of indebtedness or, if there is no such evidence of indebtedness, 28 1 by agreement . . . .

2

3 15 U.S.C. § 1602(f); Regulation Z, 12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(17)(i). 4 Here, Plaintiff’s FAC neither alleges that Defendants Select or Fulton County 5 Sheriff’s Office are creditors subject to the disclosure requirements of the TILA, nor that 6 they failed to share the information required by this statute. Although Plaintiff appears to 7 allege that Defendant Select and Fulton County Sheriff’s Office were involved in the 8 foreclosure of her home, she neither alleges (1) that they were her creditors (i.e., that she 9 owed them a debt); nor (2) that they failed to provide her information about the terms of 10 this debt. FAC at 5, 12. Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to state a TILA claim 11 against Defendants and dismisses this claim. See Viernes v. Exec. Mortg., Inc., 372 F. 12 Supp. 2d 576, 580–81 (D. Haw. 2004) (concluding that TILA disclosure requirements only 13 apply to creditors). 14 The Court will grant leave to amend with regard to Defendant Select but denies leave 15 to amend with regard to Defendant Fulton County Sheriff’s Office. Because the Fulton 16 County Sheriff’s Office is a public law enforcement agency, no additional allegations could 17 cure the deficiency that Defendant Fulton County Sheriff’s Office is not a creditor subject 18 to TILA requirements. Chaset v. Fleer/Skybox Int’l, LP, 300 F.3d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir. 19 2002) (finding leave to amend futile where “plaintiffs cannot cure the basic flaw in their 20 pleading”). 21 B. Securities Law Claims 22 The Court next considers Plaintiff’s allegations that Defendants committed 23 violations of federal securities laws. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ actions violated 18 24 U.S.C. § 1348 but this a criminal statute prohibiting securities fraud with no private right 25 of action. Stokes v. M&T Bank, No. 2:18cv49-MHT-WC, 2019 WL 5070198 at *4, 2019 26 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102637 at *11 (M.D. Ala. June 18, 2019) (“Plaintiff has no cause of 27 action under 18 U.S.C. § 1348.); Smith v. Osvaldik, No. 1:23-CV-01488-HBK, 2023 WL 28 8698359, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2023) (concluding that there is no language in § 1348 1 that provides for a private right of action). Plaintiff, therefore, cannot pursue a private 2 claim under this statute. 3 The Court dismisses these claims with prejudice. The Court will not grant leave to 4 amend as additional allegations could not cure the fundamental deficiency that Plaintiff 5 does not have the legal right to prosecute criminal violations of securities law. Klamath- 6 Lake Pharm. Ass’n v. Klamath Med. Serv. Bureau, 701 F.2d 1276, 1293 (9th Cir. 1983) 7 (“futile amendments should not be permitted”). 8 C. Tax Fraud Claims 9 Finally, the Court addresses Plaintiff’s tax fraud claims. To begin, the Court is 10 unable to discern the nature of Plaintiff’s tax fraud claims. Plaintiff includes “Federal Tax 11 Fraud” in the caption of her pleading and in a list of the Defendants’ wrongful actions, but 12 she does not make any factual allegations supporting these claims. See FAC at 1–2. To 13 the extent Plaintiff alleges that Defendants committed tax fraud against the government, 14 she may not proceed because there is no private right of action for tax fraud or evasion. 15 Daniels v. Bank of New York Mellon, No. 17-CV-1303-CAB-WVG, 2017 WL 4541756, at 16 *5 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 11, 2017) (dismissing with prejudice pro se plaintiff’s “tax fraud” claims 17 purported to be grounded in federal income evasion due to lack of private right of action); 18 see also United States v. LaSalle Nat. Bank, 437 U.S. 298, 308 (1978) (The Secretary of 19 the Treasury and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue are charged with the responsibility 20 of administering and enforcing the Internal Revenue Code.) 21 Accordingly, to the extent that Plaintiff seeks to bring tax fraud claims, they are 22 dismissed with prejudice. The Court denies leave to amend as additional allegations could 23 not cure the fundamental deficiency that Plaintiff does not have the legal right to prosecute 24 a third party’s tax fraud against the government. Chaset, 300 F.3d at 1088. 25 D. Supplemental State Law Claims 26 Because all federal claims are dismissed from this action, the Court declines to 27 exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any state law claims at this time. See 28 U.S.C. § 28 1367(c)(2) (“The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a 1 ||claim...if... (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original 2 ||jurisdiction ... .”); United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966) 3 ||(“Certainly, if the federal claims are dismissed before trial . . . the state law claims should 4 || be dismissed as well.’’) 5 Vv. CONCLUSION 6 For the above reasons, the Court: 7 1. GRANTS Plaintiff's motion to proceed in forma pauperis. 8 2. DISMISSES Plaintiff's claims in their entirety. 9 3. GRANTS Plaintiff leave to amend her TILA claim against Defendant Select 10 Plaintiff has until November 8, 2024 in which to file a Second Amended Complaint 11 which cures the deficiencies of her TILA claim against Defendant Select as noted in this 12 || Order. 13 4. Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint must be complete by itself without 14 reference to any previous version of her pleading. Defendants not named and any claims 15 || not re-alleged in the Second Amended Complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. 16 ||CivLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 17 Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa 18 || County, 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to 19 ||amend which are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered waived if not 20 || repled.’’) 21 5. If Plaintiff fails to timely amend, the Court will enter a final Order dismissing 22 civil action. See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff 23 ||does not take advantage of the opportunity to fix [her] complaint, a district court may 24 || convert the dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.’’) 25 IT IS SO ORDERED. C) UA 26 || Dated: October 21, 2024 OY —

27 Honorable Jinsook Ohta 28 United States District Court