1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JOSEPH HIGGINBOTTOM, Case No.: 24-cv-0195-WQH-BLM individually on behalf of heirs, 12 and as Personal Representative of ORDER 13 the ESTATE OF ANTHONY

HIGGINBOTTOM,

14 Plaintiff, 15 v. 16 DEXCOM, INC.; and TANDEM 17 DIABETES CARE, INC., 18 Defendants. 19 HAYES, Judge: 20 The matter before the Court is the Motion for Certification of Interlocutory Appeal 21 filed by Plaintiff Joseph Higginbottom (ECF No. 37). 22

I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

23 On January 26, 2024, Plaintiff initiated this action, individually and on behalf of the 24 Estate of Anthony Higginbottom, by filing a Complaint in the Superior Court of California, 25 County of San Diego, Case No. 37-2024-00003700-CU-PL-CTL. (See ECF Nos. 1-2, 1-3.) 26 On January 30, 2024, Defendant Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. (“Tandem”) removed 27 the action to this Court on the basis that there is complete diversity between Plaintiff and 28 1 Tandem, the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, and Tandem satisfied the procedural 2 requirements for removal. (ECF No. 1, NOR.) 3 On February 29, 2024, Plaintiff filed the Motion to Remand, which requested, in 4 relevant part, that the Court remand the action to state court on the basis that it lacked 5 subject matter jurisdiction and the removal was procedurally improper. (ECF No. 10.) 6 On August 13, 2024, the Court issued an Order denying the Motion to Remand. 7 (ECF No. 35.) The Court found that diversity jurisdiction exists over this matter because, 8 as alleged in the Complaint,1 Plaintiff is a citizen of Wyoming, Tandem and Defendant 9 Dexcom, Inc. (“Dexcom”) (collectively, “Defendants”) are citizens of California, and the 10 amount in controversy requirement has been satisfied. (ECF No. 35 at 8–9 (citing NOR at 11 3; ECF No. 1-2 ¶¶ 2–7; ECF No. 10-1 at 6–7).) The Court also found that, contrary to 12 Plaintiff’s contention otherwise, “the Notice of Removal was not procedurally defective on 13 forum defendant grounds.” Id. at 13. The Court reached this conclusion after finding that 14 “the plain language” of the forum defendant rule is “unambiguous” that “removal is 15 prohibited where a forum defendant has been ‘properly joined and served.’” Id. at 11 16 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2)). The Court found that, although Tandem is a citizen of 17 the forum state of California, the forum defendant rule was inapplicable because Tandem 18 filed the Notice of Removal “prior to the time when Defendants were served.” Id. at 10, 19 13. The Court accordingly found that Tandem’s “snap removal”2 of this action before 20 21 22 23 24 1 As the Court noted in its prior Order, the Court considered only the Original Complaint when ruling on 25 the Motion to Remand because, as a general matter, “whether remand is proper must be ascertained on the basis of the pleadings at the time of removal.” (ECF No. 35 at 2 n.1 (quoting Broadway Grill, Inc. v. 26 Visa Inc., 856 F.3d 1274, 1277 (9th Cir. 2017)).)

27 2 “Snap removal” is the term often used to describe when a defendant “fil[es] its notice[ ] of removal before service of the summons and complaint.” Casola v. Dexcom, Inc., 98 F.4th 947, 950 (9th Cir. 2024). 28 1 service was effectuated was not procedurally defective and did not warrant remand. Id. at 2 13.3 3 On August 23, 2024, Plaintiff filed the Motion for Certification of Interlocutory 4 Appeal. (ECF No. 37.) Plaintiff requests that the Court 5 certify the following question for an immediate interlocutory appeal: Does a forum defendant’s removal of a state court action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 6 § 1441(b)(2) prior to it being “properly joined and served” produce an absurd 7 result that renders the purpose of the forum-defendant rule meaningless, and therefore, could not have been intended by Congress? 8

9 (ECF No. 37-1 at 5.) 10 On September 16, 2024, Defendants filed a Response in opposition to the Motion 11 for Certification of Interlocutory Appeal. (ECF No. 40.) Defendants “assume, but do not 12 concede,” that the Order denying remand “involves a controlling question of law.” Id. at 7 13 n.2. Defendants contend, however, that Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that there is a 14 substantial ground for difference of opinion on the propriety of snap removal or that an 15 interlocutory appeal would materially advance the termination of the litigation. Id. at 7–10. 16 II. LEGAL STANDARD 17 A district court may certify an otherwise non-appealable order for review by an 18 appellate court when three conditions are met: (1) an order “involves a controlling question 19 of law”; (2) there is “substantial ground for difference of opinion”; and (3) “an immediate 20 appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” 21 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). All three criteria must be met in order for a district court to certify an 22 issue for interlocutory appeal. Couch v. Telescope Inc., 611 F.3d 629, 633 (9th Cir. 2010). 23

24 25 3 In the same Order, the Court also granted Tandem’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 15) and Dexcom’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 16), dismissing Plaintiff’s claims against both defendants without prejudice 26 and with leave to amend. (ECF No. 35 at 38.) On September 3, 2024, Plaintiff filed the Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), the operative pleading. (ECF No. 38.) On September 11, 2024, Plaintiff filed a 27 Motion to Add Jodi Higginbottom as a Party Plaintiff. (ECF No. 39.) On September 17, 2024, Tandem and Dexcom each filed Motions to Dismiss the SAC. (ECF Nos. 41, 42.) These three Motions (ECF Nos. 28 1 “Section 1292(b) is a departure from the normal rule that only final judgments are 2 appealable, and therefore must be construed narrowly.” James v. Price Stern Sloan, Inc., 3 283 F.3d 1064, 1067 n.6 (9th Cir. 2002); United States v. Woodbury, 263 F.2d 784, 788 4 n.11 (9th Cir. 1959) (Section 1292(b) “is to be applied sparingly and only in exceptional 5 cases ….”). The party seeking the interlocutory appeal bears the burden of establishing that 6 the requirements for certification are met. Couch, 611 F.3d at 633. 7 III. DISCUSSION 8 A. Controlling Question of Law 9 A question is “controlling” for purposes of § 1292(b) where “resolution of the issue 10 on appeal could materially affect the outcome of litigation in the district court.” In re 11 Cement Antitrust Litig., 673 F.2d 1020, 1026 (9th Cir. 1981). Plaintiff contends that this 12 requirement is satisfied because a ruling on the propriety of Tandem’s snap removal “is 13 necessarily outcome determinative.” (ECF No. 37-1 at 3.) Defendants “assume, but do not 14 concede,” that the “controlling question of law” requirement is satisfied. (ECF No. 40 at 7 15 n.2.) Because the Court finds Plaintiff has failed to satisfy the other two prerequisites for 16 certifying an interlocutory appeal under § 1292(b), the Court assumes without deciding 17 that the “controlling question of law” requirement is met here. 18 B. Substantial Ground for Difference of Opinion 19 “To determine if a ‘substantial ground for difference of opinion’ exists under 20 § 1292(b), courts must examine to what extent the controlling law is unclear.” Couch, 611 21 F.3d at 633. “Courts traditionally will find that a substantial ground for difference of 22 opinion exists where the circuits are in dispute on the question and the court of appeals of 23 the circuit has not spoken on the point, if complicated questions arise under foreign law, or 24 if novel and difficult questions of first impression are presented.” Id. (internal citations and 25 quotation marks omitted). 26 Plaintiff contends that there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion 27 regarding the propriety of snap removal, “[g]iven the disagreement in the analysis among 28 the nation’s preeminent jurists in both this Circuit and federal appellate courts throughout 1 the country.” (ECF No. 37-1 at 4.) Plaintiff cites no authority illustrating this purported 2 “disagreement,” besides reminding the Court that, as the Court noted in its Order denying 3 the Motion to Remand, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has yet to 4 address the permissibility of snap removal. Id. (citing ECF No. 35 at 10); see Casola, 98 5 F.4th at 965 (“[T]he final chapter on snap removals in the Ninth Circuit remains to be 6 written[.]”). 7 Defendants contend that Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that the second requirement 8 for certifying an interlocutory appeal is satisfied because “neither a novel question of law 9 nor a dispute amongst the circuit courts exist.” (ECF No. 40 at 8.) Defendants contend that, 10 although district courts within the Ninth Circuit have reached different conclusions on the 11 permissibility of snap removal, a dispute among district courts is insufficient to establish a 12 “substantial ground for difference of opinion.” See id. at 8–9. 13 While Plaintiff correctly notes that the Ninth Circuit has not directly “spoken on the 14 point” of snap removal, such a circumstance generally constitutes a “substantial ground for 15 difference of opinion” only where “the circuits are in dispute on the question.” Couch, 611 16 F.3d at 633. As the Court observed in its Order denying remand, four circuit courts “have 17 interpreted § 1441(b)(2) to allow removal by a forum defendant when the defendant has 18 not been properly joined and served.” (ECF No. 35 at 12–13 (citing Tex. Brine Co. v. Am. 19 Arb. Ass’n, Inc., 955 F.3d 482, 487 (5th Cir. 2020); Gibbons v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 20 919 F.3d 699, 707 (2d Cir. 2019); Encompass Ins. Co. v. Stone Mansion Rest. Inc., 902 21 F.3d 147, 152, 154 (3d Cir. 2018); McCall v. Scott, 239 F.3d 808, 813 n.2 (6th Cir. 2001)).) 22 Plaintiff does not identify, and the Court is not aware of, a circuit court that has explicitly 23 held snap removal impermissible. 24 Other district courts—including at least one other district court within the Ninth 25 Circuit—have found that similar requests to certify orders concerning snap removal for 26 interlocutory appeal have failed to establish a “substantial ground for difference of 27 opinion.” See Toledo Cadena v. Polaris Indus., No. 3:23-cv-00443-YY, 2023 WL 28 11867112, at *1–2 (D. Or. Oct. 10, 2023) (noting the absence of a circuit split on the issue 1 of snap removal and explaining that “the Ninth Circuit has identified circuit splits as a basis 2 for finding a ‘substantial ground for difference of opinion’ and has ‘never suggested a split 3 between or among district courts’ could satisfy the standard for interlocutory appeal under 4 § 1292(b)” (quoting Fed. Energy Regul. Comm’n v. Vitol Inc., No. 2:20-CV-00040-KJM- 5 AC, 2022 WL 583998, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2022))); see also, e.g., Gaarder v. Webster 6 Univ., No. 4:23-cv-00191-SEP, 2023 WL 3790601, at *1 (E.D. Mo. June 2, 2023) 7 (“Plaintiff cites no cases, and the Court is unaware of any, showing a ‘substantial ground 8 for difference of opinion’ on the question whether snap removal violates the 9 forum-defendant rule.”); Whipkey v. Eli Lilly & Co., No. 1:20-cv-00450-SEB-MPB, 2021 10 WL 11963021, at *2 (S.D. Ind. Mar. 16, 2021) (“[E]very appellate-level court to have 11 addressed the issue has endorsed … a plain-text reading of the removal statute.”). The 12 Court finds Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that the controlling law is so “unclear” that 13 a “substantial ground for difference of opinion” exists on the subject of snap removal. See 14 Couch, 611 F.3d at 633. 15 Plaintiff does not seem to contend that the other bases for establishing a “substantial 16 ground for difference of opinion”—“complicated questions aris[ing] under foreign law” or 17 “novel and difficult questions of first impression”—are applicable here. Id. In any event, 18 the Court finds that the issue of snap removal involves no questions of foreign law and is 19 not “novel.” As Defendants point out, the Ninth Circuit described snap removal earlier this 20 year as a “common practice.” (See ECF No. 40 at 8 (quoting Casola, 98 F.4th at 964 n.17).) 21 Plaintiff accordingly fails to establish the second requirement for certifying an 22 interlocutory appeal under § 1292(b). 23 C. Immediate Appeal to Materially Advance the Ultimate Termination of Litigation 24 To satisfy the third prerequisite for certifying an interlocutory appeal, the party 25 seeking the appeal must show that “immediate appeal from the order may materially 26 advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). This requirement 27 “is satisfied when the resolution of the question ‘may appreciably shorten the time, effort, 28 1 or expense of conducting’ the district court proceedings.” ICTSI Or., Inc. v. Int’l Longshore 2 & Warehouse Union, 22 F.4th 1125, 1131 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting In re Cement Antitrust 3 Litig., 673 F.2d at 1027). 4 Plaintiff contends that an interlocutory appeal “may materially advance the ultimate 5 termination of the litigation in this Court.” (ECF No. 37-1 at 5.) Plaintiff contends that “all 6 of the work and expense that the parties will necessarily undertake—to obtain discovery, 7 rulings on pre-trial motions, and conduct the actual trial—may all be for naught” if the 8 Ninth Circuit does not consider the propriety of Tandem’s snap removal until after this 9 Court issues a final judgment. Id. Plaintiff predicts that Defendants will likely file motions 10 to dismiss the SAC4 and contends that, due to the different pleading standard in California 11 state courts, “requiring Plaintiff to replead allegations to accord with a standard that may 12 ultimately not apply unnecessarily prolongs the Ninth Circuit’s inevitable consideration of 13 the propriety of ‘snap removal.’” Id. Plaintiff also notes that other related litigation 14 concerning “the same substantive issues that are disputed in this case” is proceeding in the 15 California Superior Court for San Diego County. Id. 16 Defendants contend that an interlocutory appeal on the snap removal issue “would 17 only cause a delay” because the Ninth Circuit “would only be deciding if the case moves 18 forward in state or federal court.” (ECF No. 40 at 10.) Defendants contend that, on the 19 other hand, if litigation continues in this Court and the Court grants their Motions to 20 Dismiss the SAC, “dismissal would occur soon and this case would become appealable.” 21 Id. at 9. Defendants also contend that Plaintiff’s argument about the differing pleading 22 standard in California state courts is unavailing because Plaintiff’s inability to “state a 23 claim in this Court is no reason to delay ultimate termination of this litigation.” Id. at 10. 24 Plaintiff fails to explain how his assertions regarding related litigation and the 25 pleading standard in California state court demonstrate that an interlocutory appeal would 26

27 4 As noted above, Defendants have since filed Motions to Dismiss the SAC that remain pending before 28 1 “materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” Furthermore, even if the 2 Ninth Circuit were to agree with Plaintiff’s argument that Tandem’s snap removal was 3 improper, this case would be no closer to reaching a resolution on the merits following an 4 interlocutory appeal. See Alta Gold Mining Co. v. Aero-Nautical Leasing Corp., No. 3:13- 5 cv-00311-RCJ-VPC, 2013 WL 5671170, at *3 (D. Nev. Oct. 15, 2013) (“It is difficult to 6 imagine circumstances under which a nine-plus-month interlocutory appellate adjudication 7 of the antecedent jurisdictional issue of which court (federal versus state) should proceed 8 to determine the merits of a case would materially advance the ultimate termination of the 9 case.”); Weathersby v. Johnsondiversey, Inc., No. 2:08-cv-01196-FMC-RCx, 2008 WL 10 11338021, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 9, 2008) (“[P]ermitting an immediate appeal of the Court’s 11 order denying Plaintiff’s motion to remand would stymie, rather than advance the ultimate 12 termination of the litigation on the merits, and would likely result in the unnecessary 13 expenditure of judicial resources at the appellate level.”). In fact, if the Ninth Circuit “were 14 to agree that remand was not appropriate, the litigation will not have been advanced by an 15 immediate appeal but will have been considerably delayed.” Baker v. Amazon Logistics, 16 Inc., No. 23-3991, 2023 WL 7683823, at *6 (E.D. La. Nov. 15, 2023) (declining to certify 17 an interlocutory appeal of an order denying the plaintiffs’ motion that sought remand, in 18 part, on snap removal grounds). 19 Plaintiff does not demonstrate that this is one of the “exceptional situations in which 20 allowing an interlocutory appeal would avoid protracted and expensive litigation.” In re 21 Cement Antitrust Litig., 673 F.2d at 1026. The Court accordingly finds that an interlocutory 22 appeal at this juncture would postpone consideration of the merits of this case and would 23 not materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. 24 In sum, Plaintiff fails to establish two of the three jurisdictional prerequisites for 25 certifying an interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). See Couch, 611 F.3d at 633 26 (“Certification under § 1292(b) requires the district court to expressly find in writing that 27 all three § 1292(b) requirements are met.”). 28 / / / 1 |}IV. CONCLUSION 2 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion for Certification of Interlocutory 3 || Appeal (ECF No. 37) is denied. 4 Dated: October 22, 2024 itt Z. A a 5 Hon. William Q. Hayes 6 United States District Court 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28