Jardin

I. BACKGROUND

17 Plaintiff alleges Defendants Aurelien Jardin and Societe Editrice du Monde (collectively, “Defendants”) operate the YouTube Channel LE HUFFPOST. ECF 1 at ¶ 25. Defendants are alleged to have “copied and downloaded Viral DRM’s copyrighted Works from YouTube.” Id. at ¶ 28. 21 According to Plaintiff, Defendants did so “to advertise, market and promote their YouTube channel, 22 grow their YouTube channel subscriber base, earn money from advertising to their YouTube 23 subscribers, and engage in other money-making business activities using Viral DRM’s copyrighted 24 media content.” Id. at ¶ 30. Viral DRM notified YouTube and Defendants of the allegedly infringing 25 actions by Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) notices. Id. at ¶ 46. On November 4, 2024, Plaintiff filed the Motion for Alternative Service. ECF 10. from the Court to serve process on Defendants by email and by website posting pursuant to Federal 1 Rule of Civil Procedure 4(f)(3). ECF 10 at 1. Plaintiff also seeks leave to serve via WhatsApp messages as an additional backup. Id. at 8.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

5 Under Federal Rule of Civil…