1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JEFFERY DAVIDSON, Case No.: 24-cv-1357-RSH-JLB

12 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S

13 v. MOTION TO COMPEL

ARBITRATION

14 PALANTIR TECHNOLOGIES INC., a

Delaware Corporation; and DOES 1-25, 15 [ECF No. 5] inclusive,

16 Defendants.

17 18 19 Pending before the Court is a motion to compel arbitration filed by defendant 20 Palantir Technologies Inc. ECF No. 5. Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7.1(d)(1), the Court 21 finds the motion presented appropriate for resolution without oral argument. For the 22 reasons below, the Court grants Defendant’s motion. 23 I. BACKGROUND 24 A. Procedural History 25 On June 28, 2024, plaintiff Jeffrey Davidson filed this lawsuit in San Diego Superior 26 Court against Defendant, his former employer. Defendant sells software for the integration, 27 visualization, and analysis of data. ECF No. 1-2 ¶ 10. Plaintiff worked as a salesperson for 28 Defendant from June 2021 to November 2023. Id. ¶¶ 11, 23. He was compensated with a 1 base salary and sales commissions under an incentive compensation plan. Id. ¶ 11. In 2 September 2023, he closed a multi-million-dollar contract. Id. ¶ 16. He alleges that instead 3 of fully compensating him under his compensation plan, Defendant compensated him at a 4 lower amount under a different compensation plan to which he had not agreed. Id. ¶ 17. 5 The Complaint brings claims for: (1) breach of contract; (2) breach of the covenant 6 of good faith and fair dealing; (3) failure to pay wages in violation of California Labor 7 Code § 201; and (4) failure to pay wages upon separation of employment in violation of 8 California Labor Code § 203. Id. ¶¶ 29–54. 9 On July 31, 2024, Defendant removed the case to this Court on the basis of diversity 10 jurisdiction. ECF No. 1. 11 On August 6, 2024, Defendant filed this motion to compel arbitration. ECF No. 5. 12 The motion is fully briefed. ECF Nos. 6, 7. 13 B. Relevant Agreements 14 The Parties entered into numerous agreements relevant to this motion. At the time 15 Plaintiff was hired in May 2021, he was a resident of the State of Washington. ECF No. 6- 16 1 ¶ 2. In connection with his hiring, he signed an offer letter that included, as attachments, 17 an Arbitration Agreement and a Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement. Id. 18 The Arbitration Agreement provided that, “[i]n consideration of my employment 19 with the Company [and] its promise to arbitrate all employment-related disputes,” he 20 “agree[s] that any and all controversies, claims, or disputes with anyone … arising out of, 21 relating to, or resulting from my employment with the Company or the termination of my 22 employment with the Company” shall be subject to binding arbitration. ECF No. 6-1 at 17. 23 The Arbitration Agreement also provided: “[T]his agreement to arbitrate also applies to 24 any disputes that the Company may have with me.” ECF No. 6-1 at 17. 25 The Arbitration Agreement further provided that such arbitration “will be 26 administered by Judicial Arbitration & Mediation Services, Inc. (‘JAMS’), pursuant to its 27 employment arbitration rules & procedures,” and that the arbitrator would “apply 28 substantive and procedural Washington law to any dispute or claim.” Id. The Arbitration 1 Agreement recited that it was to be “governed by the laws of the State of Washington,” and 2 “to the extent that any lawsuit is permitted under this Agreement, I hereby expressly 3 consent to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the state and federal courts 4 located in Washington for any lawsuit filed against me by the Company.” Id. at 18-19. 5 The Arbitration Agreement also contained a clause providing for severability: “If a 6 court or other body of competent jurisdiction finds, or the Parties mutually believe, any 7 provision of this Agreement, or portion thereof, to be invalid or unenforceable, such 8 provision will be enforced to the maximum extent permissible so as to effect the intent of 9 the Parties, and the remainder of this Agreement will continue in full force and effect.” Id. 10 at 19. 11 Around October 2022, Plaintiff moved from Washington to San Diego, California. 12 ECF No. 6-1 ¶ 4. In February 2023, he signed a Remote Worker Agreement with 13 Defendant. ECF No. 5-1 at 10-11. The Remote Worker Agreement recited that it “outlines 14 the terms and conditions for your remote working arrangement with Palantir Technologies 15 Inc. (the ‘Company’) and supersedes any prior agreements or understandings between you 16 and the Company that are inconsistent with its terms.” Id. at 10. Under a heading entitled 17 “Information Security and Confidentiality,” the Remote Worker Agreement stated, “You 18 understand and agree the terms of all Company policies, your PIIA and NDA, shall 19 continue to apply in full force and effect to the remote working arrangement.” Id. at 11. 20 The Remote Worker Agreement did not specifically mention arbitration or the prior 21 Arbitration Agreement. 22 II. LEGAL STANDARD 23 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) governs arbitration agreements. 9 U.S.C. § 2. 24 The FAA “was enacted . . . in response to widespread judicial hostility to arbitration 25 agreements.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 (2011). It “reflect[s] 26 both a ‘liberal federal policy favoring arbitration,’ and the ‘fundamental principle that 27 arbitration is a matter of contract[.]’” Id. (citations omitted) (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l 28 Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983)). The FAA provides that “[a] 1 written provision in . . . a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle 2 by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract . . . shall be valid, 3 irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the 4 revocation of any contract[.]” 9 U.S.C. § 2. The FAA “requires courts ‘rigorously’ to 5 enforce arbitration agreements according to their terms, including terms that specify with 6 whom the parties choose to arbitrate their disputes and the rules under which that 7 arbitration will be conducted.” Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 138 S. Ct. 1612, 1621 (2018) 8 (citations omitted). 9 Under the FAA, a party may seek a court order compelling arbitration where another 10 party refuses to arbitrate. 9 U.S.C. § 4. A federal court “must compel arbitration if (1) a 11 valid agreement to arbitrate exists and (2) the dispute falls within the scope of that 12 agreement.” Geier v. m-Qube Inc., 824 F.3d 797, 799 (9th Cir. 2016). The party seeking to 13 compel arbitration bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence the 14 existence of an agreement to arbitrate. See Ashbey v. Archstone Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 785 F.3d 15 1320, 1323 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Cox v. Ocean View Hotel Corp., 533 F.3d 1114, 1119 16 (9th Cir. 2008)). “[T]he party resisting arbitration bears the burden[] of proving that the 17 claims at issue are unsuitable for arbitration.” Munro v. Univ. of S. Cal., 896 F.3d 1088, 18 1091 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 91 19 (2000)). “Any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor 20 of arbitration.” Simula v. Autoliv, Inc., 175 F.3d 716, 719 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing Moses H. 21 Cone, 460 U.S. at 24–25). The court, “upon being satisfied that the issue involved . . . is 22 referable to arbitration, shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action 23 until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement . . . .” 9 24 U.S.C. § 3. 25 III. ANALYSIS 26 Plaintiff does not dispute entering into the Arbitration Agreement, nor does he 27 dispute that his claims fall within the scope of the Arbitration Agreement. Instead, Plaintiff 28 argues the Arbitration Agreement is unenforceable because: (1) the Arbitration Agreement 1 was superseded by the Remote Worker Agreement, such that Plaintiff no longer has an 2 obligation to arbitrate; and (2) the Arbitration Agreement is unconscionable. ECF No. 6 at 3 3–4. The Court addresses these issues in turn. 4 A. The Arbitration Agreement and the Remote Worker Agreement 5 Where parties have entered into two contracts covering the same subject matter, the 6 latter contract supersedes the former as to any inconsistent provisions. See NLRB v. Int’l 7 Union of Operating Eng’rs, 323 F.2d 545, 548 (9th Cir. 1963) (“[S]ince the contracts were 8 entered into by the same parties and cover the same subject matter, it is a well settled 9 principle of law that the later contract supersedes the former contract as to inconsistent 10 provisions.”) (quoting In re Ferrero’s Estate, 142 Cal. App. 2d 473, 478 (Ct. App. 1956)) 11 (“A later agreement will supersede an earlier agreement if inconsistent therewith.”).1 The 12 question before the Court, then, is whether the Arbitration Agreement and the Remote 13 Worker Agreement are inconsistent with respect to the duty to arbitrate. 14 The Arbitration Agreement addresses dispute resolution, while the later Remote 15 Worker Agreement does not. ECF No. 5-1 at 10–11. The two agreements, therefore, are 16 not inconsistent with respect to the duty to arbitrate. See Oxford Preparatory Acad. v. 17 Edlighten Learning Sols., 34 Cal. App. 5th 605, 611 (Ct. App. 2019) (holding that a 18 termination agreement between the parties that did not mention dispute resolution did not 19 supersede the parties’ earlier arbitration agreement); Cione v. Foresters Equity Servs., Inc., 20 58 Cal. App. 4th 625, 638 (Ct. App. 1997) (“Absent any showing that his written 21 employment agreement … was either expressly or implicitly inconsistent with his 22 arbitration obligation … [the plaintiff] may not rely on the written employment 23 agreement’s silence about dispute resolution to establish that such agreement superseded 24 his . . . obligation to arbitrate.”). 25

26 27 1 Consistent with that rule, the Remote Worker Agreement provides that it “supersedes any prior agreements or understandings between you and the Company that 28 1 Plaintiff also argues that the Remote Worker Agreement implicitly abrogated the 2 Arbitration Agreement by mentioning that certain other prior agreements continue to apply, 3 but not mentioning the Arbitration Agreement among these. Specifically, the Remote 4 Worker Agreement states: “You understand and agree the terms of all Company policies, 5 your PIIA and NDA, shall continue to apply in full force and effect to the remote working 6 arrangement.” ECF No. 5-1 at 11. Although this provision does not mention the Arbitration 7 Agreement, it does not disavow the Arbitration Agreement either. Nor, by expressing the 8 intent that “all Company policies” continue to apply, does it create any inconsistency 9 between the Remote Worker Agreement and the duty to arbitrate set forth in the Arbitration 10 Agreement. Id. Accordingly, the Remote Worker Agreement does not supersede the 11 Parties’ agreement to arbitrate. 12 B. Unconscionability 13 Plaintiff next contends that the Arbitration Agreement is unconscionable. Section 2 14 of the FAA provides that arbitration clauses may be invalidated based upon the same 15 grounds that exist in law or equity for the revocation of any contract. 9 U.S.C. § 2. Under 16 California law, which the Parties agree applies here, courts may refuse to enforce any 17 contract found “to have been unconscionable at the time it was made” or may “limit the 18 application of any unconscionable clause.” Cal. Civ. Code. § 1670.5(a). 19 Unconscionability involves “a ‘procedural’ and a ‘substantive’ element, the former 20 focusing on ‘oppression’ or ‘surprise’ due to unequal bargaining power, the latter on 21 ‘overly harsh’ or ‘one-sided’ results.” Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Servs., 22 Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 114 (2000). Procedural and substantive unconscionability “must both 23 be present in order for a court to exercise its discretion to refuse to enforce a contract or 24 clause under the doctrine of unconscionability.” Id. They need not be present in the same 25 degree; “the more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of 26 procedural unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that the term is 27 unenforceable, and vice versa.” Id. 28 1 The party asserting that a contractual provision is unconscionable bears the burden 2 of proof. Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., 61 Cal. 4th 899, 911 (2015). 3 1. Procedural Unconscionability 4 “Procedural unconscionability ‘concerns the manner in which the contract was 5 negotiated and the circumstances of the parties at that time.’” Ferguson v. Countrywide 6 Credit Indus., 298 F.3d 778, 783 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Kinney v. United Healthcare 7 Servs., Inc., 70 Cal. App. 4th 1322, 1329 (Ct. App. 1999)). Under California law, “[t]here 8 are degrees of procedural unconscionability. At one end of the spectrum are contracts that 9 have been freely negotiated by roughly equal parties, in which there is no procedural 10 unconscionability. Contracts of adhesion that involve surprise or other sharp practices lie 11 on the other end of the spectrum.” Baltazar v. Forever 21, Inc., 62 Cal. 4th 1237, 1243 12 (2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 13 “A determination of whether a contract is procedurally unconscionable focuses on 14 two factors: oppression and surprise.” Ferguson, 298 F.3d at 783. “‘Oppression’ arises 15 from an inequality of bargaining power which results in no real negotiation and an absence 16 of meaningful choice.” Id. “‘Surprise’ involves the extent to which the supposedly agreed- 17 upon terms of the bargain are hidden in the prolix printed form drafted by the party seeking 18 to enforce the disputed terms.” Id. 19 The Court begins its oppression analysis by considering “whether the contract is one 20 of adhesion.” OTO, L.L.C. v. Kho, 8 Cal. 5th 111, 126 (2019) (quoting Armendariz v. 21 Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 115 (2000)). A contract of adhesion 22 is “a standardized contract, which, imposed and drafted by the party of superior bargaining 23 strength” and gives “the subscribing party only the opportunity to adhere to the contract or 24 reject it.” Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 115. “Arbitration contracts imposed as a condition of 25 employment are typically adhesive.” OTO, 8 Cal. 5th at 126. Here, Defendant drafted the 26 Arbitration Agreement and presented it to Plaintiff on a take-it-or leave it basis as a 27 condition of employment. See ECF No. 6-1 ¶ 3 (Davidson Decl.); ECF No. 5-1 at 5 28 (Arbitration Agreement reciting that it is “a condition of my employment”). Although the 1 Court does not find other indicia of oppression here, a contract of adhesion itself establishes 2 “a minimal degree of procedural unconscionability such that closer scrutiny of [the 3 agreement’s] overall fairness is required.” Swain v. LaserAway Med. Grp., Inc., 57 Cal. 4 App. 5th 59, 65 (Ct. App. 2020). 5 Surprise occurs when an agreement “thwarts[s] understanding by hiding the 6 challenged provision, or by using language – for example, complex statements filled with 7 legal jargon – rendering the substance of the challenged provision opaque.” Long Beach 8 Unified Sch. Dist. v. Margaret Williams, LLC, 43 Cal. App. 5th 87, 104 (Ct. App. 2019). 9 The Arbitration Agreement here does not involve surprise. The nature of the agreement is 10 apparent from the face of the document, the terms are not hidden, and the agreement is not 11 prolix. Plaintiff argues that the Arbitration Agreement is complex and contradictory 12 because it contains a Washington choice-of-law clause and invokes Washington’s Uniform 13 Arbitration Act, but also states that arbitration will be administered by JAMS pursuant to 14 the JAMS arbitration procedures. ECF No. 6 at 7. The Court does not find these terms 15 contradictory. See ECF No. 5-1 at 6 (Arbitration Agreement providing that “[t]o the extent 16 that the JAMS rules conflict with Washington law, Washington law shall take 17 precedence”). Plaintiff also points to differences between Washington law (which the 18 Arbitration Agreement provides should be applied) and California law (which the Parties 19 agree should be applied in this dispute, given that Plaintiff subsequently moved to 20 California after accepting employment). Such differences do not create unfair surprise in 21 the Arbitration Agreement itself. 22 2. Substantive Unconscionability 23 Substantive unconscionability focuses on whether the terms are “overly harsh, 24 unduly oppressive, or unfairly one-sided.” Lim v. TForce Logistics, 8 F.4th 992, 1002 (9th 25 Cir. 2021). “Agreements to arbitrate must contain at least ‘a modicum of bilaterality’ to 26 avoid unconscionability.” Abramson v. Juniper Networks, Inc., 115 Cal. App. 4th 638, 657 27 (Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 119). 28 1 Plaintiff first contends that the Arbitration Agreement is not bilateral because the 2 agreement is written in terms of Plaintiff’s obligations, and because only Plaintiff’s 3 claims—and not Defendant’s—are subject to binding arbitration. ECF No. 6 at 10-12. 4 However, the Arbitration Agreement provides otherwise: “[T]his agreement to arbitrate 5 also applies to any disputes that the Company may have with me,” ECF No. 6-1 at 17, and 6 “except as provided for by the Act and this Agreement, neither I nor the Company will be 7 permitted to pursue court action regarding claims that are subject to arbitration,” id. at 18.2 8 Plaintiff next contends that Defendant never agreed to the Arbitration Agreement 9 because Defendant never signed it. However, the FAA does not require a written arbitration 10 agreement to be signed in order to be enforceable. See Serafin v. Balco Props. Ltd., 235 11 Cal. App. 4th 165, 176 (Ct. App. 2015). Here, Defendant drafted the Arbitration 12 Agreement, presented it to Plaintiff as a condition of Plaintiff’s employment, expressed in 13 writing Defendant’s intent to be bound by that agreement, and subsequently employed 14 Plaintiff. The Court would have no hesitation in enforcing the agreement against Defendant 15 despite the lack of Defendant’s signature. See Banner Ent., Inc. v. Super. Ct., 62 Cal. App. 16 4th 348, 361 (Ct. App. 1998) (“[I]t is not the presence or absence of a signature [on an 17 arbitration agreement] which is dispositive; it is the presence or absence of evidence of an 18 agreement to arbitrate which matters.”). 19 The Parties agree that the Arbitration Agreement contains Washington choice-of- 20 law and forum selection provisions that are unconscionable and unenforceable here, given 21 that during the course of his employment Plaintiff moved his residence from Washington 22 to California. ECF No. 5 at 8; ECF No. 6 at 18. Where a contractual clause is found to be 23 unconscionable, “the court may, in its discretion, choose to do one of the following: (1) 24 25 2 Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, ECF No. 6 at 15, the Arbitration Agreement does 26 not expressly allow Defendant to bring its claims against Plaintiff in Court. Instead, it 27 provides that “[t]o the extent that any lawsuit is permitted under this Agreement,” Plaintiff consents to the jurisdiction and venue of the state and federal courts in Washington. ECF 28 1 refuse to enforce the contract; (2) sever any unconscionable clause; or (3) limit the 2 application of any clause to avoid unconscionable results.” Ramirez v. Charter Commc’ns, 3 Inc., 16 Cal. 5th 478, 513 (2024); see also Cal. Civ. Code § 1670.5(a). In deciding whether 4 to sever, courts may consider a range of factors including whether the central purpose of 5 the contract is tainted with illegality, whether the agreement contains more than one 6 unlawful provision, whether severance would serve to remove the unconscionable taint 7 from the agreement, the degree of procedural unconscionability, and the interests of justice. 8 Ronderos v. USF Reddaway, Inc., 114 F.4th 1080, 1099-1101 (9th Cir. 2024). 9 Considering these factors, the Court exercises its discretion to sever the Washington 10 choice-of-law and forum selection provisions here. Although the Arbitration Agreement 11 here is an adhesive employment contract, its central purpose is not illegal, and the Court 12 can effectively remove the taint of substantive unconscionability from the agreement by 13 severing the offending provision and by—consistent with the agreement of the Parties— 14 applying California law to the dispute. Defendant argues that severing here would remove 15 the incentive for out-of-state employers like Defendant to provide employees who move to 16 California with a new employment agreement containing terms consistent with California 17 law. ECF No. 6 at 13, 14. However, the Court concludes that severance would not disserve 18 the interests of justice here by imposing an undeserved detriment to Plaintiff or benefit to 19 Defendant. There is no indication that the Washington choice-of-law and forum selection 20 provisions were unconscionable at the time the Parties entered into it, at which time 21 Plaintiff was a Washington resident. The Court also notes that the Arbitration Agreement 22 itself contains a severability clause. See ECF No. 5-1 at 7 (“If a court or other body of 23 competent jurisdiction finds, or the Parties mutually believe, any provision of this 24 Agreement, or portion thereof, to be invalid or unenforceable, such provision will be 25 enforced to the maximum extent permissible so as to effect the intent of the Parties, and 26 the remainder of this Agreement will continue in full force and effect.”). 27 In conclusion, although the take-it-or-leave-it nature of the Arbitration Agreement 28 results in some level of procedural unconscionability, with the Court’s severance of the 1 || Washington choice-of-law and forum selection provisions, the remainder of the agreement 2 ||is not substantively unconscionable, and Plaintiff has not established its unenforceability. 3 || The Court will therefore enforce the agreement to arbitrate. 4 CONCLUSION 5 For the above reasons, the Court: 6 1. GRANTS Defendant’s motion to compel arbitration [ECF No. 5]. 7 2. DETERMINES that the Washington choice-of-law and forum selection 8 || provisions in the Arbitration Agreement are void and unenforceable and SEVERS them; 9 || consistent with the present agreement of the Parties, Plaintiff's lawsuit shall be governed 10 || by California law. 11 3. ORDERS the Parties to submit to arbitration in the manner provided for in 12 Arbitration Agreement and consistent with this Order. 13 4. STAYS this action pending resolution of the arbitration. 14 5. ORDERS the Parties to file a joint report, no longer than five (5) pages, 15 |/regarding the status of this action within twenty-one (21) days of the completion of the 16 arbitration, or within six (6) months from the date of this Order, whichever occurs first. 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. ‘ 18 Dated: December 2, 2024 [Robe 7 ‘ Howe 19 Hon. Robert S. Huie United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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