NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

DEC 5 2024

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BERNARDA YESSENIA AVILA- No. 23-2191 ROSAS; J.E. FERRER AVILA; M.T. Agency Nos.

FERRER AVILA, A206-263-363

A208-919-844

Petitioners,

A208-919-843

v.

MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted December 3, 2024** Pasadena, California

Before: SANCHEZ and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges, and ZIPPS, Chief District Judge.***

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Jennifer G. Zipps, United States Chief District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. Bernarda Yessenia Avila-Rosas and her two minor children, natives and

citizens of Mexico, petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA”) ruling affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”).1 Avila-Rosas’s asylum and related protections are based on her assertion

that she fled Mexico following three violent incidents: (1) the attempted

kidnapping of a distant relative in 2012 during which the kidnappers threatened to

kill Avila-Rosas’s whole family; (2) the kidnapping of her two sisters and their

husbands in 2014; and (3) threatening ransom calls that her partner received. She

claims she was targeted based on her membership in a particular social group

(“PSG”) consisting of “women in Mexico who have been victimized by organized

crime units.” We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and we deny

the petition.2

“Where, as here, the BIA adopts the decision of the IJ, we review the IJ’s

decision as if it were that of the BIA.” Hoque v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1190, 1194

1 Avila-Rosas’s asylum application lists her two minor children as derivative beneficiaries. 2 Avila-Rosas waived her claim relating to the BIA’s denial of her motion to terminate proceeding for lack of jurisdiction because she failed to argue this claim in the body of her opening brief. See Maharaj v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 961, 967 (9th Cir. 2006). Regardless, Avila-Rosas’s argument is unavailing because we have held that the failure to include a date and time on a hearing notice does not deprive the immigration courts of jurisdiction. See Karingithi v. Whitaker, 913 F.3d 1158, 1160 (9th Cir. 2019).

2 23-2191 (9th Cir. 2004). We review the BIA’s factual findings under the highly deferential

substantial evidence standard, and its legal conclusions de novo. See Flores

Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626, 632 (9th Cir. 2022). Under the substantial

evidence standard, we must uphold the BIA’s determination unless the evidence

compels a contrary conclusion. See Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060 (9th

Cir. 2021).

1. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Avila-

Rosas failed to establish past persecution.3 “To establish past persecution, an

applicant must show [s]he was individually targeted on account of a protected

ground rather than simply the victim of generalized violence.” Hussain v. Rosen,

985 F.3d 634, 646 (9th Cir. 2021). Beyond the one instance in 2012 where Avila-

Rosas happened to be at a location where she witnessed the attempted kidnapping

of a distant relative and Los Zetas made a general threat to everyone present, she

testified that neither she nor her children have been personally or directly

threatened or physically harmed by anyone in Mexico. See Duran-Rodriguez v.

Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019) (“We have been most likely to find

3 Our caselaw is inconsistent regarding the proper standard of review— substantial evidence or de novo—to apply when assessing the BIA’s determination about whether past harm reaches the level of persecution. See Flores Molina, 37 F.4th at 633 n.2. We need not resolve that conflict here because Avila-Rosas’s claim fails under either standard. See id. (noting that courts need not decide which standard of review applies when the result would be the same under either).

3 23-2191 persecution where threats are repeated, specific and ‘combined with confrontation

or other mistreatment.’” (quoting Lim v. INS, 224 F.3d 929, 936 (9th Cir. 2000))).

2. Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s determination that Avila-

Rosas’s fear of future persecution was not objectively reasonable. As evidence of

her fear of future persecution, Avila-Rosas cites to country conditions showing

“serious human rights concerns” and “rampant corruption” in Mexico. But this

evidence does not address her specific situation or demonstrate that she will be

“singled out individually for persecution” if she is removed. See Wakkary v.

Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1060 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b)(2)(iii)).4

Because the asylum standard is more lenient than withholding of removal’s

“clear probability” standard, Avila-Rosas’s failure to establish eligibility for

asylum forecloses her eligibility for withholding of removal. See Sharma, 9 F.4th

at 1066.

3. Finally, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that

Avila-Rosas is ineligible for CAT relief. Avila-Rosas did not testify that she was

4 Avila-Rosas’s failure to demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution disposes of both her asylum and withholding of removal claims. Therefore, we need not address whether Avila-Rosas’s proposed PSG is cognizable or whether she has demonstrated a nexus between her claims of persecution and her proposed PSG. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach.”).

4 23-2191 tortured or that she fears torture if she returns to Mexico. She testified that she

fears being persecuted by Los Zetas but concedes that neither that group nor any

other has personally or specifically harmed or threatened her in the past, let alone

tortured her. See Garcia v. Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1148 (9th Cir. 2021)

(“[S]peculative fear of torture is not sufficient to satisfy the applicant’s burden.”).

Though she cites country conditions to support her claim, such evidence does not

demonstrate that Avila-Rosas, in particular, faces a risk of torture. This is fatal for

her CAT claim. See Lalayan v. Garland, 4 F.4th 822, 840 (9th Cir. 2021)

(upholding the denial of CAT relief where “country reports submitted do not

indicate any particularized risk of torture”).

PETITION DENIED.

5 23-2191