1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 EARON DREVON DAVIS, No. 2:23-cv-03000-DC-SCR 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

14 ACEF-MARTIN FOLSOM, LLC, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff Earon Drevon Davis is proceeding in this action pro se, which was referred to the 18 undersigned in accordance with Local Rule 302(c)(21) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). In the last 19 several months, the parties have filed several motions in this action. However, the Court has not 20 ruled on Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”), nor has it screened Plaintiff’s 21 Complaint (ECF No. 1) or First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 4) as required by 28 U.S.C. § 22 1915(e). Section 1915(e) provides that a court shall dismiss a case at any time if it determines the 23 action is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks 24 monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief. 25 The Court has reviewed the affidavit submitted in support of the Motion for IFP, which 26 makes the necessary showing and will be granted. The Court has screened Plaintiff’s First 27 Amended Complaint (“FAC”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e) and finds it fails to state a claim. 28 Accordingly, it will be dismissed, and Plaintiff will be given leave to file a second amended 1 complaint. The court also denies two of Plaintiff’s pending motions, recommends that another of 2 those motions be denied, and defers ruling on the defendant’s motion to dismiss pending the 3 filing of an amended complaint by Plaintiff. 4 I. SCREENING 5 A. Legal Standard 6 The federal IFP statute requires federal courts to dismiss a case if the action is legally 7 “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or seeks 8 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). In 9 reviewing the complaint, the Court is guided by the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil 10 Procedure. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are available online at www.uscourts.gov/rules- 11 policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-civil-procedure. 12 Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the complaint must contain (1) a “short and 13 plain statement” of the basis for federal jurisdiction (that is, the reason the case is filed in this 14 court, rather than in a state court), (2) a short and plain statement showing that plaintiff is entitled 15 to relief (that is, who harmed the plaintiff, and in what way), and (3) a demand for the relief 16 sought. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff’s claims must be set forth simply, concisely and directly. 17 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1). Forms are available to help pro se plaintiffs organize their complaint in 18 the proper way. They are available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200), 19 Sacramento, CA 95814, or online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms. 20 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. 21 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the 22 court will (1) accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, unless they 23 are clearly baseless or fanciful, (2) construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the 24 plaintiff, and (3) resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327; Von 25 Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010), cert. 26 denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011). 27 The court applies the same rules of construction in determining whether the complaint 28 states a claim on which relief can be granted. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (court 1 must accept the allegations as true); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974) (court must 2 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff). Pro se pleadings are held to a 3 less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 4 (1972). However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable 5 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 6 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does not suffice 7 to state a claim. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 8 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 9 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough facts “to 10 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has 11 facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 12 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 13 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity 14 to amend, unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Akhtar v. 15 Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1213 (9th Cir. 2012). 16 B. The First Amended Complaint 17 Plaintiff filed his original complaint on December 26, 2023. ECF No. 1. It named one 18 defendant, ACEF-Martine Folsom LLC (“Defendant”), and alleged federal question jurisdiction 19 based on the Lanham Act. ECF No. 1. Prior to screening of the original complaint, Plaintiff filed 20 a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) on August 19, 2024. ECF No. 4. The FAC again names 21 only Defendant. The FAC asserts a claim under the Lanham Act and several state law claims: 22 breach of contract, malicious prosecution, malicious intent and false claims, and estoppel. ECF 23 No. 4 at 3-4. Plaintiff alleges the “unauthorized use of his common law trademark ‘EARON 24 DAVIS,’” and wrongful termination of a rental agreement that resulted in his homelessness. Id. 25 at 1. 26 Plaintiff alleges that he entered into a rental agreement with Defendant for an apartment at 27 the Wexler Apartments on August 11, 2023. Id. at 2. He alleges he moved in on August 24, 28 1 2023, and was in compliance with the terms of the agreement1, but that Defendant refused 2 payment and terminated the agreement. Id. Plaintiff was evicted in February 2024. Id. The only 3 allegation concerning the alleged improper use of his name is: “In addition, Defendant used 4 Plaintiff’s common law trademark ‘EARON DAVIS’ without authorization, infringing on 5 Plaintiff’s rights under the Lanham Act and common law.” Id. Plaintiff seeks $5 million in 6 damages, including $1 million for his Lanham Act claim. 7 C. Analysis 8 The FAC asserts only one federal claim, for trademark infringement under the Lanham 9 Act. Plaintiff alleges in conclusory fashion that his name is a trademark and Defendant used it 10 without authorization. A trademark “is a symbol or a device to distinguish the goods or property 11 made or sold by the person whose mark it is, to the exclusion of use by all other persons.” Vidal 12 v. Elster, 602 U.S. 286, 290 (2024) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Trademark 13 protection can help distinguish a person’s goods and services from those of others and the “one 14 who first uses a distinct mark in commerce thus acquires rights to the mark.” Id. The Lanham 15 Act creates a trademark-registration system administered by the Patent and Trademark Office. Id. 16 at 291. The Lanham Act contains what is called a “names clause” that prohibits the registration 17 of a mark that “consists of or comprises a name . . . identifying a particular living individual 18 except by his written consent.” Id. citing 15 U.S.C. § 1052(c). The names clause “excludes from 19 registration not only full names but also surnames, shortened names, and nicknames, so long as 20 the name does in fact identify a particular living individual.” Id. Plaintiff does not allege that his 21 trademark is federally registered. 22 In order to establish a claim of trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, a plaintiff 23 must allege that the defendant “is using a mark confusingly similar to a valid, protectable 24 trademark.” Brookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp., 174 F.3d 25 1036, 1046 (9th Cir. 1999). “Before infringement can be shown, the trademark holder must 26 demonstrate that it owns a valid mark, and thus a protectable interest.” KP Permanent Make-Up, 27 1 Plaintiff also alleges “other tenants were allowed to make late payments,” so it may be that 28 Plaintiff’s payment was late. ECF No. 4 at 2. 1 Inc. v. Lasting Impression, Inc., 408 F.3d 596, 602 (9th Cir. 2005). Once the holder of the 2 trademark shows it has a protectable interest, “the holder must show that the infringer’s use of the 3 mark is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.” Id. (internal quotation and 4 citation omitted). Stated otherwise, to establish a prima facie case of trademark infringement, “a 5 plaintiff must show (1) that it had trademark rights in the mark or name at issue and (2) that the 6 other party had adopted a mark or name that was the same, or confusingly similar to its mark, 7 such that consumers were likely to confuse the two.” Tana v. Dantanna’s, 611 F.3d 767, 773 8 (11th Cir. 2010). 9 Plaintiff has not alleged facts that come remotely close to showing trademark 10 infringement. The allegations of the FAC are conclusory. The factual allegations of the FAC 11 appear to concern a landlord tenant issue and eviction. ECF No. 4 at 2. There are no facts pled 12 establishing that Plaintiff has legally protectable interest in a trademark, or that it is registered. 13 There are no facts pled concerning in what manner Defendant allegedly used his name in a 14 manner likely to cause confusion or deceive consumers. 15 Plaintiff’s allegations concerning his state law claims are also fairly conclusory. ECF No. 16 4 at 3-4. However, the Court will not evaluate in detail his state law claims at this point because 17 if Plaintiff is ultimately unable to state a claim on his alleged Lanham Act violation, the Court 18 would decline supplemental jurisdiction over his state law claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) 19 (district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction if it has dismissed all claims over 20 which it has original jurisdiction); Ove v. Gwinn, 264 F.3d 817, 826 (9th Cir. 2001). 21 The FAC fails to state a claim for violation of the Lanham Act, which is the only federal 22 claim asserted, and is thus subject to dismissal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e). However, rather than 23 recommending dismissal of the action, the undersigned will provide Plaintiff an opportunity to 24 amend the complaint to allege facts supporting a cognizable cause of action. 25 II. AMENDING THE COMPLAINT 26 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, the amended complaint must allege facts 27 establishing the existence of federal jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1). In addition, it must 28 contain a short and plain statement of plaintiff’s claims. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The allegations 1 of the complaint must be set forth in sequentially numbered paragraphs, with each paragraph 2 number being one greater than the one before, each paragraph having its own number, and no 3 paragraph number being repeated anywhere in the complaint. Each paragraph should be limited 4 “to a single set of circumstances” where possible. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). As noted above, forms 5 are available to help plaintiffs organize their complaint in the proper way. They are available at 6 the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200), Sacramento, CA 95814, or online at 7 www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms. 8 The amended complaint must not force the court and the defendants to guess at what is 9 being alleged against whom. See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177-80 (9th Cir. 1996) 10 (affirming dismissal of a complaint where the district court was “literally guessing as to what 11 facts support the legal claims being asserted against certain defendants”). The amended 12 complaint must not require the court to spend its time “preparing the ‘short and plain statement’ 13 which Rule 8 obligated plaintiffs to submit.” Id. at 1180. The amended complaint must not 14 require the court and defendants to prepare lengthy outlines “to determine who is being sued for 15 what.” Id. at 1179. 16 Also, the amended complaint must not refer to a prior pleading in order to make plaintiff’s 17 amended complaint complete. An amended complaint must be complete in itself without 18 reference to any prior pleading. Local Rule 220. This is because, as a general rule, an amended 19 complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. Linkline 20 Communications, Inc., 555 U.S. 438, 456 n.4 (2009) (“[n]ormally, an amended complaint 21 supersedes the original complaint”) (citing 6 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice & 22 Procedure § 1476, pp. 556-57 (2d ed. 1990)). Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an 23 original complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently 24 alleged. 25 III. Other Pending Motions 26 The Court has also considered Plaintiff’s “Preliminary Motion to Deny any Extension of 27 Time” (ECF No. 5). This motion seeks to deny a hypothetical motion for extension of time that 28 Defendant has not filed. It will be denied. 1 Plaintiff has also filed a Motion to Strike (ECF No. 9) which seeks to strike Defendant’s 2 Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 6). Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that 3 “the court may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, 4 impertinent, or scandalous matter.” (emphasis added). Motions to strike are generally disfavored. 5 Figueroa v. Kern County, 506 F.Supp.3d 1051, 1056 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2020). Plaintiff is 6 attempting to strike Defendant’s motion, and his Motion to Strike is effectively his response to 7 the motion to dismiss. Accordingly, the motion to strike will be denied, but the Court will 8 consider it as Plaintiff’s opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, at the appropriate time. The Court 9 will defer ruling on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss pending the screening of any amended 10 complaint that Plaintiff might file. 11 Finally, Plaintiff has also filed a Motion for Default Judgment (ECF No. 7). The 12 undersigned recommends that Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment be denied, for several 13 reasons. “First, the clerk never entered default, which–under the plain language of Federal Rule 14 of Civil Procedure 55—is a prerequisite for a default judgment under Rule 55(b)(2). Second, 15 [Defendant] is defending itself in the action and the disputes can be resolved on the merits.” Bay 16 Area Painters and Tapers Pension Trust Fund v. Ventura Finishing Systems, No. 14-cv-03364- 17 HSG (LB), 2016 WL 2343019, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2016). Moreover, Plaintiff cannot be 18 granted default judgment when there is no operative complaint on file. 19 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 20 1. Plaintiff’s Motion for IFP (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED; 21 2. Plaintiff’s Preliminary Motion to Deny any Extension of Time (ECF No. 5) is 22 DENIED; 23 3. Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike (ECF No. 9) is DENIED; 24 4. Plaintiff shall have 30 days from the date of this order to file an amended 25 complaint that addresses the defects set forth above. The amended complaint shall be 26 captioned “Second Amended Complaint.” The amended complaint must include a 27 sufficient jurisdictional statement, comply with Rule 8, and address the deficiencies 28 set forth in this order. If Plaintiff fails to timely comply with this order, the ] undersigned may recommend that this action be dismissed; and 2 5. The Court will defer ruling on the Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 6) until Plaintiff 3 submits a Second Amended Complaint in compliance with this order. That motion is 4 premature as the Court has not screened the FAC and has not directed service. See 28 5 U.S.C. § 1915(d). 6 6. Alternatively, if Plaintiff if no longer wishes to pursue this action, Plaintiff may file a 7 notice of voluntary dismissal of this action pursuant to Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of 8 Civil Procedure. 9 Further, IT IS RECOMMENDED that Plaintiff's Motion for Default Judgment (ECF 10 || No. 7) be denied. 11 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 12 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days 13 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, either party may file written 14 | objections with the court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge's 15 || Findings and Recommendations.” The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the 16 | specified time may result in waiver of the right to appeal the district court’s order. Martinez v. 17 | Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 18 | DATED: December 10, 2024. fool 20 )

21 SEAN C. RIORDAN

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

22 23 24 25 26 27 28