1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 BARRIAN COREY YEOMANS, No. 2:23-cv-1806 SCR 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting Commissioner of Social Security,1 15 Defendant. 16

17 18 Plaintiff seeks judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security 19 (Commissioner), denying his application for supplemental security income (SSI) under Title XVI 20 of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§1381-1383f.2 For the reasons that follow, the 21 undersigned grants Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and denies the Commissioner’s 22 cross-motion for summary judgment. 23

24 1 Carolyn W. Colvin became the Commissioner of Social Security on November 30, 2024. Pursuant to Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Martin O’Malley is substituted as 25 the defendant in this suit. 26 2 SSI is paid to financially needy disabled persons. 42 U.S.C. § 1382(a); Washington State Dept. of Social and Health Services v. Guardianship Estate of Keffeler, 537 U.S. 371, 375 (2003) 27 (“Title XVI of the Act, § 1381 et seq., is the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) scheme of benefits for aged, blind, or disabled individuals, including children, whose income and assets fall 28 below specified levels . . .”). 1 I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 Plaintiff applied for disability benefits in March or May 2020, alleging a disability onset 3 date of June 8, 2019.3 Administrative Record (AR) 201.4 The application was disapproved 4 initially, AR 74-88, and on reconsideration (AR 90-110). On October 28, 2021, administrative 5 law judge (“ALJ”) Serena S. Hong presided over a hearing on Plaintiff’s challenge to the 6 disapproval. AR 46-73 (“Hearing Transcript”). Plaintiff was present and testified. AR 48-52, 7 54-61. He was not represented by an attorney at the hearing. AR 50-51. His mother, Kim Lewis, 8 and a vocational expert, Kathleen Macy-Powers, also testified at the hearing. AR 47-48, 62-71. 9 On March 24, 2022, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision, finding plaintiff “not 10 disabled” under Section 1614(a)(3)(A) of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). AR 11-28 (“ALJ 11 Decision”). On May 5, 2023, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review, leaving 12 the ALJ’s decision as the final decision of the Commissioner. AR 3-8. On July 21, 2023, the 13 Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request to reopen and change the decision, again leaving the 14 ALJ’s decision as the final decision, but gave Plaintiff more time to file a civil action. AR 1-2. 15 On August 24, 2023, Plaintiff filed this action. ECF No. 1. The parties’ filed cross- 16 motions for summary judgement based on the AR filed by the Commissioner. ECF 7 (Plaintiff’s 17 summary judgment motion), 11 (Commissioner’s summary judgment motion and opposition to 18 Plaintiff’s motion). Plaintiff did not file an opposition to the Commissioner’s cross-motion for 19 summary judgment or a reply to the Commissioner’s opposition to his own motion. 20 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 21 Plaintiff was born in 2001 and was 18 years old when he filed his application, AR 26, 74, 22 201, 19 years old at the time of the ALJ hearing, AR 54, and 20 years old at the time of the ALJ’s 23 decision. AR 20. Plaintiff has a high school education. AR 20, 26, 55, 119, 222. He alleged 24 disability based on anxiety, depression, and audio, visual, and tactile hallucinations. AR 221. He 25

26 3 Several documents within the Administrative Record (AR) indicate that Plaintiff filed for disability benefits on March 9, 2020, ECF No. 10-1 at 18, 78, 93, 95, 115, 157, however the only 27 application in the AR is dated June 1, 2020, and refers to an application date of May 4, 2020. The only application in the AR is for DIB and not SSI but the ALJ decision reviews the denial of SSI. 28 4 The AR is at ECF No. 10-1. 1 stated and testified that he has never worked. AR 56, 221. 2 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 3 The Commissioner’s decision that a claimant is not disabled will be upheld “if it is 4 supported by substantial evidence and if the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards.” 5 Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1011 (9th Cir. 2003). “‘The findings of the 6 Secretary as to any fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive . . . .’” Andrews 7 v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)). 8 Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla,” but “may be less than a 9 preponderance.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012). “It means such relevant 10 evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson v. 11 Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (internal quotation marks omitted). “While inferences from 12 the record can constitute substantial evidence, only those ‘reasonably drawn from the record’ will 13 suffice.” Widmark v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). 14 Although this Court cannot substitute its discretion for that of the Commissioner, the 15 Court nonetheless must review the record as a whole, “weighing both the evidence that supports 16 and the evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner’s] conclusion.” Desrosiers v. Secretary of 17 HHS, 846 F.2d 573, 576 (9th Cir. 1988); Jones v. Heckler, 760 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1985) 18 (“The court must consider both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts from the ALJ’s 19 conclusion; it may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.”). 20 “The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical 21 testimony, and resolving ambiguities.” Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th 22 Cir. 2001). “Where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, one of 23 which supports the ALJ’s decision, the ALJ’s conclusion must be upheld.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 24 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002). However, the Court may review only the reasons stated by the 25 ALJ in his decision “and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely.” Orn 26 v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007); Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 27 2003) (“It was error for the district court to affirm the ALJ’s credibility decision based on 28 evidence that the ALJ did not discuss.”). 1 The Court will not reverse an erroneous decision if the error was harmless. In this 2 context, an error is harmless only when it is “clear from the record that an ALJ’s error was 3 ‘inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.’” Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 4 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Stout v. Commissioner, 454 F.3d 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 5 2006)); see also Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). 6 IV. SUBSTANTIVE LAW 7 A claimant is “disabled” if “unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason 8 of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in 9 death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve 10 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A); see also Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140 (1987). 11 The Commissioner uses a five-step sequential evaluation process to determine whether an 12 applicant is disabled and entitled to benefits. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4); 13 Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 24-25 (2003) (setting forth the “five-step sequential evaluation 14 process to determine disability” under Title II and Title XVI). The following summarizes the 15 sequential evaluation: 16 Step one: Is the claimant engaging in substantial gainful activity? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step two. 17 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(i), (b); 416.920(a)(4)(i), (b). 18 Step two: Does the claimant have a “severe” impairment? If so, 19 proceed to step three. If not, the claimant is not disabled. 20 Id., §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(ii), (c); 416.920(a)(4)(ii), (c). 21 Step three: Does the claimant’s impairment or combination of impairments meet or equal an impairment listed in 20 C.F.R., Pt. 404, 22 Subpt. P, App. 1? If so, the claimant is disabled. If not, proceed to step four. 23 Id., §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii), (d); 416.920(a)(4)(iii), (d). 24 Step four: Does the claimant’s residual functional capacity make him 25 capable of performing his past work? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step five. 26 Id., §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iv), (e), (f); 416.920(a)(4)(iv), (e), (f). 27 Step five: Does the claimant have the residual functional capacity 28 perform any other work? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, 1 the claimant is disabled. 2 Id., §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v), (g); 416.920(a)(4)(v), (g). 3 The claimant bears the burden of proof in the first four steps of the sequential evaluation 4 process. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1512(a), 416.912(a) (“In general, you have to prove to us that you are 5 blind or disabled.”); Bowen, 482 U.S. at 146 n. 5. However, “[a]t the fifth step of the sequential 6 analysis, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to demonstrate that the claimant is not disabled 7 and can engage in work that exists in significant numbers in the national economy.” Hill v. 8 Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012); Bowen, 482 U.S. at 146 n.5. 9 V. THE ALJ’s DECISION 10 The ALJ made the following findings: 11 1. [Step 1] The claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since March 9, 2020, the application date (20 CFR 416.971 12 et seq.). AR 16. 13 2. [Step 2] The claimant has the following severe impairments: obesity, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), diabetes mellitus (DM), post 14 traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and learning disorder (20 CFR 416.920(c)). AR 17. 15 3. [Step 3] The claimant does not have an impairment or combination 16 of impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 17 (20 CFR 416.920(d), 416.925 and 416.926). AR 17. 18 4. [Step 4] After careful consideration of the entire record, the undersigned finds that the claimant has the residual functional 19 capacity to perform medium work as defined in 20 CFR 416.967(c) except cannot climb ladders, ropes and scaffolds and can perform 20 other postural maneuvers such as stooping, crouching and crawling on a frequent basis. The individual must avoid concentrated exposure 21 to hazards such as unprotected heights and moving machinery. The individual is limited to performing simple, repetitive tasks with only 22 occasional public contact. The individual would work best in an environment that is task oriented and not production paced. AR 19- 23 20. 24 5. [Step 4] The claimant has no past relevant work (20 CFR 416.965).

AR 26.

25 6. [Step 5] The claimant was born on November 6, 2001, and was 18 26 years old, which is defined as a younger individual age 18-49, on the date the application as filed (20 CFR § 416.963). AR 26. 27 7. [Step 5, continued] The claimant has at least a high school 28 education (20 CFR 416.964). AR 26. 1 8. [Step 5, continued] Transferability of job skills is not an issue because the claimant does not have past relevant work (20 CFR 2 416.968). 3 9. [Step 5, continued] Considering the claimant’s age, education, work experience, and residual functional capacity, there are jobs that 4 exist in significant numbers in the national economy that the claimant can perform (20 CFR 416.969 and 416.969a). AR 27. 5 10. The claimant has not been under a disability, as defined in the 6 Social Security Act, since March 9, 2020, the date the application was filed (20 CFR 416.920(g)). AR 27. 7 8 VI. ANALYSIS 9 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by not properly considering the mental listings, ECF 10 No. 7 at 7; and by ignoring the vocational expert’s testimony that an individual could not 11 gainfully work under the circumstances described by Plaintiff’s mother, id. at 8.5 In substance, 12 this is an argument that the ALJ erred at Step 3 (mental listings) and at Step 4 (determination of 13 residual functional capacity). Additionally, Plaintiff seeks reconsideration of the ALJ’s decision 14 based on “newly obtained evidence . . . that was not addressed prior, that directly relates to the 15 Commissioner’s determination.” Id. at 13. 16 A. The ALJ Erred in Considering the Mental Listings 17 At Step 3, the relevant question is whether Plaintiff’s impairment or combination of 18 impairments meet or equal an impairment listed in 20 C.F.R., Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1. If so, the 19 claimant is disabled. If not, then the analysis proceeds to step four. Here, at step three, the ALJ 20 determined that “[t]he severity of the claimant’s mental impairments, considered singly and in 21 combination, do not meet or medically equal the criteria of listings 12.04, 12.05, 12.06, and 22 12.15.” AR 17. Plaintiff argues that the ALJ did not properly consider whether Plaintiff met the 23 criteria under these listings. ECF No. 7 at 7, 74-83. 24 The evaluation process for listings 12.04 (depressive, bipolar and related disorders), 12.06 25 (anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders), and 12.15 (trauma- and stressor-related disorders) 26 5 It appears Plaintiff’s mother prepared or helped prepare Plaintiff’s motion for summary 27 judgment, as most of the statements are written from Plaintiff’s mom’s perspective and, in addition to Plaintiff’s signature, she signs the motion as “Mother/Rep/Advocate,” ECF No. 7 at 28 13, and “Mother/Advocate/Representative/Kaiser Appointed Case Manager,” id. at 86-87. 1 are the same. The evaluation for listing 12.05 (intellectual disorder) is considerably different. 2 However, under both processes, for an impairment to match a listing, “it must meet all the 3 specified medical criteria. An impairment that manifests only some of those criteria, no matter 4 how severely, does not qualify.” Sullivan v. Zebley, 493 U.S. 521, 530 (1990) (emphasis in 5 original). 6 1. Listings 12.04, 12.06, and 12.15 7 a. Criteria 8 Listings 12.04, 12.06, and 12.15 each consist of three “paragraphs” captioned “A,” “B,” 9 and “C,” which have specified requirements. For those listings, the mental disorder must satisfy 10 the requirements of both Paragraphs A and B, or the requirements of both Paragraphs A and C. 11 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 12.00A2. Because the ALJ did not address Paragraph A 12 for listings 12.04, 12.06, or 12.15, and instead found Plaintiff failed to satisfy Paragraphs B 13 and/or C, the Court need not discuss Paragraph A criteria. 14 To meet Paragraph B criteria under 12.04, 12.06 and 12.15, a claimant’s mental disorder 15 must result in “extreme limitation of one,” or “marked limitation of two” of the four following 16 areas of mental functioning: 17 1. Understand, remember, or apply information; 18 2. Interact with others; 19 3. Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace; 20 4. Adapt or manage oneself. 21 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 12.00A2b. Marked limitation means “functioning in this 22 area independently, appropriately, effectively, and on a sustained basis is seriously limited.” Id. 23 § 12.00F2d. Extreme limitation means “not able to function in this area independently, 24 appropriately, effectively, and on a sustained basis.” Id. § 12.00F2e. Extreme limitation is the 25 last point on the scale and it “represents a degree of limitation that is incompatible with the ability 26 to do any gainful activity.” “The last point on the scale represents a degree of limitation that is 27 incompatible with the ability to do any gainful activity.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(c)(4). 28 To meet Paragraph C criteria under listings 12.04, 12.6, and 12.15, claimant’s mental 1 disorder must be “serious and persistent.” To be “serious and persistent,” “there must be a 2 medically documented history of the existence of the disorder over a period of at least 2 years, 3 and evidence that”: 4 1. “[claimant] rel[ies] on an ongoing basis, upon medical treatment, mental health 5 therapy, psychosocial support(s), or a highly structured setting(s), to diminish 6 the symptoms and signs of your mental disorder”; and 7 2. “despite [claimant’s] diminished symptoms and signs, [claimant has] achieved 8 only marginal adjustment.” 9 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 12.00G2b, 12.00G2c. “‘Marginal adjustment’ means that 10 [claimant’s] adaptation to the requirements of daily life is fragile; that is, [claimant has] minimal 11 capacity to adapt to changes in environment or to demands that are not already part of the 12 [claimant’s] daily life.” Id. § 12.00G2c. This is established by evidence that “changes or 13 increased demands have led to exacerbation of your symptoms and signs and to deterioration in 14 your functioning.” Id.

15 For example, you have become unable to function outside of your home or a more restrictive setting, without substantial psychosocial supports (see 12.00D). Such 16 deterioration may have necessitated a significant change in medication or other treatment. Similarly, because of the nature of [claimant’s] mental disorder, evidence 17 may document episodes of deterioration that have required you to be hospitalized or absent from work, making it difficult for you to sustain work activity over time.” 18 19 Id. 20 b. Analysis 21 With respect to all four Paragraph B criteria, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had moderate 22 limitations. AR 17-18. Moderate limitation in an area means “functioning . . . independently, 23 appropriately, effectively, and on a sustained basis is fair.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, 24 § 12.00F2c. Plaintiff only disputes the ALJ’s determination as to the third and fourth areas of 25 Paragraph B: “Concentrate, persist, or maintain pace” and “Adapt or manage oneself.” ECF No. 26 7 at 74-77. 27 The ALJ also determined that Plaintiff did not meet the Paragraph C criteria. It is unclear 28 whether Plaintiff also disputes that Plaintiff meets the criteria under Paragraph C. However, 1 because Plaintiff’s mother makes a reference to Plaintiff’s “minimal capacity to adapt to changes 2 in his environment or to demands that are not already part of his daily life” (id. at 80), the Court 3 also addresses Paragraph C criteria. 4 i. Paragraph B – Concentrating, Persisting or Maintaining Pace 5 Concentrating, persisting, or maintaining pace “refers to the abilities to focus attention on 6 work activities and to stay on-task at a sustained rate.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 7 § 12.00E.3. In determining that the Plaintiff had moderate limitation for concentrating, persisting 8 or maintaining pace, the ALJ found that: although Plaintiff’s mother testified that he had auditory 9 and tactile hallucinations and PTSD flashbacks, at mental status exams Plaintiff denied all 10 hallucination. The ALJ also found the record reflected that Plaintiff typically had adequate 11 attention and concentration because he “was given an allowance and could go to the store or mall 12 with his friends as long as he was not symptomatic,” he was preparing for a driver’s test, 13 livestreamed video games, and played SIMS on the computer. AR 17. 14 Plaintiff’s arguments regarding this criterion can be characterized as taking issue with the 15 evidence considered. First, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ should not have considered Christy 16 Webster’s therapy notes—that Plaintiff reported no visual or audio hallucinations—because (1) 17 Plaintiff viewed her as a friend rather than a therapist and (2) his therapist was not always able to 18 complete mental status exams because the sessions were over the phone. ECF No. 7 at 7. 19 However, the Court is unaware of any legal support for the first reason and rejects the second 20 reason because the ALJ did not refer to Christy Webster’s therapy notes regarding her medical 21 opinion based on her completion of mental status exams of Plaintiff. Instead, the ALJ referred to 22 Christy Webster’s therapy notes as an additional source of Plaintiff’s self-reported symptoms, 23 which in this case was that Plaintiff was no longer suffering from hallucinations. See AR 17, 24, 24 26. As such, whether Christy Webster completed the mental status exams is irrelevant, and the 25 ALJ did not commit error in considering Christy Webster’s therapy notes. 26 Second, Plaintiff seems to suggest that the ALJ either did not consider or should have 27 given more weight to Plaintiff’s mother’s statement that Plaintiff does not know real from not real 28 and therefore cannot be relied upon to say whether he is having or has had a hallucination. ECF 1 No. 7 at 74; see also AR 216. However, the only other reference in the record to hallucinations 2 after the alleged onset date, June 8, 2019, is a note from Dr. Ferro on July 21, 2020, indicating 3 that Plaintiff reported he had “a dream 1-2 weeks ago in which his dream yielded a hypnopompic 4 hallucination,” AR 627. All other evidence, including Plaintiff’s mother’s statements about 5 Plaintiff’s symptoms, substantially support the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff was not suffering from 6 hallucinations during the alleged period of disability, and that his hallucinations were an issue of 7 the past that had improved or resolved for the most part by June 2019. AR 119, 345, 364, 368, 8 378, 440, 449, 457-58, 470-72, 478-79, 559, 561, 611, 613, 615, 620, 624, 626, 630, 637, 662, 9 669, 672, 674, 677, 681, 684, 686. 10 Third, Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ mischaracterized Plaintiff’s ability to go 11 shopping. See ECF No. 7 at 82. She explains that he cannot go alone; she needs to stay close by 12 and be available to take him home on a moment’s notice. Id. This argument has merit. The 13 Court is concerned that the ALJ’s mischaracterization of Plaintiff’s ability to receive “an 14 allowance and . . . go to the store or mall with his friends as long as he was not symptomatic” 15 constitutes error and that such error was not harmless. To start, the ALJ cites to a source that 16 does not support her conclusion. AR 17 (citing 16E – 3rd Party Function Report – Adult, dated 17 2/22/2021, from Kim Lewis – Mother, located at AR 280-90). Indeed, Plaintiff’s mother’s 2021 18 third-party report states, “He does not go shopping.” AR 286. In addition, in reviewing the entire 19 record, the Court found evidence that supports Plaintiff’s argument and conflicts with the ALJ’s 20 statement. AR 258 (9E – 3rd Party Function Report – Adult, dated 06/13/2020 to 06/13/2020, 21 from Kim Lewis – Mother indicates that Plaintiff was “[g]iven an allowance and could go to the 22 store or mall with his friends” before his “illness, injuries, or conditions began.”). Because the 23 ALJ also relied on this mischaracterization of evidence to find that Plaintiff’s daily activities 24 undermined his “statements concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these 25 symptoms,” AR 26, the Court is concerned that the ALJ’s review of the entire record may have 26 been tainted by her error, especially where there is substantial evidence showing that Plaintiff 27 //// 28 //// 1 could not leave the house without his mother. See AR 95, 246, 248, 257, 258, 286, 287, 298, 2 299.6 3 ii. Paragraph B – Adapting or Managing Oneself 4 “This area of mental functioning refers to the abilities to regulate emotions, control 5 behavior, and maintain well-being in a work setting.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 6 § 12.00E.3. Examples demonstrating this ability include: “[r]esponding to demands; adapting to 7 changes; managing your psychologically based symptoms; distinguishing between acceptable and 8 unacceptable work performance; setting realistic goals; making plans for yourself independently 9 of others; maintaining personal hygiene and attire appropriate to a work setting; and being aware 10 of normal hazards and taking appropriate precautions.” Id. In Plaintiff’s case, the ALJ found 11 Plaintiff had moderate limitations for adapting or managing oneself based on the following: 12 Plaintiff’s mother testified that Plaintiff sometimes acted like a two-year-old; Plaintiff’s mother 13 provided a statement that Plaintiff forgot to bathe and she prepared his meals; Plaintiff reported 14 that he helped around the house after his mother’s surgery and that he had some cooking skills. 15 AR 18. 16 Plaintiff presents numerous reasons to “dispute” the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff is only 17 moderately limited in this area. ECF No. 7 at 75-77, 83. She offers her own statements made to 18 support a finding of a greater limitation in this area. It is unclear whether Plaintiff’s position is 19 that the ALJ failed to consider this evidence or improperly rejected this evidence. However, it is 20 apparent from the ALJ’s decision that, in making a decision, the ALJ considered the content of 21 several of Plaintiff’s mother’s statements—particularly concerning Plaintiff’s childish behavior, 22 hygiene issues, limited cooking skills, and ability to provide some assistance to his mother while 23 she recovered from surgery. Moreover, the ALJ was not required to discuss every piece of 24 evidence and/or statement made by Plaintiff’s mother in making her decision because there is no 25

26 6 This error can be traced back to the initial disability determination and the agency’s reconsideration decision. AR 77 (“ADL MOTHER COMPLETED doesn’t drive but is learning, 27 cannot go out alone or handle money. but was given an allowance and could go to the store or mall with his friends- as long as he is not symptomatic he can do most things” (emphasis added)), 28 95 (same). 1 indication the ALJ rejected any of this evidence. The Ninth Circuit has “repeatedly held that an 2 ALJ need not discuss all evidence presented to her. Rather, she must explain why significant 3 probative evidence has been rejected.” Kilpatrick v. Kijakazi, 35 F.4th 1187, 1193-95 (9th Cir. 4 2022) (quoting Vincent ex rel. Vincent v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1393, 1394-95 (9th Cir. 1984) 5 (internal quotation marks omitted). 6 However, the ALJ’s determination that that Plaintiff is only moderately limited as to 7 adapting and managing oneself is not supported by substantial evidence. The record is replete 8 with evidence showing plaintiff’s persistent struggles to successfully engage in everyday tasks. 9 Indeed, the ALJ noted Plaintiff’s mother’s testimony that Plaintiff sometimes acted like a two- 10 year-old and Plaintiff’s mother’s statement that Plaintiff forgot to bathe and she prepared his 11 meals. AR 18. There is significant other record evidence of similar, ongoing limitations. For 12 example, Plaintiff’s mother stated that he “needs help with his hair, grooming”; loses track of 13 times and days; that he cannot clean his room at one time because “he becomes anxious” and 14 “loses track of time,” thinking that he just cleaned his room when in fact he had not cleaned it in a 15 week or more; often must defer housework for days when symptomatic; only goes out once or 16 twice a month, and cannot go out alone; needs to be reminded of doctor and therapist 17 appointments; “takes a long time to make simple decisions”; “gets confused” when told to do 18 things. AR 285-290. In terms of positive functionality in this realm, the ALJ noted only that 19 Plaintiff helped around the house after his mother’s surgery and had some cooking skills. AR 18. 20 As explained above, examples of adapting and managing oneself include the following: 21 “[r]esponding to demands; adapting to changes; managing your psychologically based symptoms 22 . . . setting realistic goals; making plans for yourself independently of others; maintaining 23 personal hygiene and attire appropriate to a work setting . . .” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 24 § 12.00E.3. Despite the evidence of Plaintiff’s significantly limited functionality, some of which 25 the ALJ cited, the ALJ found Plaintiff only moderately limited in his area. Although an ALJ 26 “need not discuss all evidence presented,” the ALJ may not ignore substantial, contradictory 27 evidence and must “explain why significant probative evidence has been rejected.” Carter v. 28 Colvin, 651 Fed. Appx. 721, 723 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Vincent ex rel. Vincent v. Heckler, 739 1 F.2d 1393, 1394–95 (9th Cir. 1984)); see also Penny v. Sullivan, 2 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir. 1993) 2 (“our review of the record as a whole indicates that the ALJ ignored substantial evidence on the 3 overall record indicating that [claimant] was disabled within the meaning of the Act”). 4 Substantial evidence did not support the conclusion that Plaintiff is only moderately limited as to 5 adapting and managing oneself.7 6 iii. Paragraph C Criteria 7 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff did not meet Paragraph C criteria because: 8 The record does not establish that the claimant has only marginal adjustment, that is, a minimal capacity to adapt to changes in the claimant’s environment or to 9 demands that are not already part of the claimant’s life. Furthermore, the evidence does not reveal that the claimant has participated in any work programs or required 10 the use of a job coach or supervisor; received comprehensive 24/7 wrap around mental health services; resided in a halfway house or in another highly supportive 11 living arrangement; attended or been referred to a partial hospitalization program; or required assistance from mental health workers to meet physical needs. 12 13 AR 18. The second part of this passage, starting with “[f]urthermore” appears to refer to 14 psychosocial supports as described in 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 12.00D. Psychosocial 15 supports can be relevant to both requirements under Paragraph C. Ongoing psychosocial 16 support(s) to diminish the claimant’s symptoms and signs of mental disorder can satisfy the first 17 requirement. Id. § 12.00G2b. The second requirement, only marginal adjustment, can be 18 established by inability “to function outside your home or a more restrictive setting, without 19 substantial psychosocial supports,” id. § 12.00G2c. 20 From what the Court can discern, Plaintiff argues that he satisfies Paragraph C criteria 21 because (1) “[a] highly structured environment has been created in the claimant’s home by 22 eliminating all but minimally necessary contact with the world outside the claimant’s living 23 space,” and (2) he “has minimal capacity to adapt to changes in his environment or to demands 24 that are not already part of his daily life.” ECF No. 7 at 17, 80. 25 The Court agrees with Plaintiff that there is a problem with the ALJ’s analysis here. The 26 7 The Court notes that the ALJ’s findings were consistent with the agency’s psychological 27 consultant, P. Davis Psy. D., who determined Plaintiff had moderate limitations in all areas under Paragraph B, see AR 80. However, it is not clear why this determination was made in light of 28 other of the consultant’s findings, including that “claimant’s [] condition is severe[.]” AR 81. 1 ALJ failed to examine the most relevant criteria—and accordingly the most relevant evidence— 2 as it pertains to Plaintiff’s situation. The ALJ did not mention the examples regarding 3 psychosocial supports that apply most clearly to Plaintiff’s situation: “You receive help from your 4 family members or other people who monitor your daily activities and help you function. For 5 example, family members administer your medications, remind you to eat, shop for you and pay 6 your bills, or change their work hours so you are never home alone.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, 7 App. 1 §12.00D1a-b. By the same token, the ALJ did not engage with the evidence showing that 8 Plaintiff requires this type of psychosocial support from his mother. AR 285-290. An ALJ “must 9 evaluate the relevant evidence before concluding that a claimant’s impairments do not meet or 10 equal a listed impairment.” Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 512 (9th Cir. 2001). 11 c. Conclusion 12 For the reasons provided above, the ALJ committed error with respect to analysis of the 13 Paragraph B and C criteria for Listings 12.04, 12.05, and 12.15. 14 2. Listing 12.05 15 For listing 12.05, the “mental disorder must satisfy the requirements of either paragraph A 16 or paragraph B,” which are distinct from paragraphs A and B for the listings described above. 20 17 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, §§ 12.00A2, 12.00A3. “Each paragraph requires that you have 18 significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning; significant deficits in current adaptive 19 functioning; and evidence that demonstrates or supports (is consistent with) the conclusion that 20 your disorder began prior to age 22.” Id. at § 12.00A3. 21 Paragraph A under 12.05 requires the following three criteria: 22 (1) Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning evident in your 23 cognitive inability to function at a level required to participate in standardized 24 testing of intellectual functioning; and 25 (2) Significant deficits in adaptive functioning currently manifested by your 26 dependence upon others for personal needs (for example, toileting, eating, 27 dressing, or bathing); and 28 (3) The evidence about your current intellectual adaptive functioning and about the 1 history of your disorder demonstrates or supports the conclusion that the 2 disorder began prior to your attainment of age 22. 3 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, §§ 12.05A. 4 Paragraph B under Listing 12.05, like Paragraph B discussed above, requires “an extreme 5 limitation of one, or marked limitation of two, of the areas of mental functioning.” However, 6 Paragraph B under Listing 12.05 additionally requires: 7 [1] Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning evidence by a or b: 8 a. A full scale (or comparable) IQ score of 70 or below on an individually 9 administered standardized test of general intelligence; or 10 b. A full scale (or comparable) IQ score of 71-75 accompanied by a verbal 11 or performance IQ score (or comparable part score) of 70 or below on an 12 individually administered standardized test of general intelligence; and 13 [2] The evidence about your current intellectual and adaptive functioning and about 14 the history of your disorder demonstrates or supports the conclusion that the disorder 15 began prior to your attainment of age 22. 16 The ALJ found the Paragraph B requirements “not met because the record does not 17 contain a full scale (or comparable) IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered 18 standardized test of general intelligence; or a full scale (or comparable) IQ score of 71-75 19 accompanied by a verbal or performance IQ score (or comparable part score) of 70 or below on 20 an individually administered standardized test of general intelligence.” AR 19. In fact, it appears 21 the record does not contain any IQ score at all. While it is not clear whether Plaintiff contests the 22 ALJ’s determination under Listing 12.05, that determination was clearly supported by substantial 23 evidence.

24 B. Lay Witness Testimony Regarding Residual Functional Capacity (“RFC”) & Vocational Expert Testimony Regarding RFC 25 26 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ committed error in determining Plaintiff’s RFC because the 27 the ALJ did not consider all evidence, including her testimony, to determine Plaintiff’s capacity to 28 work despite his impairments. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that had the ALJ considered her 1 testimony regarding Plaintiff’s limitations, the ALJ would have determined that Plaintiff could 2 not work, based on the vocational expert’s testimony. ECF No. 7 at 8; see AR 69 (vocational 3 expert testified that there would be no jobs for an individual “[i]f you assume the same individual 4 as in hypothetical number one but add to that the person would be off task or non-productive for 5 any number of reasons, that may be a need for an additional break, a lack of concentration, and 6 need to step away from the workplace or otherwise be absent, any number of reasons the 7 individual would be off task or non-productive 20 percent of the workday or workweek, would 8 there be jobs?”). 9 Plaintiff is correct that the ALJ appears to have not credited her testimony. Instead, the 10 ALJ articulated an RFC based solely on the agency’s psychosocial consultant’s, Dr. Davis’, 11 conclusions that with respect to mental limitations: Plaintiff “is limited to preforming simple, 12 repetitive tasks with only occasional contact;” and Plaintiff “would work best in an environment 13 that is task oriented and not production based.” See AR 20, 25, 86-87. 14 According to new regulations, an ALJ is “not required to articulate how [they] considered 15 evidence from nonmedical sources using the requirements” applicable to medical opinions and 16 prior administrative medical findings. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c (emphasis added). Nonmedical 17 sources include “[f]amily members, caregivers, friends, neighbors, employers, and clergy.” 20 18 C.F.R. § 404.1502(e)(4). In the Ninth Circuit, “[i]t is an open question whether the new 19 regulations affect the longstanding requirement in the Ninth Circuit that an ALJ must give 20 germane reason for rejecting lay witness testimony.” See Jarrett v. O’Malley, No. 23-3565, 2024 21 WL 4707890, at *2-3 (9th Cir. Nov. 7, 2024). Some judges in this Court, however, have 22 concluded that under the new regulations an ALJ is no longer required to give germane reason for 23 rejecting lay witness testimony. See Bermundez v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:22-cv-1465 EPG, 24 2023 WL 7092159, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2023); Evans v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 2:22-cv- 25 0435 KJN, 2023 WL 3570083, at *9 (E.D. Cal. May 19, 2023); Neri v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 26 1:21-cv-1235 SAB, 2022 WL 16856160, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2022). 27 Regardless of what scrutiny should be applied to the ALJ’s apparent failure to credit 28 Plaintiff’s mother’s testimony, the ALJ engaged at length with the record evidence in reaching an 1 | RFC determination that was supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, any error in this 2 || regard appears harmless. 3 C. New Evidence 4 Plaintiff also seeks to have the Court review extensive new evidence to evaluate the ALJ’s 5 || determination. The Court has already determined that the ALJ erred at Step 3 and, as explained 6 || below, will order remand. Accordingly, the Court need to determine whether that new evidence 7 || should be considered in the instant lawsuit. Plaintiff may seek to present that new evidence to the 8 | ALJ on remand. 9 VII. CONCLUSION 10 At Step 3 the ALJ mischaracterized an important piece of evidence and failed to support 11 | other determinations with substantial evidence. The Court is unable to conclude that these errors 12 | were harmless. See Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1115 (9th Cir. 2012) (“an ALJ’s error is 13 | harmless where it is inconsequential to the ultimate non-disability determination’’) (cleaned up). 14 | When acourt reverses an ALJ’s decision for error, the court “ordinarily must remand to the 15 || agency for further proceedings.” Leon v. Berryhill, 880 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2017); Benecke 16 | v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 595 (9th Cir. 2004) (“the proper course, except in rare circumstances, 17 || is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation”). That is what the Court 18 | will do here. 19 The court accordingly GRANTS Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment, DENIES 20 | Defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment, and REMANDS this case to the Commissioner 21 | for further proceedings on Plaintiff's disability claims consistent with this order. The Clerk of the 22 | Court is directed to enter judgment in favor of Plaintiff and close this case. 23 SO ORDERED. 24 | DATED: January 9, 2025 25 md 26 SEAN C. RIORDAN 5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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