1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 SHANNA NACHISON, et al., Case No. 24-cv-00530-PCP (VKD)

9 Plaintiffs, ORDER RE NON-PARTY CITIBANK'S 10 v. MOTION TO QUASH DEPOSITION

SUBPOENA

11 AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC., Re: Dkt. No. 61 Defendant. 12

13 14 Non-party Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”) moves to quash plaintiff Shannon Nachison’s 15 deposition subpoena. Dkt. No. 61. Ms. Nachison opposes the motion. Dkt. No. 64. The Court 16 held a hearing on the matter on January 28, 2025. Dkt. No. 69. Defendant American Airlines, 17 Inc. did not take a position on the motion to quash, but did participate in the hearing. Id. 18 Having considered the moving and responding papers, and the oral arguments presented, 19 the Court grants in part and denies in part Citibank’s motion to quash. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Ms. Nachison filed an original complaint in this putative class action on January 29, 2024 22 and an amended complaint on February 14, 2024. Dkt. Nos. 1, 14. She alleges that defendant 23 American Airlines, Inc. (“AA”) wrongfully terminated her AAdvantage program account, 24 resulting in the loss of airlines miles awarded after she obtained and used multiple, co-branded 25 Citi-AAdvantage credit cards. See Dkt. No. 14 ¶¶ 81-92. She asserts claims for breach of contract 26 and unjust enrichment on behalf of herself and a nationwide class of AAdvantage members whose 27 accounts were “terminated by AA based on allegations of fraud related to the AAdvantage 1 236, 248-269; see also Dkt. No. 40; Dkt. No. 52. 2 On November 19, 2024, Ms. Nachison served subpoenas for documents and deposition 3 testimony on Citibank. Dkt. No. 61-2. The deposition subpoena, which is the only subpoena at 4 issue here, asks Citibank to provide testimony from a “person most knowledgeable”1 about the 5 following topics: 6 Citibank's AAdvantage credit cards, Citibank AAdvantage credit card program, Citibank AAdvantage promotions, and any other information that 7 pertains, relates or refers to the partnership between American Airlines, Inc. and 8 Citibank, N.A. including: 9 1. The technical architecture and software used in relation to the Citibank- branded credit card partnerships with American Airlines. 10 2. The bonus mile accrual process, fraud detection systems, account 11 management policies, and procedures for account terminations or suspensions related to the Citibank-branded credit card partnerships with American Airlines. 12 13 3. The contractual agreements and financial arrangements between Citibank and American Airlines, Inc. regarding the AAdvantage program, 14 revenue-sharing models, comparisons with other Citibank-branded credit card partnerships, and the financial impact of program changes or account 15 terminations. 16 4. The marketing strategies, promotional campaigns, and communications with American Airlines related to the AAdvantage credit card. 17 18 5. The procedures followed to detect and prevent fraudulent activity, internal investigations into exploitative practices or fraud, any audits or reviews 19 conducted to ensure adherence to those standards, and communications with American Airlines related to alleged fraud and AAdvantage account closures. 20 6. The financial impact of the AAdvantage program on Citibank, including 21 revenues generated, costs associated with account terminations or fraud 22 prevention efforts, and any reporting or financial analysis related to the performance of the program. 23 Id. at ECF 5-6. The subpoena identifies the place of compliance as “via videoconference” and 24 advises that “the [d]eponent and all parties will be appearing remotely from their own locations.” 25 26

27 1 The Court construes this as a request for a deposition of a corporate representative to testify on 1 Id. at ECF 6, 8. 2 Fact discovery in this case closes on March 5, 2025. Dkt. No. 56. 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 Rule 45 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs discovery of non-parties. The 5 scope of allowable discovery under Rule 45 is the same as the scope of discovery permitted under 6 Rule 26(b). Beaver Cty. Employers Ret. Fund v. Tile Shop Holdings, Inc., No. 16-mc-80062-JSC, 7 2016 WL 3162218, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 7, 2016) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 45 advisory committee 8 note (1970)). Rule 26 permits discovery “regarding any non-privileged matter that is relevant to 9 any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case considering the importance 10 of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties' relative access to 11 relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the 12 issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” 13 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). However, Rule 45 also requires “[a] party or attorney responsible for 14 issuing and serving a subpoena [to] take reasonable steps to avoid imposing undue burden or 15 expense on a person subject to the subpoena,” and instructs that “[t]he court for the district where 16 compliance is required must enforce this duty . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(1); see also Fed. R. Civ. 17 P. 45(d)(3)(A). Additionally, Rule 26 provides that the court must limit discovery that is 18 “unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or can be obtained from some other source that is more 19 convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(i). 20 A non-party may move to quash or modify a subpoena under Rule 45(d)(3)(A) if it: 21 (1) fails to allow a reasonable time to comply, (2) requires a person to comply beyond the 22 geographical limits specified in Rule 45(c), (3) requires disclosure of privileged or other protected 23 matter, if no exception or waiver applies, or (4) subjects a person to undue burden. “The Ninth 24 Circuit has long held that nonparties subject to discovery requests deserve extra protection from 25 the courts.” Lemberg Law LLC v. Hussin, No. 3:16-mc-80066-JCS, 2016 WL 3231300, at *5 26 (N.D. Cal. June 13, 2016) (quotation omitted); see United States v. C.B.S., Inc., 666 F.2d 364, 371 27 (9th Cir. 1982) (“Nonparty witnesses are powerless to control the scope of litigation and 1 to which they are not a party.”). Courts in this district have consequently held that “[o]n a motion 2 to quash a subpoena, the moving party has the burden of persuasion . . ., but the party issuing the 3 subpoena must demonstrate that the discovery sought is relevant.” Chevron Corp. v. Donziger, 4 No. 3:12-mc-80237-CRB, 2013 WL 4536808, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2013) (citation omitted); 5 see also Optimize Tech. Solutions, LLC v. Staples, Inc., No. 5:14-mc-80095-LHK, 2014 WL 6 1477651, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2014) (“The party issuing the subpoena must demonstrate that 7 the information sought is relevant and material to the allegations and claims at issue in the 8 proceedings.”) (quotation omitted). 9 III. DISCUSSION 10 Citibank moves to quash Ms. Nachison’s deposition subpoena on four grounds: (1) the 11 subpoena seeks testimony that is irrelevant, overbroad, and not described with particularity; (2) it 12 calls for Citibank to provide information that could be obtained from defendant AA; (3) deposition 13 testimony is unnecessary, given that Citibank will produce documents responsive to the document 14 subpoena; and (4) the subpoena seeks “sensitive and protected” information, including 15 information covered by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. Dkt. No. 61 at 16 ECF 7. The Court addresses each of these grounds. 17 A. Relevance, Overbreadth, and Particularity 18 Citibank argues that the deposition subpoena is “overbroad,” and seeks information that is 19 not relevant to a claim or defense. Dkt. No. 61 at ECF 13-14. Specifically, Citibank observes that 20 it is not a party to the contract that Ms. Nachison says AA breached and no claims are asserted 21 against it in the action. For this reason, Citibank argues, the following matters are not relevant: 22 “software [and] technical architecture” (topic 1), “contracts with AA, marketing strategies and 23 revenue-sharing models, [and] comparisons with other Citibank-branded partnerships” (topic 3), 24 and “the financial impact of the AAdvantage program on Citibank” (topic 6). Id. at ECF 14. 25 Citibank does not contend that the matters described in topics 2, 4, and 5 are not relevant. 26 Ms. Nachison responds that all of the topics directly relate to her claims that AA 27 improperly terminated her account based on her use of Citi-AAdvantage credit cards, including 1 assertion, she does not explain how or why the testimony she seeks from Citibank is relevant to 2 her breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims, her damages theories, or matters bearing on 3 class certification. She invites the Court to modify the subpoena rather than quash it. Id. at ECF 4 8. 5 The Court agrees with Citibank that topics 1, 3 and 6 in the deposition subpoena do not 6 describe matters that are relevant to any claim or defense, damages theory, or class certification 7 issue, and Ms. Nachison has not shown otherwise. Citibank makes no specific arguments about 8 the relevance of the matters described in topics 2, 4 and 5, although it does contend generally that 9 none of the topics are “described with particularity” or are limited to a relevant time period.2 Dkt. 10 No. 61 at ECF 14. 11 As discussed at the hearing, the critical question on which Ms. Nachison appears to require 12 discovery from Citibank is whether and to what extent AA relies on information or analysis 13 provided by Citibank in ascertaining the existence of circumstances justifying termination of an 14 AAdvantage account and/or elimination of accrued miles. To the Court’s surprise, neither counsel 15 for Citibank nor counsel for AA could provide a satisfactory answer to this question, even though 16 the parties have been litigating for a year. At least some of Ms. Nachison’s deposition subpoena 17 topics seem to be directed to answering this question—namely, topics 2, 4 and 5. 18 To the extent Citibank argues that topics 2, 4 and 5 encompass wholly irrelevant subject 19 matter, the Court disagrees. However, the Court agrees with Citibank that topic 4—to the extent it 20 seeks testimony about all “marketing strategies, promotional campaigns, and communications 21 with American Airlines related to the AAdvantage credit card”—is overbroad and does not 22 describe relevant subject matter with reasonable particularity. Likewise, the Court also agrees 23 with Citibank that topic 5—to the extent it seeks testimony about all “procedures,” 24 “investigations,” “audits,” “reviews” and “communications with American Airlines” related to 25 “fraud” or “exploitive practices” in connection with “AAdvantage account closures”—is 26 overbroad and does not describe relevant subject matter with reasonable particularity. That leaves 27 1 topic 2. 2 The Court addresses below Citibank’s separate argument that Ms. Nachison should seek 3 discovery regarding most or all of these topics from defendant AA rather than Citibank. 4 B. Information in Defendant’s Possession 5 Citibank argues that the information Ms. Nachison seeks is “likely available from AA,” 6 and Citibank should not bear the burden of providing discovery Ms. Nachison could obtain from a 7 party to the litigation. Dkt. No. 61 at ECF 14-15. Ms. Nachison does not disagree that much of 8 the discovery she seeks from Citibank should be available from defendant AA, but she argues that 9 AA “has been slow to produce documents,” has not provided any deposition testimony, and may 10 not have the information Ms. Nachison seeks. Dkt. No. 64 at ECF 8-9. 11 Ms. Nachison’s failure to diligently seek or obtain discovery from defendant AA does not 12 justify her efforts to obtain that same discovery instead from non-party Citibank. See Nidec Corp. 13 v. Victor Co. of Japan, 249 F.R.D. 575, 577 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (“There is simply no reason to 14 burden nonparties when the documents sought are in possession of the party defendant.”). Ms. 15 Nachison does not describe the specific discovery requests she has served on AA or state when she 16 served these requests. However, a review of the docket in this action reflects that Ms. Nachison 17 has not brought any dispute about AA’s failure to comply with its discovery obligations to the 18 Court’s attention for resolution. Absent a showing that AA does not have responsive information, 19 Citibank is entitled an order quashing the subpoena as to information likely to be in AA’s 20 possession. 21 As the Court finds that only the matters described in topics 2, 4 and 5 are relevant, the 22 Court considers to what extent Ms. Nachison should be required to seek testimony regarding these 23 topics from AA, or at least from AA in the first instance. 24 Topic 2 asks for testimony regarding “[t]he bonus mile accrual process, fraud detection 25 systems, account management policies, and procedures for account terminations or suspensions 26 related to the Citibank-branded credit card partnerships with American Airlines.” It is not clear 27 from the briefing on the motion to quash which of these matters are within Citibank’s control or as 1 only to Citibank’s own processes, systems, policies, and conduct related to the Citi-AAdvantage 2 credit card program. Thus, to the extent Citibank plays a role in an AAdvantage member’s accrual 3 of AA “bonus miles” associated with opening and using a Citi-AAdvantage credit card, the 4 detection of “fraud” associated with such cards, or AAdvantage account “terminations or 5 suspensions” related to such cards, Citibank should be prepared to identify a corporate 6 representative who can testify regarding Citibank’s role in these matters, but not AA’s role. 7 As explained above, the Court finds that topics 4 and 5 are overbroad and do not describe 8 the matters for deposition with reasonable particularity. To the extent these topics seek 9 information about AA’s own policies, practices, procedures, investigations, audits, reviews, and 10 communications relating to “fraud” or “exploitative practices” involving Citi-AAdvantage credit 11 cards, the Court also finds there is no justification for requiring Citibank to prepare a corporate 12 representative to testify about these matters. 13 C. Document Production in Lieu of Deposition Testimony 14 Citibank argues that Ms. Nachison’s document subpoena seeks documents that overlap 15 with many of the topics in the deposition subpoena, and it argues that a deposition is likely to be 16 “duplicative” of its document production. Dkt. No. 61 at ECF 12-13. Ms. Nachison 17 acknowledges that she may determine that deposition testimony from Citibank is not necessary or 18 that more limited testimony is sufficient, but she points out that at the time of briefing Citibank 19 had produced no responsive documents. Dkt. No. 64 at ECF 6. Indeed, at the hearing on this 20 motion, counsel for Citibank advised that while Citibank had produced some responsive 21 documents, others remained outstanding, and counsel could not provide a date certain for 22 completing the production. Dkt. No. 69. 23 The Court denies Citibank’s motion to quash on this ground, as it has not shown that its 24 document production is (or will be) sufficient to address any relevant deposition topic. 25 D. Sensitive or Protected Information 26 Finally, Citibank argues that the deposition subpoena would require it to disclose 27 confidential information about its business affairs. Dkt. No. 61 at ECF 15. In addition, Citibank 1 to testify about privileged communications or work product. Id. at ECF 15-16. Ms. Nachison 2 || disavows any intention to seek testimony about privileged communications or work product. Dkt. 3 || No. 64 at ECF 10 n.3. As for confidential information, Ms. Nachison argues that the protective 4 || order affords Citibank adequate protections. Id. at ECF 9-10. 5 The Court denies Citibank’s motion to quash on this ground. The Court agrees that 6 || Citibank may rely on the protective order to protect any confidential information properly within 7 the scope of a relevant deposition topic. Objections regarding deposition questions that would 8 elicit protected privilege or work product material are best made on the record during the 9 deposition, and if necessary, Citibank may terminate the deposition to seek a protective order. 10 See, e.g., Lee v. City of San Jose, No. 23-cv-00778-PCP (VKD), 2024 WL 3748360, at *2 (N.D. 11 Cal. Aug. 9, 2024) (discussing procedure). 12 || Iv. CONCLUSION 5 13 For the reasons explained above, the Court grants Citibank’s motion to quash Ms. 14 || Nachison’s deposition subpoena, with the exception of topic 2, which the Court has construed as 3 15 described above, and subject to the condition that Ms. Nachison identify the relevant time period. 16 || Citibank must identify a corporate representative who is prepared to testify regarding this topic (as 3 17 construed by the Court) no later than March 4, 2025, the close of fact discovery, unless Citibank 18 || and Ms. Nachison agree otherwise and Ms. Nachison obtains the presiding judge’s approval for 19 the deposition to proceed after the close of fact discovery. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 Dated: January 30, 2025 22 23 Vrain ®, LeDarche A Virginia K. DeMarchi United States Magistrate Judge 25 26 27 28