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3 NOT FOR PUBLICATION 4 5 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT 6 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 8 9 In re ) Misc. Case No. 24-00203 ) 10 WINDSOR TERRACE HEALTHCARE, )

LLC, )

11 ) ) 12 ) BRANDY RUSSELL, Successor-in- ) Adv. Proc. No. 24-2188 13 Interest to Decedent Deborah Washington, ) and BRANDY RUSSELL, an individual, ) 14 ) Plaintiffs, ) 15 ) v. ) 16 )

WINDSOR EL CAMINO CARE )

17 CENTER, LLC, et al., ) ) 18 Defendants. ) ___________________________________) 19 This Memorandum Decision is not appropriate for publication. 20 It may be cited for persuasive value on the matters addressed. 21

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND DECISION

22 REMAND TO STATE COURT 23 On September 26, 2024, a Notice of Removal of State Court Action Russell vs. Windsor El 24 Camino Care Center, LLC, et al., California Superior Court for the County of Sacramento Case No. 25 34-2022-00329913, (the “State Court Action”) was filed by Windsor El Camino Care Center, LLC, 26 dba Windsor El Camino Care Center (“Debtor-Defendant”). Dckt. 1. Plaintiffs Brandy Russell, as 27 successor in interest to decedent Deborah Washington, and Brandy Russell, individually 28 (collectively “Plaintiffs”) have filed a Motion requesting this Court enter an order remanding the 1 State Court Action back to the California Superior Court for the County of Sacramento.1 Motion to 2 Remand; Dckt. 11. 3 The Debtor-Defendant has filed an Opposition to the Motion to Remand. Opposition; 4 Dckt. 16. 5 Plaintiffs Not Consenting to a Bankruptcy Judge Entering Orders (other than for the Motion to Remand) 6 or Judgment for the Removed State Court Action 7 On October 10, 2024, Plaintiffs filed their Statement Pursuant to Federal Bankruptcy Rule 8 9027(e)(3) and Judicial Code Section 157(e), in which they state (reformatted by this Court into 9 separate subparagraphs for ease of reading): 10 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9027(e)(3) and Judicial Code section 157(e), the non-removing plaintiff: 11 (i) disputes that any claim or cause of action herein should proceed or be 12 tried by or before any tribunal other than the Superior Court; 13 (ii) disputes that any claim or cause of action herein is core; 14 (iii) respectfully declines to consent to entry of orders or judgment by the bankruptcy judge; 15 (iv) demands trial by jury; 16 (v) respectfully declines to consent to the bankruptcy judge conducting a jury 17 trial; and 18 (vi) reserves all rights, claims, and defenses concerning all of the foregoing. 19 Nothing herein or in any subsequent filing shall constitute or be deemed or construed as a waiver of any rights (or as any form of consent that could adversely affect such 20 rights) under the Constitution, the Bankruptcy Code, the Bankruptcy Rules, and/or any applicable law, including under Article III of the Constitution with respect to the 21 exercise of the judicial power of the United States, with respect to any of the foregoing. 22 23 Statement; p. 1:23 - 2:6; Dckt. 9. 24 /// 25 26 1 Though the State Court Action is not a core matter proceeding, by filing the Motion to Remand, Debtor-Defendant filing its opposition, and the Parties arguing the matter and submitting it to the 27 Bankruptcy Judge for determination, these Parties consented, for purposes of this Motion only, to the Bankruptcy Judge entering the order on the Motion to Remand. Wellness Int'l Network, Ltd. v. Sharif, 28 575 U.S. 665 (2015). 1 In the plain language of Plaintiffs, they respectfully do not consent to an Article I Bankruptcy 2 Judge entering any order (other than for this Motion to Remand) or judgment for the Removed State 3 Court Action. 4 Review of Motion to Remand 5 The State Court Action involves Plaintiffs’ claims against Debtor-Defendant Windsor 6 Sacramento Estates, LLC, which Debtor-Defendant removed to this Court on September 26, 2024. 7 Plaintiffs move this Court to remand the State Court Action on the following grounds: 8 1. The court should remand based upon 28 U.S.C. § 1447 and 1452 on the basis that: (i) on the facts and in the posture presented here, this Court “lacks 9 subject matter jurisdiction,” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), and (ii) additionally or in the alternative, remand of the [State Court Action] is appropriate on “any 10 equitable ground,” id. § 1452(b). 11 Motion, 2:1-5; Dckt. 11. 12 2. The exclusively state law causes of action that arise under and are governed by California law, which can and should be applied by California courts in 13 a case brought by California plaintiffs against a California facility; 14 Id.; 2:9-11. 15 and 16 3. The absence of any federal interest or nexus – including to the out-of-District bankruptcy case that the Debtors themselves say is now post-confirmation 17 and post-consummation. 18 Id.; 2:11-14. 19 Plaintiffs’ bankruptcy counsel, Robert Pfister, submits his Declaration in support. Dckt. 15. 20 Mr. Pfister testifies as to some time lines surrounding the Debtor-Defendant’s Bankruptcy Case; 21 Central District of California, Case No. 1:23-bk-11200-VK; including other details of the 22 Bankruptcy Case prosecution and confirmation of the Chapter 11 Plan in that Bankruptcy Case. Id.; 23 ¶¶ 2-9. 24 Mr. Pfister identifies language in the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan that states Plaintiffs’ claim 25 is not liquidated, and the Plan provides the claim is to be liquidated by jury trial in either a United 26 States District Court or a California Superior Court if the District Court elects to abstain. Id. at ¶ 5. 27 Mr. Pfister testifies as to other personal injury claims actions ongoing against Debtor-Defendant and 28 related affiliates, noting that Debtor-Defendant has removed some, but not all, of the other personal 1 injury claims actions. Mr. Pfister testifies that randomness in removal of such actions shows there 2 is no particular nexus between the post-confirmation liquidation of these matters and the prosecution 3 of the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan. Id. at ¶¶ 11, 12. 4 Plaintiffs’ State Court Action counsel, Justin Ward, also submits his Declaration in support. 5 Decl.; Dckt. 14. Mr. Ward testifies as to the conditions Plaintiffs predecessor in interest suffered 6 during her time under Debtor-Defendant’s care which are the grounds stated in the State Court 7 Action. Id. at ¶ 3. Mr. Ward testifies as to the nature of the issues, specifically that the issues 8 involve state law specific causes of action. Id. at ¶ 4. 9 Debtor-Defendant’s Opposition 10 Debtor-Defendant filed an Opposition on November 21, 2024. Debtor-Defendant opposes 11 remand on the following grounds: 12 1. The [State Court Action] has a close nexus to the related bankruptcy case in the Central District, Case No. 1:23-bk-11200-VK, in that resolution of the 13 state court action will impact the implementation and administration of the Debtor’s Plan of Reorganization. Further, there is supplemental jurisdiction 14 pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1367(a). 15 Opp’n 2:4-10, Dckt. 16. 16 2. The Cedar Funding factors weigh against remand. The fact that the Debtor’s Plan of Reorganization has been confirmed and distributions have begun 17 makes remand a much less efficient administration of the estate. 18 Id. at 3:11-14. 19 3. Resolution of the state court claims in tandem with the completion of the Debtor’s Plan of Reorganization is the contemplated outcome of the cases 20 being jointly administered through In re Windsor. For this Court to deny the Plaintiff’s motion for remand allows for the most efficient resolution of all 21 the claims tied into the joint bankruptcy proceedings. 22 Id. at 3:10-13. 23 4. The only named defendant in the state court action is the debtor. Any judgment against Windsor El Camino Care Center will be submitted to the 24 In re Windsor court, where it will be paid out at the percentage elected by the Plaintiff under the applicable part of the plan of reorganization. If the state 25 court award were to be unexpectedly large, it could strain the financial backstop, leading to potential modifications to the plan or adjustments to how 26 claims are paid. For these reasons, this Court should deny the Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand. 27 Id. at 3:14-19. 28 /// 1 Plaintiffs’ Reply 2 Plaintiffs filed a Reply on November 28, 2024. Plaintiffs state: 3 1. [Debtor-Defendant] has filed Oppositions in related cases after the Orrick ruling, but [Debtor-Defendant] does not mention this ruling, electing instead 4 to argue similarly afresh. Reply 2:13-3:4, Dckt. 17. 5 2. The facts here are indistinguishable from those in Orrick, including the facts that: 6 (i) the [Debtors-Defendant’s] Confirmed Plan does not provide for 7 liquidation of these personal injury claims in bankruptcy court; 8 (ii) the sole remaining task is the liquidation of a state law claim that is much better suited to disposition in the Superior Court than in this 9 Court; and 10 (iii) this Court cannot preside over the jury trial that both sides have demanded but that Plaintiffs refuse to agree can take place here. 11 Id.; 7:20-27. 12 3. Furthermore, as [Debtor-Defendant and the other debtors] in the bankruptcy 13 case have moved for a final decree, Plaintiffs argue their subject matter jurisdiction argument is even stronger now. 14 Id.; 8:6-7. 15 16 APPLICABLE LAW 17 Debtor-Defendant removed the State Court Action as provided in 28 U.S.C. § 1452 and 18 1334(b), and Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9027 to this Bankruptcy Court. These Sections 19 and Rule provide as follows: 20 § 1452. Removal of claims related to bankruptcy cases 21 (a) A party may remove any claim or cause of action in a civil action other than a proceeding before the United States Tax Court or a civil action by a governmental 22 unit to enforce such governmental unit’s police or regulatory power, to the district court for the district where such civil action is pending, if such district court has 23 jurisdiction of such claim or cause of action under section 1334 of this title. 24 (b) The court to which such claim or cause of action is removed may remand such claim or cause of action on any equitable ground. An order entered under this 25 subsection remanding a claim or cause of action, or a decision to not remand, is not reviewable by appeal or otherwise by the court of appeals under section 158(d), 26 1291, or 1292 of this title or by the Supreme Court of the United States under section 1254 of this title. 27 28 28 U.S.C. § 1452 [emphasis added]. 1 § 1334. Bankruptcy cases and proceedings 2 (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the district courts shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction of all cases under title 11. 3 (b) Except as provided in subsection (e)(2), and notwithstanding any Act of Congress 4 that confers exclusive jurisdiction on a court or courts other than the district courts, the district courts shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil 5 proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11. 6 (c) (1) Except with respect to a case under chapter 15 of title 11, nothing in this 7 section prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law, from 8 abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11. 9 (2) Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upon a State 10 law claim or State law cause of action, related to a case under title 11 but not arising under title 11 or arising in a case under title 11, with respect to 11 which an action could not have been commenced in a court of the United States absent jurisdiction under this section, the district court shall abstain 12 from hearing such proceeding if an action is commenced, and can be timely adjudicated, in a State forum of appropriate jurisdiction. 13 (d) Any decision to abstain or not to abstain made under subsection (c) (other than 14 a decision not to abstain in a proceeding described in subsection (c)(2)) is not reviewable by appeal or otherwise by the court of appeals under section 158(d), 15 1291, or 1292 of this title or by the Supreme Court of the United States under section 1254 of this title. Subsection (c) and this subsection shall not be construed to limit 16 the applicability of the stay provided for by section 362 of title 11, United States Code, as such section applies to an action affecting the property of the estate in 17 bankruptcy. . . . . 18 19 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a)-(d) [emphasis added]. 20 In reviewing the proper exercise of federal court jurisdiction in connection with related to 21 matters and the “bankruptcy intrusion” (in a positive way) on the State Court judicial process, the 22 provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 157 are also relevant. 23 § 157. Procedures 24 (a) Each district court may provide that any or all cases under title 11 and any or all proceedings arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11 shall 25 be referred to the bankruptcy judges for the district. 26 (b) 27 (1) Bankruptcy judges may hear and determine all cases under title 11 and all core proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in a case under title 11, 28 referred under subsection (a) of this section, and may enter appropriate orders 1 and judgments, subject to review under section 158 of this title. 2 (2) Core proceedings include, but are not limited to— 3 (A) matters concerning the administration of the estate; 4 (B) allowance or disallowance of claims against the estate or exemptions from property of the estate, and estimation of claims or 5 interests for the purposes of confirming a plan under chapter 11, 12, or 13 of title 11 but not the liquidation or estimation of contingent 6 or unliquidated personal injury tort or wrongful death claims against the estate for purposes of distribution in a case under title 7 11; 8 (C) counterclaims by the estate against persons filing claims against the estate; 9 (D) orders in respect to obtaining credit; 10 (E) orders to turn over property of the estate; 11 (F) proceedings to determine, avoid, or recover preferences; 12 (G) motions to terminate, annul, or modify the automatic stay; 13 (H) proceedings to determine, avoid, or recover fraudulent 14 conveyances; 15 (I) determinations as to the dischargeability of particular debts; 16 (J) objections to discharges; 17 (K) determinations of the validity, extent, or priority of liens; 18 (L) confirmations of plans; 19 (M) orders approving the use or lease of property, including the use of cash collateral; 20 (N) orders approving the sale of property other than property 21 resulting from claims brought by the estate against persons who have not filed claims against the estate; 22 (O) other proceedings affecting the liquidation of the assets of the 23 estate or the adjustment of the debtor-creditor or the equity security holder relationship, except personal injury tort or wrongful death 24 claims; and 25 (P) recognition of foreign proceedings and other matters under chapter 15 of title 11. 26 . . . 27 (5) The district court shall order that personal injury tort and wrongful death claims shall be tried in the district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending, 28 or in the district court in the district in which the claim arose, as determined by the 1 district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending. 2 (c) (1) A bankruptcy judge may hear a proceeding that is not a core 3 proceeding but that is otherwise related to a case under title 11. In such proceeding, the bankruptcy judge shall submit proposed findings of fact 4 and conclusions of law to the district court, and any final order or judgment shall be entered by the district judge after considering the 5 bankruptcy judge’s proposed findings and conclusions and after reviewing de novo those matters to which any party has timely and specifically 6 objected. 7 (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, the district court, with the consent of all the parties to the proceeding, may refer 8 a proceeding related to a case under title 11 to a bankruptcy judge to hear and determine and to enter appropriate orders and judgments, subject to review 9 under section 158 of this title. . . . . 10 11 28 U.S.C. § 157(a)-(c) [emphasis added]. 12 The plain language of 28 U.S.C. § 157(c) expressly states that for non-core matters, while 13 the Bankruptcy Judge may hear the non-core proceeding, only proposed findings and conclusions 14 may be issued by the Bankruptcy Judge, which must then be sent to the District Court Judge for 15 actual determination and ruling. 16 Collier on Bankruptcy discusses this wrongful death and personal injury tort exception from 17 the referral to the bankruptcy court, stating: 18 (5) The district court shall order that personal injury tort and wrongful death claims shall be tried in the district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending, or in the 19 district court in the district in which the claim arose, as determined by the district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending. 20 It is not at all clear what constitutes a “personal injury tort” claim. Some courts 21 (those that adopt what is called the “narrow view”) require a trauma or bodily injury;1 others more broadly look for “any injury which is an invasion of personal 22 rights.”2 A third viewpoint (which one court has called the “hybrid approach”2a finds fault with both of these approaches, and concludes that “in cases where it appears 23 that a claim might be a ‘personal injury tort claim’ under the ‘broader’ view but has earmarks of a financial, business or property tort claim, or a contract claim, the court 24 reserves the right to resolve the ‘personal injury tort claim’ issue by (among other things) a more searching analysis of the complaint.”3 25 1 26 A persuasive decision adopting the narrow view following a thorough review of the legislative history, is In re Gawker Media LLC, 571 B.R. 612 (Bankr. 27 S.D.N.Y. 2017). See also Massey Energy Co. v. West Va. Consumers for Justice, 56 C.B.C.2d 1585, 351 B.R. 348, 351 (E.D. Va. 2006) (claims for 28 defamation and business conspiracy are not PITWD claims, a category that 1 “is limited to a narrow range of claims that involve an actual physical injury”); In re Sheehan Mem’l Hospital, 377 B.R. 63, 68 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 2 2007) (employment discrimination claim); In re Cohen, 107 B.R. 453 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) (claim for statutory violation of state anti-discrimination 3 law); In re Atron Inc., 172 B.R. 541 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 1994) (civil rights complaint alleging damages for mental and emotional distress does not 4 qualify); In re Interco, Inc., 135 B.R. 359 (Bankr. E.D. Mo. 1991) (age discrimination complaint alleging emotional distress does not qualify). 5 2 6 Control Center, L.L.C. v. Lauer, 288 B.R. 269, 286 (M.D. Fla. 2002) (“Defamation is a personal injury tort.”); Unnamed Citizens A thru E v. White 7 (In re White), 410 B.R. 195 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2008) (violation of federal and state housing laws); Leathem v. Volkmar (In re Volkmar), 217 B.R. 561, 566 8 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1998) (“personal injury tort” may include complaint alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress); Thomas v. Adams (In 9 re Gary Brew Enters.), 198 B.R. 616 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 1996) (racial discrimination complaint falls within the term). 10 2a 11 In re Residential Capital, LLC, 536 B.R. 566, 572 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2015), followed by In re Roman Catholic Church for the Archdiocese of New 12 Orleans, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 160497 at *7 (E. D. La., Aug. 25, 2021). 13 3 Parker v. Miller (In re Miller), 589 B.R. 550, 563 (Bankr. S.D. Miss. 2018) 14 (alienation of affection and intentional infliction of emotional distress are PITWD claims); In re Residential Capital, LLC, 536 B.R. 566, 572 (Bankr. 15 S.D.N.Y. 2015) (emotional distress, whether intentional or negligent); Elkes Devel., LLC v. Arnold (In re Arnold), 407 B.R. 849 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 16 2009); Stranz v. Ice Cream Liquidation, Inc. (In re Ice Cream Liquidation, Inc.), 281 B.R. 154, 161 (Bankr. D. Conn. 2002) (also holding that the 17 provisions regarding personal injury tort and wrongful death claims are not constitutionally mandated); accord Adelson v. Smith (In re Smith), 389 B.R. 18 902, 908 (Bankr. D. Nev. 2008) (libel claim is a PITWD claim). The Supreme Court noted this triad of views in the course of its opinion in Stern 19 v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 131 S. Ct. 2594, 180 L. Ed. 2d 475, 65 C.B.C.2d 827 (2011), discussed at ¶¶ 3.02[3][d][i] and 3.03 supra, but did not have to 20 reach the issue. 21 1 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 3.06 (16th Edition) [emphasis added]. 22 Even under the most narrow view (which is not adopted by the trial courts in the Ninth 23 Circuit), one looks to see if the claim is based on a “trauma or physical injury.” 24 As this Court addresses below, the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan provides the process for the 25 liquidation of the debt that Plaintiffs assert in the Superior Court Judicial Proceeding. The 26 Chapter 11 Plan itself (drafted by counsel for the Debtor-Defendant in the Chapter 11 Case), it 27 expressly references certain claims asserted in the State Court Action as a “Personal Injury Claim.” 28 /// 1 The following is the “plain language” stated by the Debtor-Defendant in the Chapter 11 Plan 2 relating to Plaintiffs’ claim that constitutes the State Court Action: 3 49. “Litigation Claim” means an Employment Claim or Personal Injury Claim. 4 Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan, p. 7:22; Exhibit B, Dckt. 15 (emphasis added) 5 64. “Personal Injury Claim” means a General Unsecured Claim that has been scheduled by the Debtors or asserted by a claimant in a timely filed proof of claim 6 for damages for personal injury, wrongful death or related claims. 7 Id.; p. 8:21-23 (emphasis added). 8 Class 4 – General Unsecured Claims. Each holder of an Allowed Class 4 General Unsecured Claim will have the option (which option will be included in their Plan 9 ballot) of selecting between the following two treatments under this Plan, which (except as set forth immediately below) will be in full settlement and satisfaction of 10 their Allowed General Unsecured Claim against the Debtors. Each Claimant with a Personal Injury Claim who does not accept the Debtors’ proposed Claim settlement 11 amount and who is otherwise not able to reach agreement with the Debtors on a different mutually agreeable Claim settlement amount prior to the date of Plan 12 confirmation (each, a “Non-Settling Personal Injury Claimant”) shall be permitted to proceed with the liquidation of their disputed Personal Injury 13 Claim against the Debtors and any third parties (including the Guarantors) in the manner set forth in Section IV(D)(7) below. 14 Id.; p. 12:17-27 (emphasis added). 15 The Personal Injury Claim of any claimant who does not accept the Debtors’ 16 proposed Claim settlement amount and who does not reach agreement with the Debtors through mediation or otherwise on a different mutually agreeable Claim 17 settlement amount will be deemed a Disputed Claim, and the holder of any such Claim will not be entitled to receive any distribution from the Reorganized 18 Debtors unless and until such Claim becomes a liquidated Allowed Claim pursuant to a Final Order from the District Court or, to the extent the District 19 Court elects to abstain, the applicable state court, at which time such Claim will be treated in the same manner as all other Allowed General Unsecured Claims. 20 For the avoidance of doubt, all rights of holders of Personal Injury Claims and the Reorganized Debtors with respect to any request for abstention by the District Court 21 are expressly preserved and reserved. 22 Id.; p. 32:1-11. 23 Thus, it appears that the plain language of the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan, drafted for and 24 prosecuted by the Debtor-Defendant, defines Plaintiffs’ claim as one for “Personal Injury.” 25 Statutory Remand Provisions 26 As grounds for remand, Plaintiffs cites to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1447(c) and 1452(b), which state: 27 (c) A motion to remand the case on the basis of any defect other than lack of subject matter jurisdiction must be made within 30 days after the filing of the notice of 28 removal under section 1446(a). If at any time before final judgment it appears that 1 the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded. An order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, 2 including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal. A certified copy of the order of remand shall be mailed by the clerk to the clerk of the State court. The State 3 court may thereupon proceed with such case. 4 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). 5 (b) The court to which such claim or cause of action is removed may remand such claim or cause of action on any equitable ground. An order entered under 6 this subsection remanding a claim or cause of action, or a decision to not remand, is not reviewable by appeal or otherwise by the court of appeals under section 158(d), 7 1291, or 1292 of this title or by the Supreme Court of the United States under section 1254 of this title. 8 9 28 U.S.C. 1452(b) [emphasis added]. 10 In the Opposition, Debtor-Defendant also cites to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) as an additional basis 11 for Federal Court jurisdiction for the State Court Action. 12 § 1367. Supplemental jurisdiction 13 (a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) or as expressly provided otherwise by Federal statute, in any civil action of which the district courts have 14 original jurisdiction, the district courts shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action within such 15 original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution. Such supplemental jurisdiction shall 16 include claims that involve the joinder or intervention of additional parties. 17 (b) In any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction founded solely on section 1332 of this title [Diversity], the district courts shall not have 18 supplemental jurisdiction under subsection (a) over claims by plaintiffs against persons made parties under Rule 14, 19, 20, or 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil 19 Procedure, or over claims by persons proposed to be joined as plaintiffs under Rule 19 of such rules, or seeking to intervene as plaintiffs under Rule 24 of such rules, 20 when exercising supplemental jurisdiction over such claims would be inconsistent with the jurisdictional requirements of section 1332. 21 (c) The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a 22 claim under subsection (a) if— 23 (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, 24 (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction, 25 (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original 26 jurisdiction, or 27 (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction. . . . 28 1 28 U.S.C. § 1367 [emphasis added]. 2 It is argued in the Opposition that this State Court Action is “related to In re Windsor, a case 3 arising in title 11 of the U.S. Code.” Opposition, p. 3:8-10; Dckt. 16. As addressed above, Congress 4 expressly provides in 28 U.S.C. § 1334 for such “related to” jurisdiction in connection with 5 jurisdiction being asserted pursuant to all proceedings under Title 11 or arising in or related to cases 6 under Title 11. 7 A decision to remand under 28 U.S.C. 1452(b) is “committed to the sound discretion of the 8 bankruptcy judge” and is only overturned on an abuse of discretion standard. In re McCarthy, 230 9 B.R. 414, 416 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1999). In McCarthy, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth 10 Circuit found that remand was proper on an equitable basis, the bankruptcy court having made 11 findings of fact and conclusions of law to support remand. Such findings and conclusions included 12 the fact that the counts in the complaint were grounded upon state law issues that do not commonly 13 arise in bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel found that this factor was sufficient for a 14 Bankruptcy Judge’s discretion in choosing to remand on the equities. Id. at 418. 15 In this Adversary Proceeding, the crux of Debtor-Defendant’s argument is that removal is 16 proper as the State Court Action claims share a close nexus with the related bankruptcy case. 17 Therefore, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), remand should be denied. 18 As this Court addresses below in considering the Cedar Funding Factors, remand is proper 19 and there is not a “close nexus” to the Debtor-Defendant’s Bankruptcy Case. It is true that the 20 claims of Plaintiffs must be determined so that payment thereon can be made pursuant to the terms 21 of the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan; however, there is no such “close nexus” to the Bankruptcy Case. 22 Moreover, the court disagrees that the adjudication of the claim in State Court, as permitted in the 23 Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan, impairs Debtor-Defendant’s ability to perform the Confirmed 24 Chapter 11 Plan. 25 Plaintiffs Filing a Motion to Remand 26 Rather Than a Motion to Abstain 27 The Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan states that for a Disputed Claim, which is the subject of the 28 State Court Action, that such: 1 Disputed Claim, and the holder of any such Claim will not be entitled to receive any distribution from the Reorganized Debtors unless and until such Claim becomes a 2 liquidated Allowed Claim pursuant to a Final Order from the District Court or, to the extent the District Court elects to abstain, the applicable state court, at which time 3 such Claim will be treated in the same manner as all other Allowed General Unsecured Claims. . . . 4 5 Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan, Section D, Means of Effectuating Plan, ¶ 7, Protocol for Liquidation 6 Claims, Plan p. 32:4-9; Dckt. 17 (emphasis added). 7 The court observes that while the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan uses the term “abstain” with 8 respect to the Federal Court determining not to adjudicate the State Court Action, the Plaintiffs have 9 filed a Motion to “remand” rather than a motion to “abstain.” It may be that Plaintiffs did not read 10 the word abstain as a statutorily significant Bankruptcy Code term, but in its general sense as 11 “choose not to do” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, www.merriam-webster.com.). 12 The Defendant has chosen to litigate this matter under the Motion to Remand, also 13 apparently concluding that the word abstain was being used in its common English language 14 terminology rather than a statutory term. 15 Congress provides in 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c) that the court may abstain from hearing a 16 particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11. The 17 court’s decision to abstain is not reviewable on appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(d). 18 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has addressed the factors to be considered in determining 19 whether the Federal Trial Court should abstain or not in In re Tucson Estates, Inc., 912. F.2d 1162, 20 1165-1167 (1990). These abstention factors match up almost identically compared with the factors 21 a court considers when deciding remand. However, as the Motion was filed in the remand context, 22 the Court actually considers two additional factors. Comparison of the remand and the abstention 23 factors are shown in the following chart: 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 In re Tucson Estate, Inc. In re Cedar Funding, Inc., 419 B.R. 807, Abstention Factors 820–21 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2009) 2 Remand Factors 3 (1) the effect or lack thereof on the efficient (1) the effect or lack thereof on the efficient administration of the estate if a Court administration of the estate if the Court 4 recommends abstention, recommends [remand or] abstention; 5 (2) the extent to which state law issues (2) extent to which state law issues predominate over bankruptcy issues, predominate over bankruptcy issues; 6 (3) the difficulty or unsettled nature of the (3) difficult or unsettled nature of applicable 7 applicable law, law; (4) the presence of a related proceeding (4) presence of related proceeding 8 commenced in state court or other commenced in state court or other nonbankruptcy court, nonbankruptcy proceeding; 9 (5) the jurisdictional basis, if any, other than (5) jurisdictional basis, if any, other than § 10 28 U.S.C. § 1334, 1334; 11 (6) the degree of relatedness or remoteness of (6) degree of relatedness or remoteness of the proceeding to the main bankruptcy case, proceeding to main bankruptcy case; 12 (7) the substance rather than form of an (7) the substance rather than the form of an 13 asserted 'core' proceeding, asserted core proceeding; (8) the feasibility of severing state law claims (8) the feasibility of severing state law claims 14 from core bankruptcy matters to allow from core bankruptcy matters to allow judgments to be entered in state court with judgments to be entered in state court with 15 enforcement left to the bankruptcy court, enforcement left to the bankruptcy court; 16 (9) the burden of the bankruptcy court's (9) the burden on the bankruptcy court's docket, docket; 17 (10) the likelihood that the commencement of (10) the likelihood that the commencement of 18 the proceeding in bankruptcy court involves the proceeding in bankruptcy court involves forum shopping by one of the parties, forum shopping by one of the parties; 19 (11) the existence of a right to a jury trial, and (11) the existence of a right to a jury trial; 20 (12) the presence in the proceeding of (12) the presence in the proceeding of nondebtor parties. nondebtor parties; 21 (13) comity; and 22 (14) the possibility of prejudice to other 23 parties in the action. 24 As shown by the review of the remand and the abstention factors, the only real difference 25 between the Court’s decision to remand or a court’s decision to abstain is that the decision to abstain 26 is not reviewable on appeal. In considering this Motion to Remand, the Court necessarily applied 27 all of the abstention factors, and included the two additional remand factors of “comity” and “the 28 possibility of prejudice to other parties to the action.” These two additional factors had no impact 1 on the outcome - that this State Court Action should be tried and judgment entered in the State 2 Court. Thus, though presented and opposed as a Motion to Remand, the court effectively considered 3 all of the factors as it would have if a motion to abstain had been filed. 4 DISCUSSION 5 Although the State Court Action is complex given the gravity of the claims asserted, issues 6 presented, and allegations made therein, this Court has been presented with a straightforward set of 7 facts predicating a somewhat straightforward resolution of the Motion to Remand. Plaintiffs seek 8 remand based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, or based on any equitable ground based on 9 Ninth Circuit Law. Debtor-Defendant argues removal is proper and this Court should deny remand, 10 and exercise its original or supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claim, to consolidate the claims 11 and liquidate the Plaintiffs’ claims in this forum. 12 Federal Court Jurisdiction 13 As this Court addresses in this Ruling and in detail at the hearing, Congress expressly 14 provides for Federal Court jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. § 157 where not only core matter proceedings, 15 but also certain non-core proceedings, can be ruled on by a Bankruptcy Judge with the consent of 16 the parties. However, Congress expressly provides in 11 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B) that allowance or 17 disallowance of claims based on a personal injury tort or wrongful death claims are not core matter 18 proceedings, and even going further, Congress expressly requires that the District Court shall order 19 that personal injury or and wrongful death claims be tried in the District Court (28 U.S.C. 20 § 157(b)(5)). Such personal injury claims must be tried in the District Court, not the Bankruptcy 21 Court, by the plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5).2 22 The argument by Debtor-Defendant is that while the District Court will ultimately conduct 23 24 2 The Supreme Court in Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 479-480 (2011), has held that the 25 provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5) requiring that the personal injury tort and wrongful death claims shall be tried in the District Court are not statutory jurisdictional limitation provisions, but did conclude that 26 absent the consent of the parties adjudication of such claims violated the Constitutional jurisdiction provisions providing the right to adjudication of such rights in an Article III Court. 27 In this Adversary Proceeding, the Plaintiffs have not consented to the Article I Bankruptcy Judge 28 adjudicating these personal injury or wrongful death claims. 1 the “trial,” it is proper for the Bankruptcy Judge to do all of the pretrial work, make the pretrial 2 rulings, and then “assign” (in this Court’s words) the litigation to a District Court Judge to conduct 3 the trial. This is contra to the District Court fulfilling its statutory duties to order that the personal 4 injury and wrongful death claims be tried, from start to finish, in the District Court before an Article 5 III Judge (who may then choose to assign specific pretrial matters to an Article I Judge). 6 The Debtor-Defendant’s proposition that the Bankruptcy Judge will address all pre-trial 7 matters and then the State Court Action will be assigned to a District Court Judge to conduct the trial 8 (living with all that was done pre-trial by the Bankruptcy Judge) runs contrary to the provisions of 9 28 U.S.C. § 157(c). Those provisions only allow a Bankruptcy Judge to make proposed findings 10 and conclusions of law, from which the District Court Judge must then conduct the proceedings to 11 issue the actual orders. 28 U.S.C. § 157(c) states: 12 (c) 13 (1) A bankruptcy judge may hear a proceeding that is not a core proceeding but that is otherwise related to a case under title 11. In such proceeding, the 14 bankruptcy judge shall submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court, and any final order or judgment shall be entered by 15 the district judge after considering the bankruptcy judge’s proposed findings and conclusions and after reviewing de novo those matters to which any party 16 has timely and specifically objected. 17 (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, the district court, with the consent of all the parties to the proceeding, may refer 18 a proceeding related to a case under title 11 to a bankruptcy judge to hear and determine and to enter appropriate orders and judgments, subject to review 19 under section 158 of this title. 20 Clearly a party is not permitted to assign matters to the Bankruptcy Judge. For non-core 21 matters it is the District Court Judge who has statutorily been assigned (if the matter is to be tried 22 in Federal Court) the personal injury action to determine what, if anything, should be send over to 23 the Article I Bankruptcy Judge to conduct initial hearings and issue proposed findings and 24 conclusions (as would be assigned to a Magistrate Judge).3 25 /// 26 27 3 Congress provides in 28 U.S.C. § 636 that it is the District Court Judge who determines what matters may be assigned to or for which the Magistrate Judge may conduct the proceedings. 28 Additionally, that parties may consent to a Magistrate Judge to conduct jury or nonjury civil matters. 1 Bankruptcy Court’s Jurisdiction For Related To Matters 2 3 In the Motion, Plaintiffs’ grounds stated with particularity (see Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(b), Fed. R. 4 Bankr. P. 7007, 9013) assert that there is an absence of any federal interest or nexus because the 5 bankruptcy cases are not in post-confirmation and post-consummation status. The Motion does not 6 state any other grounds for this assertion. In the ten page points and authorities additional grounds 7 are stated, asserting that by Debtor-Defendant’s: 8 [o]wn telling, the Bankruptcy Case has “already been implemented, consummated, executed, and administered: millions of dollars in distributions have been made to 9 thousands of creditors, management and control over all property that was previously property of the estate has been revested and returned to the equity holders, and all 10 relevant contracts and leases not previously rejected have been assumed. 11 Points and Authorities, p. 3:14-18; Dckt. 13. It is further asserted that confirmation of the 12 Chapter 11 Plan necessarily provides for the payment of the claims based upon the amount of such 13 claim, and is not a “pot plan” in which creditors are paid a percentage of the money put into the 14 “pot” for that class of claims. With a “pot plan,” the greater the amount of future determined 15 creditors’ claims, when that amount is greater than estimated at the time of confirmation, 16 necessarily reduces the actual percentage paid to all creditors from the original estimated percentage. 17 A Chapter 11 Plan being confirmed and “substantially consummated” does not remove or 18 terminate federal court jurisdiction with respect to the Bankruptcy Cases and the Confirmed 19 Chapter 11 Plan. As provided in 11 U.S.C. § 1141 the effect of confirmation, and the confirmation 20 order by which the court orders the plan confirmed, binds all parties to the terms of the plan. 21 11 U.S.C. § 1441(a). The confirmation then vests the property of the bankruptcy estate back to the 22 debtor, subject to the terms of the plan confirmed by the court. 11 U.S.C. § 1141(b). 23 Congress expressly provides by statute that after confirmation, the debtor must carry out the 24 plan and must comply with any orders of the court. 11 U.S.C. § 1442(a). Further, that the court may 25 direct the debtor or any other person to perform any act necessary for the consummation of a 26 confirmed plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1142(b). 27 This Court concludes that Federal Court Jurisdiction exists for the trial of the State Court 28 Action. It is an Action related to the Bankruptcy Case - the determination of Plaintiffs’ Claim to be 1 paid through the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan. 2 However, while such Federal Court Jurisdiction exists, as set forth below, this Court 3 determines that remand to the State Court is proper. 4 Remand to the State Court 5 This Court finds that remand is proper based on: (1) the equities and (2) the substance of the 6 matters to be litigated. Additionally, that seeking to have this matter removed to this Bankruptcy 7 Court, and not having sought to have this matter transferred (by withdrawal of the reference) to the 8 District Court is in violation of the jurisdictional provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5) and 28 U.S.C. 9 § 1334. 10 It is not disputed that the counts in the First Amended Complaint in the State Court Action 11 (“State Court Complaint,” Ex. A; Dckt. 14 ) deal in issues of State Law not regularly seen in 12 bankruptcy court, similar to the facts in McCarthy. The State Court Complaint involves allegations 13 of elder abuse, fraud based upon the elder abuse, and infliction of emotional distress based upon the 14 elder abuse. See Ex. A, State Court Complaint, Dckt. 14. 15 With respect to the factors set out in In re Cedar Funding, Inc., 419 B.R. 807, 820–21 16 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2009), those factors are, and this Court’s analysis thereof in connection with this 17 Adversary Proceeding is: 18 (1) The effect or lack thereof on the efficient administration of the estate if the Court 19 recommends remand or abstention; 20 The Debtor-Defendant presents the following argument/analysis in support of a contention 21 that not litigating the State Court Complaint in the Bankruptcy Court would impede the efficient 22 administration of the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan: 23 Resolution of the state court claims in tandem with the completion of the Debtor’s Plan of Reorganization is the contemplated outcome of the cases being jointly 24 administered through In re Windsor. For this Court to deny the Plaintiff’s motion for remand allows for the most efficient resolution of all the claims tied into the joint 25 bankruptcy proceedings. 26 The only named defendant in the state court action is the debtor. Any judgment against Windsor El Camino Care Center will be submitted to the In re 27 Windsor court, where it will be paid out at the percentage elected by the Plaintiff under the applicable part of the plan of reorganization. If the state court award 28 were to be unexpectedly large, it could strain the financial backstop, leading to 1 potential modifications to the plan or adjustments to how claims are paid. 2 Opposition, p. 3:10-19; Dckt. 16 (emphasis added). 3 The Court’s conclusion is the opposite of what the Debtor-Defendant argues with respect to 4 this factor. As an initial matter, whether in State Court or Federal Court, the parties are entitled to 5 a jury trial, which both the Debtor-Defendant (Debtor-Defendant’s Jury Demand; Dckt. 8) and the 6 Plaintiffs (Plaintiffs’ State Court Complaint, Ex. A; Dckt. 14; and Plaintiffs; Statement Pursuant to 7 Fed. Bankr. Rule 9027(e)(3) and 28 U.S.C. § 157(e), item (iv) p. 1; Dckt. 9) have demanded for this 8 Adversary Proceeding. The Debtor-Defendant offers no indication how the Federal Court could 9 somehow more quickly and efficiently conduct the litigation on the State Court Complaint. This is 10 especially true in the Eastern District of California where the District Court Judges have some of the 11 highest case loads in the Nation. 12 The Debtor-Defendant then makes what this Court concludes to be a fallacious assertion – 13 that somehow a State Court trial would generate an inappropriately large judgment, and thereby 14 cause the performance of the Chapter 11 Plan to be delayed or impaired. This first presumes that 15 a State Court would not be entering a judgment based on the facts and law. 16 Second, this presumes that a Federal Court would consider that in light of the Chapter 11 17 Plan, the amount of the judgment would need to be “adjusted” or “tweaked” to a lower amount so 18 as to enhance Debtor-Defendant’s ability to perform the Chapter 11 Plan based on Debtor- 19 Defendant’s estimates of what it believed to be the amount of Plaintiffs’ claims. This assertion is 20 based on an apparent belief that Federal Courts do not enter judgments based on the fact and the 21 law, but what would be a better result for one party (here the Debtor-Defendant) over the other (here 22 the Plaintiffs). 23 Nothing credible has been presented by Debtor-Defendant that the Federal Court presents 24 a better forum for the adjudication of this claim than the State Court. This factor weights in favor 25 of remand. 26 (2) Extent to which state law issues predominate over bankruptcy issues; 27 Here, the State Court Complaint asserts claims for Abuse/Neglect of a Dependant Adult, 28 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress, Fraud/Misrepresentation, Construction Fraud, and 1 Unfair Business Practices as provided in California Business and Professions Code § 17200. State 2 Court Complaint, Ex. A; Dckt. 14. Reading through the State Court Complaint, the causes of action 3 are based solely on California law, including, but not limited to: 4 (A) California Welfare and Institutions Code §§ 15610.10, 15610.17, 15610.57, 5 15657; 6 (B) Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations §§ 72100 et seq., 72103, 72311, 72543, 72527, 72531, 72637; 7 (C) California Health and Safety Code §§ 1250(c); 8 (D) California Civil Code § 3294; 9 (E) California Law Fraud, Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress, Constructive 10 Fraud; and 11 (F) California Business & Professions Code §§ 71299 et seq. 12 The claims to be adjudicated in the State Court Complaint are all California State Law issues, 13 and no Federal Law issues. Once the judgment is entered on the State Court Complaint, then that 14 judgment is taken back to the Bankruptcy Court for its proper payment under the Confirmed 15 Chapter 11 Plan. 16 While State Law issues, such law and then the evidence presented can equally be tried and 17 judgment entered in either State or Federal Court, with there being no superior “ability” of either 18 court. (Though, it would be more likely that a State Court judge would have handled such matters 19 in the past as opposed to a Federal Judge.) 20 (3) Difficult or unsettled nature of applicable law; 21 Debtor-Defendant asserts that there are no difficult or unsettled nature of the applicable 22 California law. This Court concurs with such assertion, and that the State Court Complaint can be 23 as effectively adjudicated in the State Court as well as in the Federal Court. Opp., p. 2:13-14; 24 Dckt. 16. 25 (4) Presence of related proceeding commenced in state court or other nonbankruptcy 26 proceeding; 27 No such related or nonbankruptcy court proceedings have been identified. 28 /// 1 (5) Jurisdictional basis, if any, other than § 1334; 2 The related to jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334 is the basis for having removed this 3 State Court Complaint to the Bankruptcy Court. Debtor-Defendant further asserts that there is 4 supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Such “supplemental jurisdiction” is not 5 necessary in light of Congress expressly providing for related to jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. § 1334. 6 To the extent that such supplemental jurisdiction exists, the facts, claims, pleadings, and factors 7 weigh heavily for remand of the State Court Action to the State Court (and supplemental jurisdiction 8 does not provide a “work-around” of the provisions in 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157 enacted by 9 Congress). 10 (6) Degree of relatedness or remoteness of proceeding to main bankruptcy case; 11 While the final judgment on the State Court Complaint will be directly tied to payment under 12 the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan, the determination of Plaintiffs’ claims in the State Court, when 13 compared to conducting such litigation in the District Court, does not negatively impact the Debtor- 14 Defendant’s ability to prosecute the Bankruptcy Case and perform the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan. 15 Debtor-Defendant expresses a “concern” that the State Court judgment could be large 16 enough that Debtor-Defendant would have to amend the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan, which would 17 arise because Debtor-Defendant’s projection of the amount owed to Plaintiff was lower than that 18 determinated based on the facts and law after a trial. However, no creditable argument is advanced 19 that the State Court would enter a judgment contrary to the law and facts. Also, as noted above, also 20 no credible basis has been shown for an assertion that a Federal Court would be preferred because 21 Debtor-Defendant believes that a Federal Court would be likely to give the Debtor-Defendant a 22 “favorable” lower dollar amount judgment than a State Court. This factor weighs in favor of 23 remand. 24 (7) The substance rather than the form of an asserted core proceeding; 25 This is not asserted to be a core proceeding, but rather there is an asserted related-to matter 26 that Debtor-Defendant has removed from the State Court and have tried in Federal Court. This factor 27 weights in favor of remand. 28 /// 1 (8) The feasibility of severing state law claims from core bankruptcy matters to allow judgments to be entered in state court with enforcement left to the bankruptcy court; 2 3 There are no core matter proceedings, no Federal Law issues, and only State Law claims to 4 be adjudicated. This factor weighs in favor of remand. 5 (9) The burden on the bankruptcy court's docket; 6 While a Bankruptcy Judge could try the State Court Complaint without creating a significant 7 burden, the plain language of the Federal Statutes state that the District Court (not the Bankruptcy 8 Court) shall try personal injury tort and wrongful death claims. Debtor-Defendant argues that it is 9 proper to remove the State Court Action to the Bankruptcy Court, the Debtor-Defendant “assigning” 10 to a Bankruptcy Judge all of the pre-trial matters. No credible authority is cited and such an 11 argument runs contrary to the structure of the District Court and Federal Law. It is the District Court 12 Judge who is assigned such personal injury and who determines whether matters, if any, should be 13 assigned to a Magistrate Judge, or possibly a Bankruptcy Judge. It is not the parties who assign the 14 matter to a Magistrate Judge or Bankruptcy Judge, and then later have it assigned to a District Court 15 Judge to “live with” whatever a Magistrate or Bankruptcy Judge did on pretrial matters. 16 (10) The likelihood that the commencement of the proceeding in bankruptcy court 17 involves forum shopping by one of the parties; 18 This Court concludes that this removal is part of a forum shopping effort by the Debtor- 19 Defendant. As noted above, in starting its Argument why the Motion to Remand should be denied, 20 the Debtor-Defendant postulates (repeating the plain language stated in the Opposition): 21 Resolution of the state court claims in tandem with the completion of 22 the Debtor’s Plan of Reorganization is the contemplated outcome of the cases being jointly administered through In re Windsor. For this 23 Court to deny the Plaintiff’s motion for remand allows for the most efficient resolution of all the claims tied into the joint bankruptcy 24 proceedings. 25 The only named defendant in the state court action is the debtor. Any judgment against Windsor El Camino Care Center will 26 be submitted to the In re Windsor court, where it will be paid out at the percentage elected by the Plaintiff under the applicable part of the 27 plan of reorganization. If the state court award were to be unexpectedly large, it could strain the financial backstop, leading 28 to potential modifications to the plan or adjustments to how 1 claims are paid. For these reasons, this Court should deny the Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand. 2 3 Opposition, p. 3:10-19; Dckt. 16 (emphasis added). 4 The Debtor-Defendant does not put forth any credible argument or evidence that bringing 5 these State Law Claims to Federal Court would put them in the “most efficient” court for 6 resolution of the State Law Claims. This Court reads the argument advanced to be that Debtor- 7 Defendant seeks to litigate the State Court Complaint in Federal Court because the Federal Court 8 Judge and jury are more likely to give Debtor-Defendant a judgment that Debtor-Defendant requests 9 and likes, as oppose to a State Court Judge and jury. This assumption appears to presume that 10 the Federal Court judges are “biased” in favor of a debtor in litigating related to matters so 11 as not to “upset” a debtor’s bankruptcy plan by entering a judgment for a creditor in an amount 12 that is correct based on the facts and the law. 13 This Court has addressed above that the Debtor-Defendant has not presented this Court with 14 any basis for concluding that the State Court would issue a judgment inconsistent with the law and 15 facts, or that a District Court trial would result in a “more just” determination of the State Law 16 Claims and judgement entered thereon. This factor weighs in favor of remand. 17 (11) The existence of a right to a jury trial; 18 Plaintiffs have demanded, and have a right to, whether in State Court or Federal Court, a jury 19 trial. Debtor-Defendant, at this point in time, appears to acknowledge this, but asserts the right to 20 have the State Court Complaint assigned to a Bankruptcy judge to determine all pre-trial matters 21 before it is assigned to a District Court Judge to conduct a trial. As this Court has stated, it is the 22 District Court Judge to whom a case is assigned and the District Court Judge who determines 23 (whether provided up the District Court local rules or on an individual basis) what would be 24 assigned to a Magistrate Judge or possibly a Bankruptcy Judge for certain pre-trial matters, not the 25 parties (absent their mutual consent). 26 (12) The presence in the proceeding of nondebtor parties; 27 Here, the Debtor-Defendant is the only named defendant, with the State Court Complaint 28 including the standard State Law “DOES 1 through 50” to add other defendants at a later date. 1 (13) Comity; 2 This Court does not perceive that there is a concern or need for allowing the State Court to 3 adjudicate the State Court Complaint based on comity. 4 and 5 (14) The possibility of prejudice to other parties in the action. 6 On this final point, the possible “prejudice” asserted by the Debtor Defendant, it appears to 7 be an assertion that the “prejudice” could be that a State Court judge may enter a judgment in a 8 larger amount than Debtor-Defendant estimated in confirming the Plan and that the Debtor- 9 Defendant might then have to modify the Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan. While Defendant-Debtor 10 provided detailed discussion of the other Cedar Funding, Inc. factors, there is no significant analysis 11 or discussion of what prejudice other parties might face if Debtor-Defendant litigates the State Court 12 Action in State Court rather than the Federal Court. There are no other parties to the State Court 13 Action. 14 The Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Plan (the modified “contract” between the Debtors and 15 Creditors) has been confirmed and provides how once the asserted Personal Injury Claim of 16 Plaintiffs is liquidated it will be paid. There is no Federal Law, including Bankruptcy Law, to be 17 adjudicated in liquidating the Claim, “just” California State Law. 18 Based on what the Parties have presented to this Court, the California Superior Court is the 19 better court in which these California State Law rights and issues are determinated. That court has 20 the resources and ability to have the State Court Action diligently prosecuted and a judgment issued 21 determining the Personal Injury Claim of Plaintiffs so as to not delay the performance of the 22 Confirmed Chapter 11 Plan. 23 Additionally, the Plaintiffs have expressly stated that they do not consent to an Article I 24 Bankruptcy Judge adjudicating of the State Court Action. This factor weighs in favor of remand. 25 Therefore, this Court having considered all of the above factors, applicable law, and the 26 proper, efficient administration of justice and use of judicial resources, finds that the facts, law, and 27 equities weigh heavily in favor for remanding this action to the Sacramento Superior Court pursuant 28 to 28 U.S.C. 1452(b). There is little left to do with Bankruptcy Case administration. Such a remand 1 || does not create any additional burden or delay for the parties, and is likely to advance the actual trial 2 || date and entry of a judgment adjudicating the Claims and the Affirmative Defenses asserted in the 3 || State Court Action. 4 The Motion is granted and State Court Action, Russell vs. Windsor El Camino Care Center, 5 || LLC, et al., Case No. 34-2022-00329913, is remanded to the Superior Court for the County of 6 |] Sacramento, effective immediately upon this Court entering its order. 7} Dated: February 20, 2025 By the Court 8 9 Qf] : Ronald H. Sargis, Judge q United! States Bankrrptcy bet t 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 25

1 Instructions to Clerk of Court 2 Service List - Not Part of Order/Judgment 3 The Clerk of Court is instructed to send the Order/Judgment or other court generated document transmitted herewith to the parties below. The Clerk of Court will send the document via the BNC 4 or, if checked ____, via the U.S. mail. 5 Attorney for the Plaintiff(s) Attorney for the Defendant(s) 6 Brandy Russell Windsor El Camino Care Center, LLC 7 Paul Anthony Saso, Esq. Thomas E. Beach, Esq. Pfister & Saso, LLP Rachel K. Mandelberg, Esq. 8 524 Broadway, 11th Flr. Beach Law Group, LLP New York, NY 10012-1555 2150 River Plaza Drive, Ste. 415 9 Sacramento, CA 95833 Robert J. Pfister, Esq. 10 Pfister & Saso, LLP 10250 Constellation Blvd., Ste. 2300 11 Los Angeles, CA 90067 12 Office of the U.S. Trustee Robert T. Matsui United States Courthouse 13 501 I Street, Room 7-500 Sacramento, CA 95814 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28