NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 20 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED TALENT AGENCY, LLC, a No. 23-3168 Delaware limited liability company, D.C. No. 2:21-cv-00369-MCS-E Plaintiff - Appellant,

v. MEMORANDUM*

MARKEL AMERICAN INSURANCE

COMPANY, a Virginia company,

Defendant - Appellee.

UNITED TALENT AGENCY, LLC, No. 23-3359 Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:21-cv-00369-MCS-E v.

MARKEL AMERICAN INSURANCE

COMPANY,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Mark C. Scarsi, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted March 4, 2025 Las Vegas, Nevada

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Before: SCHROEDER, MILLER, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

This insurance coverage dispute arises from an underlying litigation in which

Creative Artists Agency (“CAA”) sued United Talent Agency (“UTA”) for allegedly

stealing its clients and employees. Markel American Insurance Company (“Markel”)

denied UTA coverage of the action based, in part, on California Insurance Code

§ 533, which provides that “[a]n insurer is not liable for a loss caused by the wilful

act of the insured.” After CAA and UTA settled, UTA sued Markel for breach of

contract and bad faith. On remand from this court, the district court entered judgment

in favor of Markel, holding that CAA’s allegations in the underlying action

necessarily involved “wilful” conduct precluding coverage under § 533. UTA

appeals.1

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a district court’s

grant of summary judgment de novo. Lowry v. City of San Diego, 858 F.3d 1248,

1254 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc). We affirm.

UTA claims that Markel is liable for breach of contract and bad faith for

refusing to advance UTA defense costs arising out of the CAA lawsuit. Under the

1 Markel purports to cross-appeal the district court’s judgment to the extent it erred by failing to hold that Markel is entitled to summary judgment on alternative grounds. However, the cross-appeal is unnecessary because an appellee “should not cross-appeal if all it wishes to do is present alternative grounds for affirming the judgment.” Ellis v. Salt River Project Agric. Improvement & Power Dist., 24 F.4th 1262, 1268 (9th Cir. 2022).

2 23-3168 policy, Markel agreed to advance “[c]laim [e]xpenses on a current basis.” The policy

defines claim expenses as the reasonable and necessary fees, costs and expenses

incurred by UTA in “the defense or appeal of . . . any [c]laim for which coverage is

afforded under” the policy. The dispositive issue is whether the underlying litigation

is a “[c]laim for which coverage is afforded.” Under § 533, it is not. Thus, because

§ 533 statutorily excludes coverage of the CAA litigation, Markel owed no duty to

advance defense costs and is entitled to summary judgment.

Section 533 is an “implied exclusionary clause which by statute is to be read

into all insurance policies.” J.C. Penney Cas. Ins. Co. v. M.K., 804 P.2d 689, 694

(Cal. 1991) (quoting U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Am. Emp.’s Ins. Co., 205 Cal. Rptr.

460, 464 (Ct. App. 1984)). An act is “wilful” under § 533 if it is (1) “deliberately

done for the express purpose of causing damage,” (2) “intentionally performed with

knowledge that damage is highly probable or substantially certain to result,” or

(3) “an intentional and wrongful act in which the harm is inherent in the act itself.”

Downey Venture v. LMI Ins. Co., 78 Cal. Rptr. 2d 142, 155 (Ct. App. 1998) (cleaned

up). Allegations in an underlying complaint necessarily involve a wilful act when

there is no “potential for recovery . . . without proof of willful conduct.” B & E

Convalescent Ctr. v. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 9 Cal. Rptr. 2d 894, 905 (Ct. App.

1992).

Here, most of CAA’s claims required proof of UTA’s “wilful” conduct. For

3 23-3168 instance, liability for inducing breach of contract, intentional interference with

prospective economic advantage, and conspiracy to breach a fiduciary duty and duty

of loyalty requires proof of “an act deliberately done for the express purpose of

causing damage.” Downey, 78 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 155 (emphasis omitted); see, e.g., 1-

800 Contacts, Inc. v. Steinberg, 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d 789, 803, 806 (Ct. App. 2003);

Reeves v. Hanlon, 95 P.3d 513, 519–20 (Cal. 2004). And liability for intentional

interference with contractual relations and aiding and abetting the breach of a

fiduciary duty and duty of loyalty requires proof that the defendant’s act was

“intentionally performed with knowledge that damage [was] highly probable or

substantially certain to result.” Downey, 78 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 155 (emphasis omitted);

see, e.g., Jenni Rivera Enters., LLC v. Latin World Ent. Holdings, Inc., 249 Cal.

Rptr. 3d 122, 136 (Ct. App. 2019); Nasrawi v. Buck Consultants LLC, 179 Cal. Rptr.

3d 813, 824 (Ct. App. 2014).

To the extent UTA allegedly engaged in less culpable acts, such conduct was

“part and parcel” of UTA’s wrongful scheme. See Marie Y. v. Gen. Star Indem. Co.,

2 Cal. Rptr. 3d 135, 157 (Ct. App. 2003) (quoting Horace Mann Ins. Co. v. Barbara

B., 71 Cal. Rptr. 2d 350, 353 (Ct. App. 1998)). Indeed, the gravamen of CAA’s

complaint is that UTA conspired to steal and deliberately stole CAA’s clients and

employees. Any alleged non-wilful acts were so closely related to UTA’s conspiracy

to harm CAA as to constitute the same course of conduct for purposes of § 533. See

4 23-3168 id. (holding that coverage exclusion under § 533 extends to losses “alleged to result

from negligent conduct which is so intertwined with intentional and willful

wrongdoing as to be inseparable from the wrongdoing” (cleaned up)).

UTA stresses that the duty to advance defense costs is separate from the duty

to indemnify, and Markel had a duty to advance costs even if the CAA litigation was

excluded from coverage. The policy provides, however, that if it turned out there

was no coverage, any advances had to be repaid. There was no coverage, so UTA

cannot now recover its defense costs.

There is no genuine dispute that the CAA litigation alleged wilful acts by

UTA, thereby triggering § 533’s exclusionary clause. Because there is no covered

claim, Markel owed no duty to advance UTA defense costs and is therefore entitled

to summary judgment.2

AFFIRMED.

2 Because application of § 533 is dispositive, we decline to reach Markel’s alternative arguments for summary judgment.

5 23-3168