1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION 7 8 STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, Case No. 24-cv-09385-PHK

9 Plaintiff, ORDER (1) GRANTING STRIKE 3

HOLDINGS, LLC’S EX PARTE

10 v. APPLICATION FOR LEAVE TO

SERVE THIRD-PARTY SUBPOENA

11 JOHN DOE SUBSCRIBER ASSIGNED IP AND (2) ISSUING PROTECTIVE

ADDRESS 73.202.170.20, ORDER

12 Defendant. Re: Dkt. 8 13 14 Now before the Court is Plaintiff Strike 3 Holdings, LLC’s (“Strike 3”) Ex Parte Application 15 for Leave to Serve a Third-Party Subpoena Prior to a Rule 26(f) Conference. [Dkt. 8]. Because 16 Defendant John Doe, subscriber assigned IP address number 73.202.170.20, (“Defendant Doe”) has 17 not yet been identified or served, no opposition has been filed. Having reviewed Strike 3’s 18 application and all supporting documents, the Court GRANTS the ex parte application. Further, on 19 the Court’s own motion, the Court additionally ISSUES a limited Protective Order for the reasons 20 set forth below. 21 BACKGROUND 22 Strike 3 alleges that it is the assignee of copyrights registered with the U.S. Copyright Office 23 to certain adult motion pictures distributed through various adult websites and DVD sales. See Dkt. 24 1 at 1, 6. Strike 3 indicates it is a Delaware corporation located in Camden, Delaware. Id. at ¶ 12. 25 Defendant Doe was named in the Complaint solely in connection with a specific Internet 26 Protocol (“IP”) address. [Dkt. 1]. “An IP address is a ‘unique numerical address’ assigned to every 27 computer and can serve as its identifying characteristic.” United States v. Henderson, 906 F.3d 1 identifier for every computer or server connected to the Internet. United States v. Forrester, 512 2 F.3d 500, 510 n.5 (9th Cir. 2008). As is well-known, consumers and households connect their home 3 computers and other devices to the Internet by subscribing to such service through a vendor called 4 an Internet Service Provider (“ISP”), often a cable company, telecommunications company, or other 5 similar service provider. Nat’l Cable & Telecommunications Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 6 U.S. 967, 974 (2005) (“The traditional means by which consumers in the United States access the 7 network of interconnected computers that make up the Internet is through ‘dial-up’ connections 8 provided over local telephone facilities. Using these connections, consumers access the Internet by 9 making calls with computer modems through the telephone wires owned by local phone companies. 10 Internet service providers (ISPs), in turn, link those calls to the Internet network, not only by 11 providing a physical connection, but also by offering consumers the ability to translate raw Internet 12 data into information they may both view on their personal computers and transmit to other 13 computers connected to the Internet.”) (citations omitted). 14 When a subscriber (or consumer) signs up for internet service, the ISP assigns an IP address 15 to that subscriber – essentially renting out the IP address to the consumer for the duration of their 16 subscription service period. Columbia Ins. Co. v. seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573, 575 (N.D. Cal. 17 1999) (“On the Internet, computers find each other by reference to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, 18 which are a series of numbers that are used to specify the address of a particular machine connected 19 to the Internet. Domain names are alphanumeric strings that are associated with particular IP 20 addresses. Thus to find the computer at 129.99.135.66, a user might type in uscourts.gov, and would 21 never need to know the actual IP address.”). The consumer does not own the IP address – it is 22 controlled by the ISP and allocated to subscribers when they sign up for service. UMG Recordings, 23 Inc. v. Doe, No. 08-cv-1193-SBA, 2008 WL 4104214, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2008) (“ISPs own 24 or are assigned certain blocks or ranges of IP addresses. A subscriber gains access to the Internet 25 through an ISP after setting up an account with the ISP. An ISP then assigns a particular IP address 26 in its block or range to the subscriber when that subscriber goes ‘online.’. . . [W]hen an ISP is given 27 a defendant’s IP address and the date and time of infringement, it quickly and easily can identify the 1 contained in the ISP’s subscriber activity log files.”) (citations omitted). Because the ISP sends 2 monthly or regular bills to the subscriber and has the original service application documents from 3 each subscriber, and because the ISP knows which of its IP addresses were assigned to which 4 customers, it follows that an ISP’s internal records should typically include information sufficient 5 to link a customer with the account corresponding to a particular IP address. Id. 6 Here, Strike 3 avers that it traced the IP address used by Defendant Doe’s device to a physical 7 address in the Northern District of California using a geolocation tool developed by a vendor called 8 Maxmind, Inc. (“Maxmind”). [Dkt. 1 at ¶ 9; Dkt. 8 at 17]. Strike 3 avers that by using Maxmind it 9 identified Defendant Doe in this case as a subscriber using assigned IP address 73.202.170.20. See 10 Dkt. 1 at ¶ 9; Dkt. 8 at 17. Further, Strike 3 alleges, from information obtained by Maxmind, that 11 Comcast Cable Communications, LLC (“Comcast”) is the ISP for and owner of the IP address which 12 was allocated to Defendant Doe as part of their subscription for internet service from Comcast. 13 [Dkt. 8 at 9]. 14 Defendant Doe is accused of using an internet-connected device and a peer-to-peer file 15 distribution network called BitTorrent to download and distribute, through the internet, copies of 16 Strike 3’s copyrighted motion pictures without license or authorization. See Dkt. 1 at ¶¶ 18–44. 17 BitTorrent is a software-implemented protocol for sharing electronic files (such as digitized files of 18 motion pictures, television shows, and other content) directly between individuals’ internet- 19 connected devices. UMG Recordings, 2008 WL 4104214 at *1 (“The Internet and peer-to-peer 20 (P2P) networks have spawned an illegal trade in copyrighted works. By downloading P2P software, 21 and logging onto a P2P network, an individual may upload (distribute) or download (copy), without 22 authorization, countless copyrighted music and video files to or from any other P2P network user 23 worldwide. [. . .] [S]imilar online media distribution systems emerged that have attempted to 24 capitalize on the growing illegal market that Napster fostered. These include Ares, KaZaA, 25 eDonkey, BitTorrent, DirectConnect, and Gnutella, among others.”) (citations and footnote 26 omitted). Strike 3 alleges that Defendant Doe used BitTorrent for “downloading Strike 3’s motion 27 pictures as well as distributing them to others[]” and “has been recorded infringing 25 movies over 1 As a further part of its investigation, Strike 3 alleges it is the owner and operator of an 2 investigative technology tool called “VXN Scan.” Id. at ¶ 28. Using VXN Scan, Strike 3 allegedly 3 established direct communication connections over the internet (using a “TCP/IP” (or Transmission 4 Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) connection) between Strike 3’s investigators’ computers and 5 Defendant Doe’s device (which was connected to the internet at the IP address named in the 6 Complaint) during a time period when Defendant Doe’s device was actively connected to the 7 internet and was allegedly using BitTorrent. Id. at ¶ 30. According to the Complaint, VXN Scan 8 searches for and obtains “.torrent” files from a target device and then downloads complete copies 9 of the digital media files that correlate to those “.torrent” files to determine whether those 10 downloaded files are infringing copies of one of Strike 3’s copyrighted works. Id. at ¶¶ 25–33. 11 Strike 3 further alleges that VXN Scan used metadata called the “Info Hash” value from a 12 .torrent file downloaded from Defendant Doe’s device to download a portion of the same digital 13 media file directly from Defendant Doe’s device via the BitTorrent network (thus essentially 14 emulating the distribution of digital files of motion pictures from Defendant Doe to another 15 BitTorrent user via the internet). Id. at ¶ 36. A comparison of the digital media files apparently 16 revealed that Defendant Doe downloaded and distributed copies of portions of Strike 3’s 17 copyrighted works without authorization. Id. at ¶¶ 35–44. 18 Based on these foregoing allegations, on December 23, 2024, Strike 3 filed its Complaint 19 against Defendant Doe alleging copyright infringement under the Copyright Act. See Dkt. 1. On 20 January 17, 2025, Strike 3 filed the instant ex parte application requesting leave to serve Comcast 21 with a subpoena under Fed. R. Civ. P. 45. [Dkt. 8]. Strike 3 alleges that Comcast has the ability to 22 identify Defendant Doe through the IP address discovered by the investigation discussed herein, 23 because Maxmind’s geolocation service has identified Comcast as the owner of the IP address 24 named in the Complaint. Id. at 18. Strike 3 represents that the requested subpoena will be limited 25 to seeking from Comcast the name and physical address of the individual(s) having the account 26 associated with Defendant Doe’s IP address of 73.202.170.20. Id. 27 // 1 DISCUSSION 2 I. LEAVE TO SERVE AN EARLY, LIMITED SUBPOENA ON COMCAST. 3 Pursuant to Rule 26(d)(1), a party may not seek discovery from any source prior to the 4 parties’ conference required by Rule 26(f). However, per Rule 26(d)(1), the Court has authority to 5 allow discovery prior to the Rule 26(f) conference and thus outside this timing limitation. See also 6 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 advisory committee’s note (1993) (“Discovery can begin earlier if authorized . . 7 . by local rule, order, or stipulation. This will be appropriate in some cases[.]”). 8 The Court may authorize early discovery before the Rule 26(f) conference if the requesting 9 party establishes “good cause” for the early discovery. Semitool, Inc. v. Tokyo Electron Am. Inc., 10 208 F.R.D. 273, 276 (N.D. Cal. 2002). “Good cause may be found where the need for expedited 11 discovery, in consideration of the administration of justice, outweighs prejudice to the responding 12 party.” Id. 13 As with all discovery matters, “Rule 26 vests the trial judge with broad discretion to tailor 14 discovery narrowly and to dictate the sequence of discovery.” Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 15 574, 598 (1998). “And the court may also set the timing and sequence of discovery.” Id. at 599 16 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)). Thus, the decision whether or not to grant early discovery under Rule 17 26(d) is within the Court’s broad discretion. Quinn v. Anvil Corp., 620 F.3d 1005, 1015 (9th Cir. 18 2010) (“We review district court rulings on discovery matters for abuse of discretion.”). Further, a 19 decision to deny early discovery under Rule 26(d) “will not be disturbed except upon the clearest 20 showing that denial of discovery results in actual and substantial prejudice to the complaining 21 litigant.” Med Vets, Inc. v. VIP Petcare Holdings, Inc., 811 F. App’x 422, 424 (9th Cir. 2020) 22 (quoting Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002)). In evaluating a motion for expedited 23 discovery, the District Court in Med Vets considered the following factors to determine whether 24 good cause exists to justify the requested early discovery: (1) whether a preliminary injunction is 25 pending; (2) the breadth of the discovery request; (3) the purpose for requesting the expedited 26 discovery; (4) the burden on the defendants to comply with the requests; and (5) how far in advance 27 of the typical discovery process the request was made. Med Vets, Inc. v. VIP Petcare Holdings, 1 Royal Plush Toys, Inc., 907 F. Supp. 1086, 1099 (N.D. Cal. 2012)). The Ninth Circuit affirmed the 2 District Court’s decision on the request for expedited discovery. Med Vets, 811 F. App’x at 424. 3 A request for early discovery, such as the instant ex parte application, may arise particularly 4 in a case involving alleged wrongful conduct in connection with use of the internet. As discussed 5 by precedent:

6 With the rise of the Internet has come the ability to commit certain 7 tortious acts, such as defamation, copyright infringement, and trademark infringement, entirely on-line. The tortfeasor can act 8 pseudonymously or anonymously and may give fictitious or incomplete identifying information. Parties who have been injured 9 by these acts are likely to find themselves chasing the tortfeasor from Internet Service Provider (ISP) to ISP, with little or no hope of 10 actually discovering the identity of the tortfeasor. 11 In such cases the traditional reluctance for permitting filings against 12 John Doe defendants or fictitious names and the traditional enforcement of strict compliance with service requirements should 13 be tempered by the need to provide injured parties with an (sic) forum in which they may seek redress for grievances. However, this 14 need must be balanced against the legitimate and valuable right to 15 participate in online forums anonymously or pseudonymously. People are permitted to interact pseudonymously and anonymously 16 with each other so long as those acts are not in violation of the law. This ability to speak one’s mind without the burden of the other 17 party knowing all the facts about one’s identity can foster open communication and robust debate. Furthermore, it permits persons 18 to obtain information relevant to a sensitive or intimate condition 19 without fear of embarrassment. People who have committed no wrong should be able to participate online without fear that someone 20 who wishes to harass or embarrass them can file a frivolous lawsuit and thereby gain the power of the court's order to discover their 21 identity.

22 Thus some limiting principals should apply to the determination of 23 whether discovery to uncover the identity of a defendant is warranted. 24 25 Columbia Ins., 185 F.R.D. at 578 (footnote omitted). 26 Columbia thus identified four factors to assist in determining whether a plaintiff has 27 established good cause to conduct early discovery to identify Doe Defendants. Courts look to 1 determine that the defendant is a real person who can be sued in federal court, (2) recounts the steps 2 taken to locate and identify the defendant, (3) demonstrates that the action can withstand a motion 3 to dismiss, and (4) proves that the discovery is likely to lead to identifying information that will 4 permit service of process.” Zoosk Inc. v. Doe, No. 10-cv-04545, 2010 WL 5115670, at *2 (N.D. 5 Cal. Dec. 9, 2010) (citing Columbia, 185 F.R.D. at 578–80). Additionally, the Ninth Circuit has 6 relied on the first and third factors as weighing in favor of granting early discovery to determine an 7 unknown defendant’s identity. See, e.g., Young v. Transp. Deputy Sheriff I, 340 F. App’x 368, 369 8 (9th Cir. 2009); Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980); Wakefield v. Thompson, 9 177 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 1999). 10 Applying the Columbia factors here, the Court find that all four factors weigh in favor of the 11 requested, limited, and early discovery. First, Strike 3 sufficiently alleges enough details to enable 12 this Court to establish that Defendant Doe is more than likely an actual individual who can be legally 13 sued in federal court. Strike 3 alleges Defendant Doe downloaded Strike 3’s copyrighted adult 14 motion pictures and distributed them via the BitTorrent network. [Dkt. 1 at ¶ 4]. Strike 3 alleges 15 that one way for Defendant Doe to obtain the digital film files was to specifically direct their 16 BitTorrent client to download the copyrighted media files from a source on the internet. [Dkt. 8 at 17 16]. The Court notes that Strike 3’s pleadings do not eliminate entirely the possibility that Defendant 18 Doe obtained the files without using the internet, such as through some form of direct file transfer 19 from a locally connected device, through a transfer from a portable memory device such as a USB 20 drive, or through some form of copying from a DVD. Nevertheless, the Court acknowledges that 21 one reasonably plausible means by which Defendant Doe obtained the digitized film files at issue 22 was through download over the internet. 23 With regard to distributing the digital film files, Strike 3 avers that Defendant Doe had to 24 specifically set up their BitTorrent client to allow other BitTorrent users to obtain copies of the 25 copyrighted media files from the peer-to-peer network connected via the internet to Defendant Doe’s 26 computer (or other electronic device). See Dkt. 1 at 6. These allegations strongly suggest Defendant 27 Doe is an identifiable person, a subscriber of the IP address identified by Strike 3, and thus a natural 1 LB, 2018 WL 357287, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 10, 2018). Strike 3 alleges it traced each download 2 back to Defendant Doe’s IP address geolocated in the Northern District of California, thereby 3 establishing a high likelihood that this Court has jurisdiction over Defendant Doe. [Dkt. 1 at ¶¶ 7- 4 8]. 5 Second, Strike 3 provides a detailed account of steps taken in its attempts to locate and 6 identify Defendant Doe. Strike 3 alleges Defendant Doe downloaded and distributed Strike 3’s 7 adult motion pictures using the IP address identified herein, and this IP address was allegedly traced 8 back to the Northern District of California. Id. Strike 3 allegedly used multiple methods available 9 to them to attempt to obtain Defendant Doe’s identity, including web searches, reviews of numerous 10 sources of authority, and discussions with investigators and cyber security consultants. [Dkt. 8 at 11 18]. Strike 3 alleges that knowing Defendant Doe’s IP address by itself is not enough to establish 12 Defendant Doe’s identity. Id. Strike 3’s expert corroborates the inability to obtain Defendant Doe’s 13 identity solely from the IP address. [Dkt. 8-1 at 22 (Declaration of Patrick Paige: “Based on [his] 14 experience in similar cases, Defendant’s ISP Comcast Cable is the only entity that can correlate the 15 IP address to its subscriber and identify [the] Defendant.”)]. The Court finds that Strike 3’s efforts 16 are sufficient to satisfy this factor. See Strike 3 Holdings LLC v. Doe, No. 18-cv-06938-WHO, 2019 17 WL 402358, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2019) (finding plaintiff’s efforts sufficient, including web 18 searches of the IP addresses, references to other sources of authority, and a declaration from an IT 19 expert stating that the service provider was the only entity with the ability to identify the defendant). 20 Third, Strike 3’s Complaint could withstand a motion to dismiss because the Court concludes 21 that Strike 3 sufficiently pleads copyright infringement under the Copyright Act. “To establish a 22 prima facie case of direct copyright infringement, [a party] must show that he owns the copyright, 23 and that [the alleged infringer] violated one of the exclusive rights set forth in 17 U.S.C. § 106.” 24 Bell v. Wilmott Storage Servs., LLC, 12 F.4th 1065, 1071 (9th Cir. 2021). “In addition, direct 25 infringement requires the plaintiff to show causation (also referred to as ‘volitional conduct’) by the 26 defendant.” Perfect 10, Inc. v. Giganews, Inc., 847 F.3d 657, 666 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Fox Broad. 27 Co. v. Dish Network L.L.C., 747 F.3d 1060, 1067 (9th Cir. 2013)). Section 106 of the Copyright 1 distribution, public performance, public display, and digital audio transmission of the copyrighted 2 work. Fahmy v. Jay-Z, 908 F.3d 383, 393–94 (9th Cir. 2018). 3 Here, Strike 3 claims ownership of the copyrights for the adult movies that Defendant Doe 4 allegedly downloaded and subsequently distributed to others, all without obtaining authorization or 5 license from Strike 3. [Dkt. 1 at ¶ 46]. Strike 3 alleges that “by downloading the torrent files, 6 Defendant [Doe] triggered a cascade of technical operations, making Defendant [Doe] the 7 ‘proximate cause’ of all of the violations of Plaintiff’s copyrights.” [Dkt. 8 at 14]. Without passing 8 on the ultimate merits of this case, the Court finds that at this stage Strike 3’s Complaint could 9 withstand a motion to dismiss because it has established a prima facie case of copyright 10 infringement. 11 Finally, Strike 3 has established that the requested, limited, and early discovery is likely to 12 lead to identifying information which will likely reveal the identity of Defendant Doe. In order to 13 establish this factor, a Plaintiff must “provide enough concrete details about who these individuals 14 are or how they eventually could be identified, located, and served.” Biesenbach v. Does 1–3, No. 15 21-cv-08091-DMR, 2022 WL 17371156, at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 18, 2022). Strike 3 alleges that, as 16 the ISP for Defendant Doe, Comcast has information which would identify Defendant Doe. [Dkt. 17 1 at ¶ 5]. Comcast allegedly has in its possession the subscriber’s name and physical address, since 18 some natural person signed up for and is paying Comcast for the internet service associated with the 19 IP address at issue here. [Dkt. 8-1 at 22 (Declaration of Patrick Paige: “Based on [his] experience 20 in similar cases, Defendant’s ISP Comcast Cable is the only entity that can correlate the IP address 21 to its subscriber and identify [the] Defendant.”)]. Strike 3 claims Comcast is in a position to provide 22 this limited information in response to the requested early subpoena, and Strike 3 argues that, after 23 receipt of such, it will be able to identify Defendant Doe and ultimately serve process. [Dkt. 8 at 24 9]. “Even if the subscriber is not the proper defendant, learning his or her identity may allow Strike 25 3 to work with the subscriber to locate that individual.” Strike 3 Holdings, 2019 WL 402358, at *3. 26 Accordingly, the Court finds that Strike 3 has made a sufficient showing to satisfy this factor. 27 Further, applying the good cause factors identified by the District Court in Med Vets leads 1 at 424. First, while a preliminary injunction is not pending, here the requested early discovery is 2 needed to allow the case to proceed against an unidentified defendant. Second, Strike 3 represents 3 to the Court that the breadth of the proposed discovery request is limited and narrow: the proposed 4 subpoena will only seek from Comcast the name and physical address of the natural person who is 5 the subscriber for the IP address at issue. Third, the purpose for requesting the expedited discovery 6 is discussed above: Strike 3 alleges it needs the discovery in order to be able to identify the person 7 who is Defendant Doe and thus to allow this case to go forward. Fourth, the burden on the target of 8 the discovery to comply with the requested discovery appears cabined by Strike 3’s commitment to 9 seek only limited discovery from Comcast and not free-ranging discovery to try to identify 10 Defendant Doe. Finally, Strike 3’s request is presented at the outset of this case and thus far in 11 advance of the typical discovery process, but this is by necessity since Strike 3 alleges it needs to 12 identify Defendant Doe in order to pursue the case beyond this filing stage. In sum, in light of the 13 District Court Med Vets factors, the Court finds that Strike 3 has demonstrated good cause 14 warranting the requested, early, and limited discovery. 15 In light of the facts and evidence presented to the Court and applying these facts to the legal 16 standards for early discovery, the Court finds that Strike 3 has demonstrated good cause warranting 17 the requested, early, and limited discovery (specifically, the proposed subpoena to Comcast) to 18 determine the identity of Defendant Doe. Here, in consideration of the administration of justice, the 19 need for the requested discovery (to identify the defendant and allow the case to go forward) 20 outweighs the prejudice to Comcast (the target of the requested discovery) in light of the limited 21 and narrow nature of the requested subpoena. Semitool, 208 F.R.D. at 276. Indeed, here the 22 copyright infringement claims are supported by evidence of technical investigation resulting in 23 multiple alleged instances of copyright infringement linked to the one, identified IP address. Cf. id. 24 (“It should be noted that courts have recognized that good cause is frequently found in cases 25 involving claims of infringement and unfair competition.”). Therefore, the Court GRANTS leave 26 to serve the limited, proposed third-party subpoena on Comcast prior to the Rule 26(f) conference 27 in this matter. 1 II. PROTECTIVE ORDER 2 Courts have discretion to issue a protective order sua sponte for “good cause” in order to 3 “protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or 4 expense[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). To establish “good cause,” there must be a demonstration of 5 specific prejudice or harm that would result from the absence of a protective order. Phillips ex rel. 6 Ests. of Byrd v. General Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1210–11 (9th Cir. 2002). “[B]road 7 allegations of harm, unsubstantiated by specific examples or articulated reasoning, do not satisfy 8 the Rule 26(c) test [for good cause].” Beckman Indus. v. Int’l Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 476 (9th Cir. 9 1992). With regard to a specific type of harm implicated here, the Ninth Circuit acknowledges that 10 people use pseudonyms in their internet communications “when anonymity is necessary ‘to preserve 11 privacy in a matter of sensitive and highly personal nature[.]’” Does I thru XXIII v. Advanced Textile 12 Corp., 214 F.3d 1058, 1068 (9th Cir. 2000) (balancing “the need for anonymity against the general 13 presumption that parties’ identities are public information and the risk of unfairness to the opposing 14 party”). 15 Here, good cause exists to protect the privacy and rights of the person who will presumably 16 be identified by Comcast (whether that person is Defendant Doe or a third party who pays for the 17 internet service from Comcast for the subject IP address). In this situation, anonymity is necessary 18 to preserve privacy and protect the person to be identified by Comcast from annoyance and 19 embarrassment because of the sensitive and highly personal nature of adult motion pictures. See 20 Strike 3 Holdings, LLC, 2018 WL 357287, at *3 (recognizing that “[a]n allegation that individually 21 illegally downloaded adult motion pictures likely goes to matters of a sensitive and highly personal 22 nature, including one’s sexuality”). Further, because Comcast’s information produced in response 23 to the requested subpoena may not lead to the proper subscriber, it is necessary to protect the identity 24 of any potential and innocent third parties, as well as protect them from annoyance, embarrassment, 25 or unfairness from deprivation of privacy. Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 23-cv-01985-AMO, 26 2023 WL 3483288, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 15, 2023). 27 Considering the subscriber’s potential status as an innocent third party and the sensitive and 1 accordingly issues a limited protective order. Any information produced in response to the 2 requested subpoena to Strike 3 by Comcast will be treated as confidential and shall be treated 3 following the restrictions in and as if it were designated “Confidential” under the Northern District 4 of California’s Model Protective Order for Standard Litigation. See 5 https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/forms/model-protective-orders/. This presumptive confidential 6 treatment of any such material or information produced in response to the requested subpoena shall 7 continue until Defendant Doe (or any other third party identified by Comcast in response to the 8 subpoena) has the opportunity to file a motion with the Court to proceed in the litigation 9 anonymously and pursuant to a Stipulated Protective Order, and the Court has had a chance to rule 10 on that motion. Additionally, a protective order of this nature would comport with Strike 3’s 11 admitted policy of respecting privacy in these matters, and Strike 3 indicates that it does not oppose 12 entry of such a protective order (but rather Strike 3 welcomes such a protective order). [Dkt. 8 at 13 21]. 14 Accordingly in light of the showing of good cause, and in order to preserve the privacy of 15 (and protect from annoyance and embarrassment to) Defendant Doe and any other third parties 16 whose information may be produced by Comcast, and further in light of Strike 3’s non-opposition, 17 the Court exercises its broad discretion and on its own motion ISSUES a protective order to the 18 limited extent that any information produced by Comcast in response to the requested subpoena will 19 be treated as confidential by all parties in this matter, following the restrictions for material 20 designated as “Confidential” under the Court’s Model Protective Order for Standard Litigation. 21 That confidential treatment shall continue until the Court rules upon any motion filed by Defendant 22 Doe (or any other impacted third party) to continue confidential treatment of that information and, 23 in the case of Defendant Doe, to be allowed to proceed in this litigation anonymously. See Strike 3 24 Holdings, 2018 WL 357287, at *3 (citing IO Grp., Inc. v. Does 1–19, No. C 10-03851 SI, 2010 WL 25 5071605, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 7, 2010)). If Defendant Doe or any other third party fails to file a 26 motion for leave to proceed anonymously within thirty days after receiving notice from Strike 3 27 that Comcast has produced their information, Strike 3 may file a motion seeking withdrawal or 1 IO Grp., 2010 WL 5071605, at *3). The Court further ORDERS that any such notice from Strike 2 3 to Defendant Doe or any other third party shall include or attach a copy of this Order. 3 Considering the potential social ramifications of a public accusation associated with 4 illegally obtaining adult films, if Defendant Doe or any subscriber identified by Comcast “includes 5 identifying information within his or her request to proceed anonymously, the Court finds good 6 cause to order the papers filed under seal until it has opportunity to rule on the request.” Strike 3 7 Holdings, 2018 WL 357287, at *4 (citing IO Grp., 2010 WL 5071605, at *3). In this situation, “the 8 [C]ourt will direct the Doe [D]efendant [or other movant] to submit a copy of the under-seal request 9 to Strike 3 [Holdings] and will ensure that Strike 3 has time to respond.” Strike 3 Holdings, 2018 10 WL 357287, at *4. 11 CONCLUSION 12 Pursuant to the discussion herein, the Court GRANTS Strike 3’s ex parte application for 13 leave to serve a limited, early third-party subpoena to Comcast seeking only the specific information 14 described herein. Further, the Court ISSUES a limited Protective Order as discussed herein 15 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). 16 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 Dated: March 28, 2025 19 20

PETER H. KANG

21 United States Magistrate Judge 22 23 24 25 26 27