1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION 7 8 JEWISH LEGAL NEWS, INC., Case No. 23-cv-05064-PHK 9 Plaintiff,

10 v. ORDER ON SUMMARY JUDGMENT

11 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Re: Dkts. 35 and 36 12 Defendant.

13 14 This is a Freedom of Information Act case. Now before the Court are cross-motions for 15 summary judgment from Plaintiff Jewish Legal News, Inc. (“JLN”) on the one hand, and from the 16 Defendant, the United States Department of Education (“DOE”), on the other hand. [Dkts. 35 and 17 36]. The Parties filed respective opposition briefs to each other’s cross-motions and reply briefs in 18 support of their motions. [Dkts. 36–38]. A hearing was held on the summary judgment motion and 19 cross-motion on November 25, 2024. [Dkt. 42]. After the hearing, the Parties filed a joint 20 stipulation and proposed order narrowing the disputes in the cross-motions for summary judgment. 21 [Dkt. 43]. The Court has granted that stipulation. [Dkt. 44]. After carefully reviewing the briefing 22 and all relevant documents, and after considering the Parties’ submissions and oral argument, the 23 Court GRANTS-IN-PART and DENIES-IN-PART the cross-motions for summary judgment. 24 The Parties have consented to proceed before a Magistrate Judge for all purposes, including 25 the entry of final judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). [Dkts. 6, 15]. 26 RELEVANT BACKGROUND 27 On October 3, 2023, JLN filed the original complaint in this action against the DOE under 1 Complaint on April 2, 2024. [Dkt. 21]. “JLN is an online news magazine located at 2 www.jewishlegalnews.com, that covers important debates and issues in the Jewish communities in 3 the US, Israel, and worldwide.” Id. at ¶ 2. 4 On August 28, 2023, JLN submitted the FOIA requests at issue here. Id. at ¶ 29 and Exhibit 5 B. Generally, JLN’s FOIA requested eight categories of documents from the DOE related to how 6 that agency handles allegations of antisemitism at colleges and universities, including complaints 7 from April 1, 2023, to May 30, 2023, and the status of related investigations. Id. JLN also requests 8 documents on the details of the DOE’s strategy for combating campus antisemitism and how Title 9 VI should protect Jewish students from discrimination. Id. JLN also requested “[a]ny other FOIA 10 requests and responses regarding complaints or allegations of antisemitism on campus.” Id. In the 11 FOIA request, JLN indicated the material sought is within the date range from August 1, 2021, to 12 August 1, 2023. Id. 13 “On August 28, 2023, Defendant sent an email assigning the request 23-02670-F.” Id. at 14 ¶ 32 (citation omitted). The following day, “Defendant sent a letter seeking clarification on the date 15 range.” Id. at ¶ 33 (citation omitted). The same day, “Plaintiff clarified the date range as 8/1/21 to 16 8/1/23. Plaintiff narrowed the request for all antisemitism complaints to a range of 4/1/23 to 5/30/23 17 only.” Id. at ¶ 34 (citation omitted). The following day, Defendant sent a letter stating that the 18 Request had been updated to the status of ‘In Progress.’” Id. at ¶ 35 (citation omitted). 19 “On September 28, 2023, Defendant sent another letter[]” which stated, “[a]t this time, your 20 request is still being processed. We appreciate your patience as we work diligently to process your 21 request. Please be advised that the average request processing time is approximately 185 business 22 days. As this is an average, your request may take more time or may be processed sooner.” Id. at 23 ¶ 36 (citation omitted). 24 On March 11, 2024, “Defendant stated that it had completed production of documents it 25 believed were responsive to Plaintiff’s requests.” Id. at ¶ 38. 26 In the Amended Complaint, JLN asserts four causes of action: (1) “Failure to Comply with 27 Statutory Deadlines;” (2) “Pattern and Practice Violation of FOIA;” (3) “Use of Invalid 1 filed its Answer to the Amended Complaint. [Dkt. 23]. 2 On August 16, 2024, the DOE filed the instant motion for summary judgment. [Dkt. 35]. 3 On August 30, 2024, JLN filed its opposition brief to the DOE’s motion for summary judgment, 4 and also cross-moved for summary judgment. [Dkt. 36]. On September 13, 2024, the DOE filed 5 its reply brief in support of its summary judgment motion, combined with its opposition to the cross- 6 motion for summary judgment. [Dkt. 37]. On September 20, 2024, JLN filed its reply brief in 7 support of its cross-motion for summary judgment. [Dkt. 38]. On November 22, 2024, the Court 8 held a hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment. [Dkt. 42]. At the hearing, the Parties 9 agreed to meet and confer in an attempt to resolve the disputes. Id. The Parties filed a joint 10 stipulation with a proposed order resolving some, but not all disputes. [Dkt. 43]. The Court has 11 granted that stipulation. This Order resolves the remaining unresolved disputes. 12 LEGAL STANDARD 13 FOIA cases are typically decided on motions for summary judgment. Our Children’s Earth 14 Found. v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., 85 F. Supp. 3d 1074, 1081 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (citation 15 omitted). Entry of summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there is no genuine 16 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 17 Civ. P. 56(a). 18 “To carry their summary judgment burden, agencies are typically required to submit an index 19 and ‘detailed public affidavits’ that, together, ‘identify the documents withheld, the FOIA 20 exemptions claimed, and a particularized explanation of why each document falls within the claimed 21 exemption[.]’” Id. (citation omitted). These submissions are typically referred to as a Vaughn index, 22 and they must be from “affiants who are knowledgeable about the information sought[,]” and 23 “detailed enough to allow court[s] to make an independent assessment of the government’s claim 24 of exemption.” Id. Vaughn indices, however, are not appropriate in all FOIA cases. Minier v. Cent. 25 Intel. Agency, 88 F.3d 796, 804 (9th Cir. 1996). “Specificity is the defining requirement.” 26 Ecological Rts. Found v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 607 F. Supp. 3d 979, 993 (N.D. Cal. 2022), aff’d, 27 No. 22-15936, 2023 WL 4342100 (9th Cir. July 5, 2023) (citation omitted). 1 substantial weight. Id. (citation omitted). “[T]o prevail on summary judgment, an agency need 2 only establish that the justification for invoking a FOIA exemption appears logical, which it may 3 achieve through affidavits that describe the justification with reasonable specificity.” Id. (citing 4 Hamdan v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 797 F.3d 759, 769, 774 (9th Cir. 2015)). 5 DISCUSSION 6 The cross-motions for summary judgment address four general issues in dispute: (I) whether 7 the DOE properly withheld and redacted certain documents under a corresponding FOIA exemption; 8 (II) whether the DOE has a pattern and practice of failing to meet the FOIA statutory deadline; (III) 9 whether the DOE failed to meet the statutory deadline in this specific instance (including whether 10 DOE failed to make a determination within the deadline and failed to conduct a reasonable search); 11 and (IV) whether the DOE failed to reasonably segregate documents. [Dkts. 35 and 36]. 12 I. FOIA EXEMPTIONS 13 A. Challenges to previous FOIA responses 14 Standing to sue is “an essential and unchanging part of the case or controversy requirement 15 of Article III.” Mahtesian v. U.S. Off. Of Pers. Mgmt., 388 F. Supp. 2d 1047, 1050 (N.D. Cal. 2005) 16 (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)). Any person who submits a FOIA 17 request has standing to bring a FOIA challenge in federal court on their own FOIA request if such 18 request is denied in whole or in part. Id. at 1048 (citing United States v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166, 19 204 (1974)). It is the FOIA plaintiff’s burden to establish that they are a proper party to challenge 20 the FOIA request. Id. at 1050 (citing United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 743 (1995)). A person 21 whose name does not appear on the request lacks standing to sue under FOIA, even if their interest 22 was asserted in the request. Id. at 1049. Indeed, a person whose name does not appear on a request 23 for records has not made a formal request for documents within the meaning of the statute. Id. Such 24 a person, regardless of their personal interest in disclosure of the requested documents, has no right 25 to receive either the documents or notice of an agency decision to withhold the documents. Id. 26 (citing 32 C.F.R. §§ 701.7(a), (c)(1)–(3) (1992); 5 U.S.C.A. § 552(a)(6)(A)). Accordingly, a person 27 whose name does not appear on a FOIA request for records cannot sue in district court when the 1 right to receive them in the first place. Id. In other words, only the person whose name appears on 2 a FOIA request has standing to sue if the request is denied, because they are the only one who has 3 formally asserted a right to the documents. Id. 4 Here, certain redactions and withholdings in the FOIA response to JLN’s request were 5 originally made in previous FOIA responses. See Dkt. 35-1 at 2. JLN’s FOIA request sought “[a]ny 6 other FOIA requests and responses concerning complaints or allegations of antisemitism on 7 campus.” [Dkt. 21 at ¶ 29 (Request category no. 8)]. JLN does not have standing to challenge the 8 redactions to, and withholding of, the documents produced in response to those earlier FOIA 9 requests. Mahtesian, 388 F. Supp. 2d at 1049 (citing 32 C.F.R. §§ 701.7(a), (c)(1)–(3) (1992); 5 10 U.S.C.A. § 552(a)(6)(A)). Accordingly, summary judgment is GRANTED in favor of the DOE for 11 certain redactions and withholdings in the FOIA response that were originally made in response to 12 previous FOIA requests and produced here in response to JLN’s request category number 8. 13 B. Exemption 5 withholdings 14 The Parties dispute the propriety of four specific withholdings under exemption 5. 15 Exemption 5 provides that FOIA does not apply to “interagency or intra-agency memorandums or 16 letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the 17 agency.” Lahr v. Nat’l Transp. Safety Bd., 569 F.3d 964, 979 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting 5 U.S.C. 18 § 552(b)(5)). Exemption 5 “shields ‘those documents, and only those documents, normally 19 privileged in the civil discovery context.’” Assembly of State of Cal. v. U.S. Dep’t of Com., 968 20 F.2d 916, 920 (9th Cir. 1992), as amended on denial of reh’g (Sept. 17, 1992) (quoting NLRB v. 21 Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 149 (1975)). The privilege invoked here is the “deliberative 22 process” privilege. [Dkt. 35 at 9]. “In light of the strong policy of the FOIA that the public is 23 entitled to know what its government is doing and why, [E]xemption 5 is to be applied as narrowly 24 as consistent with efficient Government operation.” Id. (quoting Maricopa Audubon Soc’y v. U.S. 25 Forest Serv., 10 F.3d 1089, 1093 (9th Cir. 1997)). 26 Two elements are required for the deliberative process privilege under exemption 5 to apply: 27 the document must be (1) predecisional and (2) deliberate. Id. “A ‘predecisional’ document is one 1 recommendations, draft documents, proposals, suggestions, and other subjective documents which 2 reflect the personal opinions of the writer rather than the policy of the agency.” Id. at 979–80 3 (quoting Assembly of State of Cal., 968 F.2d at 920). “A predecisional document is a part of the 4 ‘deliberative process,’ if the disclosure of the materials would expose an agency’s decision-making 5 process in such a way as to perform its functions.” Id. 6 On the other hand, a document reflects a final agency decision, and thus is not predecisional, 7 and the reasons supporting it if “it communicates a policy on which the agency has settled.” Am. 8 C.L. Union Found. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 19-CV-00290-EMC, 2021 WL 4481784, at *5 (N.D. 9 Cal. Sept. 30, 2021). Importantly, “[a] document is not final solely because nothing else follows it” 10 because during agency deliberations “some ideas are discarded or simply languish.” Id. Instead, to 11 determine if a document is final, Courts must evaluate “whether the agency treats the document as 12 its final view on the matter.” Id. “Documents ‘are deliberative if they were prepared to help the 13 agency formulate its position.’” Id. at *6 (quoting United States Fish & Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, 14 Inc., 592 U.S. 261, 268 (2021)). 15 The first dispute centers around a purported “internal deliberative draft document containing 16 the Department’s Office of Civil Rights’ (“OCR”) response to a question about what the Department 17 is doing to implement Executive Order 13899.” Dkt. 35 at 10 (citing Dkt. 35-1 at 13–14). 18 Production: March 8, 2024, Interim Response (289 pages) Page(s) Date of Document Exemption Portion Withheld Description of 19 Redactions 20 56–59 Withheld pursuant to (5) In Full Discovery privilege: The a FOIA exemption record is an internal 21 deliberate draft document containing the 22 Department’s Office of Civil Rights’ response to a 23 question about what the 24 Department is doing to implement Executive 25 Order 13899. The record contains OCR’s edits and 26 comments to drafting the response. 27 1 With regard to this withheld document, JLN argues that the “DOE does not specify what 2 final decision these deliberations are in furtherance of, and when the final decision will be reached, 3 and DOE does not specify what harm would result from disclosure.” [Dkt. 36 at 15]. JLN asserts 4 that “there is no ‘reasonable foreseeability of harm’ in disclosing these records.” Id. (citation 5 omitted). 6 According to DOE’s Vaughn index, this withheld document “contains OCR’s edits and 7 comments to drafting the response.” Dkt. 36 at 10 (quoting Dkt. 35-1 at 13). DOE argues that this 8 document is deliberative “as it contains a draft response and comments thereto for future 9 implementation of an executive order[,]” and argues that this document is predecisional “because a 10 final response had not yet been issued and any potential agency policy was naturally being 11 developed, as evidenced by the comments and edits prior to the final response.” [Dkt. 35 at 10]. 12 Draft documents that do not represent final policy are typically protected under exemption 13 5. Am. C.L. Union Found., 2021 WL 4481784, at *6 (quoting Sierra Club, Inc., 592 U.S. at 268). 14 Here, the presence of OCR’s edits and comments reflects the agency’s internal deliberation and 15 refinement process. Id. Such draft documents that do not constitute a final policy are exempt from 16 disclosure because they are deliberative. Id. (citation omitted). Because the document includes 17 comments and edits prior to the final response, the document at issue is predecisional. Accordingly, 18 the DOE has met its burden under exemption 5 with regard to pages 56–59 of the March 8, 2024, 19 Interim Response (reflected on page 13 of the Vaughn index). [Dkt. 35-1 at 13]. The Court 20 GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the DOE with regard to this withheld document. 21 The Parties’ second dispute with regard to exemption 5 centers around a draft version of a 22 policy document, a “Dear Colleague” letter on the topic of “Protecting Students from Discrimination 23 Based on Shared Ancestry and Ethnic Characteristics.” [Dkt. 36 at 15]. After the hearing on the 24 motion for summary judgment, the Parties stipulated to withdrawing the challenges to the 25 withholdings in these pages, with certain exceptions detailed below. [Dkt. 43]. The Court granted 26 that stipulation, and accordingly, the dispute is resolved as moot. [Dkt. 44]. 27 The third and fourth disputes are materially identical. JLN seeks summary judgment that 1 of emails exchanged with people outside the agency, specifically pages 1–8 of the March 11, 2024, 2 final production. [Dkt. 36 at 16]. The DOE argues that the Vaughn index for these pages dispels 3 this contention. [Dkt. 37 at 4]. Quoting the Vaughn index, the DOE argues that “pages 1–8 of 4 Defendant’s March 11, 2024, final production contained communications with the White House.” 5 Id. The DOE argues that the White House is considered an agency for purposes of determining 6 whether a communication is an interagency deliberation under FOIA. Id. 7 There appears to be no dispute between the Parties as to the propriety of redacting and 8 withholding emails between the DOE and the White House, where all such emails were sent or 9 received from a governmental email account. JLN does not challenge that such interagency emails 10 would be covered by the deliberative process privilege on the record presented. The dispute here is 11 focused on the question of whether any of the redacted or withheld emails include emails sent from 12 accounts outside the government. 13 Exemption 5 generally applies only to internal government communications. See Dep’t of 14 Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 3 (2001) (exemption 5 focuses on 15 “communications” between agencies). Redactions of communications with people outside the 16 government would therefore be improper under exemption 5 unless the government establishes that 17 the communications are somehow part of an agency’s deliberative process (if that were possible 18 under the facts of a given case). See id. JLN argues that the redaction of the email addresses makes 19 it impossible to determine whether or not these are, in fact, interagency communications. [Dkt. 38 20 at 4]. JLN argues that the deliberative process privilege under exemption 5 would not apply to 21 communications with persons who are outside the scope of the privilege, including emails sent to 22 addresses that are outside the White House. [Dkt. 36 at 16]. 23 It is the government’s burden to demonstrate that the deliberative process privilege applies. 24 See California Native Plant Soc’y v. U.S. E.P.A., 251 F.R.D. 408, 413 (N.D. Cal. 2008). Here, the 25 government’s Vaughn index and arguments make the generalized assertion that these documents are 26 emails between the DOE and the White House, without any specificity as to each document and 27 without identifying the email addresses of the senders/recipients. The DOE has not sufficiently 1 addresses and communications, or they may all be emails sent to and received from email accounts 2 outside the government—there is no way to know based on the DOE’s submissions. The issue here 3 is particularly focused because the DOE has the burden to segregate information in documents. See 4 id. The DOE has not provided sufficient information in the Vaughn index or otherwise to establish 5 that these emails are all within the scope of the privilege, because the redactions prevent determining 6 whether these emails are to or from email accounts inside or outside the White House. As such, the 7 DOE has not met its burden to demonstrate that the redactions as a whole are proper under 8 exemption 5 because the DOE has provided insufficient information to demonstrate that the persons 9 involved in all of the challenged communications are within the scope of the privilege. 10 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS-IN-PART JLN’s cross-motion for summary judgment 11 solely with regard to those redacted emails (from pages 1–8 of the March 11, 2024, final production) 12 that were sent or received from a non-governmental email address. The Court DENIES-IN-PART 13 JLN’s cross-motion for summary judgment as to those redacted emails (from pages 1–8 of the March 14 11, 2024, final production) that were sent or received from a governmental email account or address 15 (such as a White House email address). 16 C. Exemption 6 withholdings 17 The Parties dispute seven different redactions under exemption 6. “Exemption 6 states that 18 FOIA does not apply to ‘personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would 19 constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.’” Lahr, 569 F.3d at 973 (quoting 5 20 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)). “Exemptions 6 [] speak[s] of an ‘unwarranted’ invasion of personal privacy, 21 not any invasion.” Id. at 973–74 (citing Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 22 171 (2004); U.S. Dep’t of Def. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth. (FLRA), 510 U.S. 487, 494–95 (1994)). 23 “So, to determine whether a record is properly withheld, we must balance the privacy interest 24 protected by the exemptions against the public interest in government openness that would be served 25 by disclosure.” Id. “Under Exemption 6, the concept of privacy not only encompasses that which 26 is inherently private, but also includes an ‘individual’s control of information concerning his or her 27 person.’” Abhyanker v. United States Pat. & Trademark Off., No. 23-CV-00746-AMO, 2024 WL 1 Press, 489 U.S. 749, 763 (1989)). 2 To evaluate an exemption 6 dispute, requires a multi-step analysis. First, “a court must 3 determine whether the information at issue is contained within a personnel, medical, or ‘similar’ 4 file.” Id. (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)). Second, “a court must determine whether there is a 5 significant privacy interest in the requested information.” Id. (citing Multi Ag Media LLC. v. USDA, 6 515 F.3d 1224, 1229 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). Third, “the court must evaluate the requester’s asserted 7 FOIA public interest in disclosure.” Id. (citing Favish, 541 U.S. at 160). “Finally, if there is a 8 significant privacy interest in nondisclosure and a FOIA public interest in disclosure, the court must 9 balance those competing interests to determine whether disclosure ‘would constitute a clearly 10 unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.’” Id. (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)). “Because 11 Exemption 6 speaks of an ‘unwarranted’ invasion of personal privacy, ‘a court must balance the 12 public interest in disclosure against the interest Congress intended the [e]xemption to protect.’” Id. 13 (quoting FLRA, 510 U.S. at 495). 14 The first three disputes under exemption 6 center around the redaction of another FOIA 15 requestor’s name and address; a redaction of a handwritten signature; and redactions surrounding 16 phone numbers. [Dkt. 35 at 11]. The DOE argues these three categories of redactions are proper 17 under exemption 6 because “[t]hese complainants shared deeply personal information regarding 18 their experiences with the understanding that their identities were confidential during the 19 investigation process. Information about their identities does not shed light on DOE’s performance 20 of its statutory duties, and reveals nothing about DOE’s own conduct.” Id. (citation omitted). 21 JLN’s opposition makes clear that “JLN has not sought any personal information identifying 22 specific complainants or witnesses…. Plaintiff does not challenge these redactions of names.” [Dkt. 23 36 at 16]. Further, JLN made clear in reply that “JLN is not seeking the complainants’ names or 24 their home addresses.” [Dkt. 38 at 7]. Because JLN does not oppose part of these categories of 25 redactions under exemption 6, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the DOE with 26 regard to any redactions under exemption 6 of other FOIA requestors’ names, addresses, phone 27 numbers, or any other personal identifying information of complainants or witnesses. ] identifying information of individuals who complained of certain discriminatory behavior on 2 || university campuses (the “Complainants”). The DOE indicates that redactions of information 3 || regarding the complainants are proper because the complainants were entitled to confidentiality 4 || while their complaints were adjudicated. [Dkt. 35 at 11]. The DOE argues that “[t]hese 5 complainants shared deeply personal information regarding their experiences with the 6 || understanding that their identities were confidential during the investigation process. Information 7 || about their identities does not shed light on DOE’s performance of its statutory duties, and reveals 8 || nothing about DOE’s own conduct.” /d. 9 JLN admits that it does not seek any personal information identifying specific complainants 10 || or witnesses. [Dkt. 36 at 16]. JLN challenges the alleged overbreadth of the redactions under 11 exemption 6 because the redactions “offer little protection from the remote and attenuated risk of «3 12 || even identifying someone’s identity, let alone exposing them to harm” while allegedly

& 13 “prohibit[ing] understanding of the substance of the complaint and the alleged discrimination.” /d.

Y 14 || The only expressly identified redactions under exemption 6 discussed by JLN are with regard to

15 || page 3 of Exhibit E to JLN’s cross-motion for summary judgment. /d. (quoting Exhibit E, p. 61/162 A 16 of the Second March 8, 2024, Production). In context, JLN’s complaint that these redactions

2 17 || “prohibit understanding of the substance of the complaint and the alleged discrimination” rings 6 18 || hollow: 19 With respect to Allegations 1 and 2, you alleged that the SPS’s offering the Program! and the Business School’s planning to offer Scholarship 1* during academic year 2022-2023 discriminates 20 on the bases of race, color, and/or national origin. In support of the allegations, you alleged that the Program and Scholarship 1 are both designed to assist graduates of HBCUs and therefore 21 violate Title VI by “exclude[ing] for the most part people who are not Black,” “Black people who 09 don’t have Southern connections,” and “immigrant populations of Black people such as Africans, Latinos, Caribbeans, and European Blacks who are not likely to have attended a[n] HBCU.” You 3 further stated that as a[[§@X65) jjof the University H@@Mand anf PSOMG TF] with Oo) (b)(6), (OVTVC you feel excluded because the Program and Scholarship 1 were 24 unavailable to you when you were enrolled in the University. 25 [Dkt. 36-6 at 3]. 26 While JLN’s arguments focus solely on the redactions in one sentence, JLN ignores the 27 || remainder of the paragraph (and the remainder of the letter, most of which is unredacted), which 28 sets forth in plain terms and in detail the substance of the complainant’s allegations of

1 discrimination. In balancing the privacy interests here against the alleged need for public disclosure, 2 the Court FINDS that JLN has wholly failed to demonstrate any need for the redacted private 3 identifying information of the complainant. 4 Because JLN argued that the redactions of this Exhibit E are emblematic of the alleged 5 overbreadth of the exemption 6 redactions, and because (as demonstrated) these redactions are 6 demonstrably not overbroad, the Court further FINDS that JLN has failed to show why summary 7 judgment should not be granted as to any other exemption 6 redactions. Accordingly, the Court 8 GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the DOE with regard to those exemption 6 redactions 9 relating to private identifying information of complainants and witnesses. 10 The fifth dispute here with regard to exemption 6 relates to the redaction of an email that 11 describes a social media post. [Dkt. 36 at 17]. This specific redaction was the subject of the Parties’ 12 post-hearing meet and confer but remains unresolved. [Dkt. 43]. JLN argues that the email refers 13 to a social media post that was published and that there is no evidence that the privacy settings for 14 the author’s account were set to limit the viewership of the post. Id. at 2. Additionally, JLN argues 15 that the name of the individual who publicly posted the social media post is already known. Id. 16 In response, the DOE argues generally that an individual has a privacy interest in their social 17 media account. [Dkt. 37 at 5]. However, the DOE does not proffer any information or evidence 18 that this social media post was private or that the account settings at the time of posting limited 19 publication or access to the social media post. Further, the exhibit for this document states that this 20 social media post was emailed by the author to a government employee and that the author retweeted 21 the post. [Dkt. 36-5 at 2]. By its nature, “retweeting” indicates a further and potentially wider 22 publication of an original social media posting. 23 The DOE has the burden of establishing that exemption 6 justifiably applies to these 24 redactions. See U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 172 (1991). The DOE has not met this 25 burden. To the contrary, a more than reasonable interpretation of the document is that the social 26 media post was public (as is common with social media posts and the default for the former Twitter 27 app). Withholding and redaction are not proper because there would be no “unwarranted invasion 1 Because the DOE has not met its burden, the redaction under exemption 6 to the body of this 2 email regarding a social media post is not sufficiently supported. As such, the Court GRANTS 3 summary judgment in favor of JLN with regard to the exemption 6 redaction of the body text of this 4 email regarding a social media post. 5 A related, sixth dispute focuses not on the text of the email discussed above, but rather on 6 the redaction of the personal email account of the person who made the social media post. [Dkt. 38 7 at 6]. JLN argues that redacting the entirety of the email address is not justified, and that the domain 8 name of the email address should be unredacted to identify the organization with which the author 9 was affiliated. Id. The DOE argues in response that “[a]n individual has an inherent right to privacy 10 with their personal email address.” [Dkt. 37 at 5]. 11 A personal email address is personally identifying information properly subject to 12 withholding. See Transgender L. Ctr., 46 F.4th at 784 (withholding government employees’ email 13 addresses to prevent the disclosure of personally identifiable information). Beyond this, an 14 individual’s email address is a means for directly contacting someone, which (if publicly disclosed) 15 carries risks of harassment, so-called “spamming,” and generally uninvited communications of all 16 types. . Further, it is well-known that an individual’s email address is often linked in online 17 databases and search tools to other personal identifying information, such as addresses, phone 18 numbers, and family members’ identities. 19 JLN’s argument that partial unredaction to disclose the URL or domain name of this 20 individual’s email account would identify the organization they are affiliated with is based on pure 21 speculation. [Dkt. 38 at 6]. It is well known that people often use freely available email addresses 22 from general online email service providers (such as Gmail, Yahoo, AOL, and others), which do not 23 identify any person’s affiliation with their employer or organization. JLN simply assumes, without 24 basis or showing, that unredaction of the domain or URL of this email address would necessarily 25 disclose the person’s organization. Such speculation is insufficient grounds to challenge a redaction 26 based on exemption 6. Further, JLN has not persuasively explained why knowing the organization 27 with which this person is affiliated is relevant to the subject matter of the request, and certainly has 1 about the possibility of uncovering a private individual’s affiliation with an organization is not 2 sufficient. 3 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the DOE with regard to 4 the redaction based on exemption 6 as to this email address in its entirety. 5 The final exemption 6 dispute centers on JLN seeking disclosure of the names and titles of 6 university administrators. [Dkt. 36 at 17 (citing Dkt. 36-7)]. JLN argues that the DOE has 7 improperly redacted the names of university administrators in their handwritten signatures on 8 documents, based on confidentiality concerns. As a fallback position, JLN argues that, even if the 9 name were properly redacted, the title of the signatory should not be redacted under exemption 6. 10 [Dkt. 38 at 6]. 11 In opposition, the DOE argues that the redactions of these signatures were applied in 12 response to a separate FOIA request that is not at issue in this action. [Dkt. 37 at 5]. As discussed 13 above, JLN lacks standing to argue that the exemptions do not apply to redactions made in response 14 to a separate FOIA request. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the 15 DOE with regard to the redactions of handwritten signatures under exemption 6. 16 D. Exemption 7 Redactions and Withholdings 17 Under exemption 7, the Parties raise disputes over three categories of redactions. “‘[L]aw 18 enforcement purposes[,]’ under Exemption 7[,] includes both civil and criminal matters within its 19 scope.” Am. C.L. Union Found. of S. California v. United States Immigr. & Customs Enft, No. 2:22- 20 CV-04760-SHK, 2024 WL 3370532, at *10 (C.D. Cal. July 8, 2024), reconsideration denied, 347 21 F.R.D. 518 (C.D. Cal. 2024) (quoting Tax Analysts v. I.R.S., 294 F.3d 71, 77 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). 22 “Agencies that combine administrative and law enforcement functions and agencies whose principal 23 function is criminal law enforcement may both withhold records under Exemption 7.” Id. (citing 24 Tax Analysts, 294 F.3d at 77). “When a mixed-function agency withholds records, ‘a court must 25 scrutinize with some skepticism [whether] the particular purpose claimed for the disputed 26 documents’ was, in fact, related to law enforcement purposes.” Id. “The court focuses ‘on how and 27 under what circumstances the requested files were compiled . . . , and whether the files sought related 1 v. DOJ, Office of Professional Responsibility, 284 F.3d 172, 177 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). “The agency 2 must show: (1) ‘the investigatory activity that gave rise to the documents is related to the 3 enforcement of federal laws,’ and (2) ‘there is a rational nexus between the investigation at issue 4 and the agency’s law enforcement duties.’” Id. 5 Here, the Parties do not dispute that the law enforcement exemption can apply to the DOE. 6 Compare Dkt. 37 at 6, with Dkt. 36. There appears to be no dispute that the DOE Office of Civil 7 Rights serves as a law enforcement agency enforcing certain civil rights laws. [Dkt. 35 at 12; Dkt. 8 36 at 20 (JLN admitting that “to the extent DOE is a law enforcement agency, it is at most a ‘mixed 9 function agency’”)]. As such, the exemption 7 disputes here are addressed to the breadth of specific 10 redactions. 11 The first exemption 7 dispute centers on redactions that withhold information on underlying 12 incidents involving certain complainants. The DOE asserts exemption 7(A) with regard to these 13 redactions. Exemption 7(A) protects from disclosure information that “could reasonably be 14 expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A). 15 Here, JLN argues that the “DOE cannot establish that disclosure of the records could 16 reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” [Dkt. 36 at 20]. The specific 17 redactions identified by JLN as allegedly improper are with regard to certain pages of Exhibit G 18 [Dkt. 36-8] to JLN’s cross-motion. [Dkt. 36 at 21 (citing “Exhibit G, p. 19–23, 46–53”)]. JLN’s 19 argument regarding this Exhibit G is confusing because Exhibit G only consists of a thirteen-page 20 document, and there are no pages “19–23” or “46–53” marked or identified anywhere on this 21 document. See [Dkt. 36-8]. It appears that these are the page numbers of DOE’s December 2023 22 document production, but JLN has not correlated those page numbers with the pages of Exhibit G 23 as submitted to the Court. Accordingly, that procedural failure undercuts and weakens JLN’s 24 arguments for the simple reason that the Court is unsure what pages of Exhibit G are actually 25 challenged. A detailed examination of Exhibit G does not support JLN’s assertions. This Exhibit 26 G consists in part of several pages of a detailed letter involving a university investigation into alleged 27 discrimination, where the details of the underlying incident are not redacted in large part. Id. at 2– 1 information as to the complaint. Further, this Exhibit G includes an email that discusses a 2 “disturbing email” and “threats” to a complainant at the university in sufficient detail to describe 3 the underlying incident without disclosing personally identifying information of the complainant. 4 Id. at 5–6. To the extent the remaining pages of Exhibit G are redacted admittedly in large part, 5 JLN’s argument appears to be focused on the supporting declaration from the DOE (discussed 6 below). In sum, JLN’s arguments overlook and ignore the unredacted portions of this exhibit and 7 fail to explain why the disclosed information is insufficient (and fail to explain why the redactions 8 under exemption 7(A) are improper, particularly in light of the text stating that a complainant 9 received a disturbing email). 10 The DOE argues that the redactions are proper under exemption 7(A) because releasing the 11 information “could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” [Dkt. 37 at 12 6]. The DOE further argues that the redacted information describes alleged actions that led to 13 investigations, and the facts (if disclosed) would identify the parties involved in the investigations. 14 Id. In support of the redactions, the DOE submitted a declaration from Heather Gunnarson, a 15 Director in the DOE Office for Civil Rights. [Dkt. 35-2]. In her role, Gunnarson oversees the 16 administration of all FOIA requests assigned to the Office for Civil Rights. Id. 17 JLN challenges Gunnarson’s declaration, arguing that it fails to identify specific 18 proceedings, does not clarify whether Gunnarson is familiar with all of DOE’s ongoing cases, and 19 overbroadly asserts that the redacted proceedings are either pending or prospective without 20 providing sufficient detail as to each. [Dkt. 36 at 20]. 21 Agency FOIA affidavits are presumed to be made in good faith and should be accorded 22 substantial weight. Ecological Rts. Found., 607 F. Supp. 3d at 993. JLN provides no basis to 23 conclude that the Gunnarson Declaration should not be given substantial weight, nor any reason to 24 rebut the presumption of good faith. Ms. Gunnarson expressly states under oath that the “records 25 that contained redactions and/or withholdings pursuant to the FOIA exemption 7(A) were compiled 26 for the purpose of enforcing one of the several Civil Rights laws that prohibit discrimination in 27 programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance from the DOE.” [Dkt. 35-2 at ¶ 10]. 1 contained redactions and/or withholdings pursuant to the FOIA exemption 7(A) are either pending 2 and/or prospective.” Id. at ¶ 11. Gunnarson further avers that “[r]elease of the information withheld 3 pursuant to the FOIA exemption 7(A) could jeopardize OCR's enforcement proceedings.” Id. at 12. 4 The Gunnarson Declaration satisfies the standard for specifying the potential harm that could 5 occur from disclosure of the exemption 7(A) information: “release could put victims and witnesses 6 in danger of retaliation and could prevent others from disclosing and/or filing complaints for fear 7 their information will be exposed. Parties could stonewall OCR’s investigation. Those involved in 8 the discrimination may destroy, alter, or fabricate evidence. And release of the information could 9 disclose OCR’s investigatory strategies.” Id. 10 JLN’s conclusory argument that “[i]t is difficult to see how the redactions address the safety 11 of victims and witnesses” provides no basis to rebut the presumption of good faith attaching to the 12 Gunnarson Declaration. [Dkt. 36 at 21]. Indeed, as discussed above, the unredacted portion of 13 Exhibit G coupled with the Gunnarson Declaration demonstrates precisely that releasing the 14 unredacted information could put victims and witnesses in danger of retaliation, because that risk 15 appears to have arisen with regard to a complainant at the university discussed in Exhibit G when 16 (apparently) the university lifted a previous “no contact order”. [Dkt. 36-8 at 5]. 17 In addition to Exhibit G (discussed above), the only other specific document challenged by 18 JLN is Exhibit H to JLN’s cross-motion. JLN argues in a single sentence that the redactions to this 19 Exhibit H are not supported under exemption 7 because, based on the unredacted portion, JLN 20 argues that “[t]his email appears to be concerning an educational conference, not a complaint, so it 21 could not likely interfere with law enforcement proceedings.” [Dkt. 36 at 21 (citing Dkt. 36-9)]. 22 JLN’s arguments myopically ignore the remainder of the unredacted portion of Exhibit H. Contrary 23 to JLN’s representation, the document does not refer solely to an educational conference. [Dkt. 36 24 at 21]. Rather, the document is an email between a university counsel and an official of the DOE 25 with the subject “OCR Resolution Agreement in Matter 11-19-2215” and the body text states that 26 the author is “writing regarding the resolution agreement we executed with OCR at the end of last 27 year with respect to the Gaza conference.” [Dkt. 36-9 at 2]. On its face, the document references 1 agreement with the enforcement agency (OCR) to “resolve” an issue between OCR and that 2 university. Id. Just because that issue was “with respect to the Gaza conference” (which is not 3 identified as an “educational conference” contrary to JLN’s assertion) does not mean the document 4 only concerns the conference as JLN’s crimped reading of the text asserts. Coupled with the 5 Gunnarson Declaration, the unredacted text of Exhibit H demonstrably shows that the document is 6 discussing an OCR investigation and efforts to resolve it by a formal resolution agreement with the 7 university. JLN’s characterization of this Exhibit H falls apart upon simple examination, and such 8 borderline misrepresentation puts JLN’s counsel’s credibility at serious risk. 9 Because JLN relies on Exhibit H as exemplary for its challenge to the remainder of the 10 exemption 7 redactions, and because as detailed above JLN’s arguments in this regard and with 11 regard to Exhibit G are meritless, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the DOE with 12 regard to all the exemption 7(A) redactions and withholdings. 13 The second exemption 7 dispute centers on whether releasing certain information currently 14 withheld under exemption 7 would, when combined with other disclosed details, cumulatively 15 reveal the identities of complainants protected under exemption 6. [Dkt. 37 at 4–5]. However, this 16 issue is mooted as the Court granted summary judgment in favor of the DOE pursuant to exemption 17 7. 18 Finally, the DOE has established that the redactions to JLN’s Exhibit H resulted from the 19 DOE’s response to a separate FOIA request that is not at issue in the action. [Dkt. 37 at 7]. As 20 explained above, JLN lacks standing to argue that the exemptions do not apply to redactions made 21 in response to a separate FOIA request. Accordingly, for this additional reason the Court GRANTS 22 summary judgment in favor of the DOE as to the redactions under exemption 7(A) in Exhibit H 23 [Dkt. 36-9]. 24 II. JLN’S “PATTERN AND PRACTICE” CAUSE OF ACTION 25 JLN alleges that Defendant has engaged in a pattern and practice of failing to timely issue 26 determinations in response to FOIA requests. [Dkt. 36 at 22]. To bring a pattern and practice claim, 27 a FOIA plaintiff must first establish Article III standing by demonstrating: “(1) the agency’s FOIA 1 policy, and (3) the plaintiff himself has a sufficient likelihood of future harm by the policy or 2 practice.” Hajro v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 811 F.3d 1086, 1103 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing 3 Lujan, 504 U.S. at 563; City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105 (1983); Long v. U.S. I.R.S., 4 693 F.2d 907, 909–10 (9th Cir. 1982)). 5 Here, JLN argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because the DOE failed to timely 6 respond to the FOIA request at issue here. [Dkt. 36 at 22]. Specifically, JLN characterizes the 7 September 28, 2023, DOE letter as “merely a ‘status update’” and argues that it does not count as a 8 “proper response.” Id. 9 The DOE argues this characterization is incorrect, because JLN “relies on a misplaced 10 interpretation of determination in support of its argument that Defendant was untimely in its 11 response.” [Dkt. 35 at 13 (citing Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Washington v. Fed. Election Com’n, 12 711 F.3d 180, 188 (D.C. Cir. 2013))]. The DOE further argues that “[a] determination as to whether 13 the agency will comply with the FOIA request is not the same as the production of documents in 14 response to that request.” Id. The DOE asserts that its response letter from September 2024 15 constitutes a legally proper response and that therefore JLN lacks Article III standing to assert a 16 pattern and practice claim. 17 The law recognizes “a distinction exists between a ‘determination’ and subsequent 18 production.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Washington, 711 F.3d at 188. An agency need only 19 “process a FOIA request and make a ‘determination’” within twenty to thirty working days, 20 depending on the circumstances. Id. Here, JLN’s FOIA request was received on August 30, 2023, 21 and the DOE provided its determination on September 28, 2023, which is twenty working days later. 22 Dkt. 35-4, ¶¶ 7–9; Dkt. 35-10, at 2–3. Under applicable legal standards, the DOE September 28, 23 2023, letter suffices as a determination for purposes of responding to a FOIA request. Because the 24 law recognizes that the date of actual production of documents is not the date for a “determination,” 25 JLN’s arguments that the DOE violated the statute because the agency took several months to 26 process and produce documents on a rolling basis are legally unsound. Because there is no dispute 27 that the DOE responded to JLN within the required twenty days, and because that response qualifies 1 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the DOE on JLN’s pattern and 2 practice cause of action. 3 III. DOE’S ALLEGED FAILURE TO MEET THE STATUTORY DEADLINE 4 JLN asserts two grounds on which the DOE allegedly failed to meet the statutory deadline 5 in responding to the FOIA requests here. First, JLN argues that the DOE failed to make the required 6 determination within the statutory deadline. Second, JLN argues that the DOE failed to conduct a 7 reasonable search for documents in response to the FOIA request. The Court addresses each of 8 these grounds seriatim. 9 A. WHETHER THE DOE FAILED TO MAKE A DETERMINATION WITHIN

THE DEADLINE

10 In the Amended Complaint, JLN alleges that the DOE failed to make a determination with 11 respect to JLN’s FOIA request within the statutory deadline. [Dkt. 21 at p. 9 (First Cause of Action); 12 Dkt. 36 at 12]. Under 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A), “[e]ach agency, upon any request for records made 13 under paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this subsection, shall (i) determine within 20 days (excepting 14 Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) after the receipt of any such request whether to 15 comply with such request[.]” The statute further requires that the agency “shall immediately notify 16 the person making such request of such determination and the reasons therefor” and shall notify the 17 requestor of other information regarding their rights. Id. at § 552(a)(6)(A)(i). 18 As discussed above with regard to the “pattern and practice” cause of action, the Parties do 19 not dispute that the DOE sent a response letter on September 28, 2023, to JLN within the twenty- 20 day deadline. JLN argues that the September 28, 2023, letter does not qualify as a “determination” 21 without citation to any binding or persuasive law. [Dkt. 36 at 11-12]. By its terms, § 552(a)(6)(A) 22 requires the agency to determine “whether to comply with such [FOIA] request” and notify the 23 requestor. The September 2023 letter expressly states that JLN’s FOIA “request was forwarded to 24 the appropriate officer(s) within the Department to conduct a search for any responsive records. 25 At this time, your request is still being processed.” [Dkt. 36-3 at 2 (emphasis added)]. That 26 notification states expressly that the request was forwarded to personnel “to conduct a search” for 27 documents. 1 JLN asserts without legal support that the letter “does not state any information that would 2 allow Plaintiff to determine whether DOE will produce documents and when.” [Dkt. 36 at 13; see 3 also Dkt. 38 at 2 (“DOE does not state that it will produce documents…. Defendant not only failed 4 to specify that documents would be produced, it also failed to specify any date that the request would 5 be completed[.]”)]. That is not the standard required under the statute – the agency is not required 6 to provide a notice of a determination on “whether” the agency “will produce documents and when.” 7 The statute by its terms merely requires the agency to determine whether or not it will comply with 8 the request, and so notify the requestor. Telling JLN that the DOE forwarded the request to 9 personnel to conduct a search for responsive documents constitutes a notification that the DOE is, 10 in fact, complying with the request. Making a search for documents is one of the first steps in 11 complying with a request. If the DOE had determined not to comply with the request, it would have 12 refused to forward the request to anyone to search for any documents. 13 At the time the search starts, the agency has no way to know for certain whether any 14 responsive documents exist and thus no way to know whether any documents “will” be produced or 15 “when”—and Section 552(a)(6)(A) does not impose that requirement. JLN’s demand that a 16 notification letter state unequivocally that documents “will” be produced and “specify any date that 17 the request would be completed” is outside the statute and is invented from whole cloth by JLN. 18 JLN cites no case law which requires an agency to presciently predict that responsive documents 19 will be found and will be produced, and JLN cites no legal support in either the statute or case law 20 requiring “magic language” to adequately communicate the determination required by the statute. 21 As with JLN’s crimped interpretation of an exhibit (discussed above), JLN’s redrafting of the 22 statute, coupled with its crimped interpretation of the September 2023 letter, is legally and factually 23 unsupported. 24 Finally, on reply JLN argues for the first time that the September 2023 letter was somehow 25 deficient because the “response did not give the instructions for appeal.” [Dkt. 38 at 3]. Again, JLN 26 cites no law to support this argument. The statute does not require an agency to provide any 27 “instructions for appeal” when the agency has determined it will comply with the FOIA request. 1 information regarding the requestor’s right to appeal (and not “instructions for appeal”) only “in 2 the case of an adverse determination.” See id. at § 552(a)(6)(A)(i)(III). Here, there was no “adverse 3 determination” and JLN provides no factual or legal support for interpreting the September 2023 4 letter as communicating a determination not to comply with the FOIA request. Because there was 5 no “adverse determination” here, the DOE’s letter was not required to provide notice of the right to 6 appeal or any other matters in subsection (III) of the statute. Indeed, the fact that the September 28, 7 2023, letter omitted any discussion of a right to appeal (or any other matters required by subsection 8 (III) of the statute) is further indication that the DOE made a positive determination to comply with 9 the FOIA request and was so notifying JLN. JLN’s attempt to confusingly inject notice of the right 10 to appeal in a situation where the agency had determined to comply with the request by starting the 11 search for documents is legal error, and both misreads and misapplies the statute. 12 Accordingly, the Court FINDS that the September 28, 2023, letter notified JLN of the DOE’s 13 determination to comply with the FOIA request, and thus satisfied the “determination” and 14 “notification” requirements of Section 552(a)(6)(A). 15 The DOE further argues that JLN’s cause of action here has been rendered moot. “[T]he 16 production of all nonexempt material, ‘however belatedly,’ moots FOIA claims.” Papa v. United 17 States, 281 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 125 (D.C. Cir. 18 1982); 5 U.S.C. § 552). Here, the DOE provided its final response on March 11, 2024, and thus 19 finished its production of all nonexempt material. [Dkt. 21 at ¶ 38]. That final response predates 20 the Amended Complaint (the operative complaint in this matter) by about three weeks. Compare 21 id., with [Dkt. 21 (filed April 2, 2024)]. Under Papa, the DOE’s final response moots JLN’s claim 22 that the agency failed to provide a substantive response to a FOIA request. Papa, 281 F.3d at 1013 23 (citing Perry, 684 F.2d at 125; 5 U.S.C. § 552). JLN’s sole argument that Papa is relied on by the 24 DOE to argue “timeliness” of the notification is a misreading of the DOE’s briefing. [Dkt. 38 at 2]. 25 And JLN’s recasting of the DOE’s argument to state that the DOE is relying on the Amended 26 Complaint as mooting the cause of action, dkt. 38 at 4, is a further misreading of the DOE’s 27 argument and fails to distinguish Papa’s application here. The DOE relies on its final response and 1 Papa’s mootness doctrine here as a matter of law. 2 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the DOE on the First Cause 3 of Action (Failure to Comply with Statutory Deadlines) on the grounds that the DOE satisfied the 4 “determination” and “notification” requirements of § 552(a)(6)(A) and alternatively on the grounds 5 that this cause of action is moot. 6 B. WHETHER THE DOE FAILED TO CONDUCT A REASONABLE

SEARCH

7 JLN cross-moves for summary judgment with respect to the First Cause of Action on the 8 grounds that the DOE failed to conduct a reasonable search in response to the FOIA request. [Dkt. 9 36 at 13]. To comply with a FOIA request, an agency must conduct a reasonable search for 10 responsive records. Hamdan, 797 F.3d at 770. JLN complains that, “[n]o description of the search 11 has been provided to allow the Court to determine whether the search was reasonable. DOE does 12 not explain where the records are located and what facilities were searched. DOE does not explain 13 its keywords used or search methodology.” Id. 14 The DOE argues that this request for summary judgment should be denied as a matter of law 15 because the “operative Amended Complaint does not allege that Defendant conducted an inadequate 16 search.” [Dkt. 37 at 9]. 17 The Court agrees and denies JLN’s cross-motion for summary judgment on the First Cause 18 of Action on the asserted grounds. After carefully reviewing the operative Amended Complaint, 19 the Court finds there is no pleading or mention in the First Cause of Action discussing or mentioning 20 failure to perform a reasonable search. [Dkt. 21 at ¶¶ 40–46]. The First Cause of Action is directed 21 to the timeliness of the determination issue discussed above. Under the notice pleading standard, 22 the First Cause of Action as pled does not give the DOE notice that “reasonableness of the search” 23 is at issue. Had the DOE known that this issue was part of this cause of action, the DOE could have 24 moved for summary judgment on this issue as well as discussed below. JLN did not adequately 25 plead that the DOE failed to conduct a reasonable search as a basis for its claim that there was a 26 failure to comply with statutory deadlines. Denying summary judgment is appropriate if the 27 complaint does not allege the cause of action or the facts supporting the cause of action. See Pickern 1 v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), Inc., 457 F.3d 963, 969 (9th Cir. 2006) (affirming the district court’s denial 2 of summary judgment when plaintiff failed to plead certain facts in the amended complaint). As the 3 Plaintiff and moving party here, JLN has the burden to show that there are no genuine disputes of 4 material facts and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on this cause of action. Fed. R. 5 Civ. P. 56(a). By failing to plead that reasonableness of the search was even an issue for the First 6 Cause of Action, JLN has failed to show that any facts (much less disputes of fact) as to the 7 reasonableness of the search are material in any legally relevant way to the First Cause of Action as 8 pled. 9 The DOE further argues that this cross-motion for summary judgment should be denied 10 because JLN affirmatively waived this theory as to this Cause of Action. [Dkt. 37 at 9]. The original 11 Complaint did expressly request, as relief that the DOE be ordered to conduct a reasonable search 12 in response to the FOIA request. [Dkt. 1 at 11]. The currently operative Amended Complaint 13 dropped that requested relief. [Dkt. 21 at 12–13]. The DOE explains that, between the dates of the 14 original Complaint and the Amended Complaint, the Parties negotiated and came to express 15 agreement on search terms to be used to search for responsive documents. [Dkt. 37-2 (emails 16 between counsel setting forth and reaching agreement on multiple search terms to be used)]. This 17 explains why, by the time of the Amended Complaint, JLN removed the language requesting the 18 Court to order the DOE to conduct a reasonable search. As the moving party here, JLN has the 19 burden to show that there are no genuine disputes of material facts and that it is entitled to judgment 20 as a matter of law on this cause of action. At a minimum, the DOE has provided substantial 21 uncontroverted evidence which raises a genuine dispute on JLN’s contention that the search was not 22 reasonable, and summary judgment is inappropriate for this reason alone. JLN mistakenly shifts the 23 burden to the DOE to establish in opposing summary judgment that the search was reasonable. To 24 be entitled to its cross-motion for summary judgment, JLN (not the DOE) has the burden to show 25 no genuine dispute that the search was unreasonable. JLN failed to make this showing. 26 Further, a party that agrees to a course of action has waived the right to complain that the 27 agreed-upon course of action is unreasonable. Here, JLN agreed to the search terms and has thus 1 the DOE that JLN agreed to the search terms used here, and in reliance on that representation, the 2 DOE used those search terms. Similar to the concept of waiver, under the facts presented JLN is 3 also estopped from asserting that the agreed-upon search terms are unreasonable. In light of the 4 uncontroverted evidence presented by the DOE, the Court FINDS that JLN waived (or is estopped 5 from) arguing that the reasonableness of the search is grounds for JLN’s cross-motion for summary 6 judgment on the First Cause of Action. Based on the uncontroverted evidence, it is apparent that, 7 had the DOE known that JLN intended to pursue this unpled theory, the DOE could have moved for 8 partial summary judgment on the First Cause of Action with regard to the reasonableness of the 9 search. 10 The Court is troubled that this appears to be yet another instance in connection with these 11 motions where JLN’s counsel’s manner of litigation has put its credibility and professionalism in 12 serious question. In the briefing, JLN represented flatly to the Court that “No description of the 13 search has been provided” and that “DOE does not explain its keywords used or search 14 methodology.” [Dkt. 36 at 13]. In opposition, the DOE provided a description of the search, 15 explained the agreed-upon keywords used, and explained the methodology of the search would be 16 to use these search terms. JLN knew all this prior to filing its cross-motion for summary judgment. 17 After being confronted by the DOE’s opposition brief and the evidence of the agreement between 18 counsel on the search terms, JLN modified its argument to mean that the DOE was required to 19 submit evidence to the Court (and not to JLN) describing the search terms “actually” used, that JLN 20 attempts to distinguish from search terms which were “agreed” to be used. [Dkt. 38 at 3]. JLN 21 ignores the fact that the DOE’s counsel expressly stated under Rule 11 in its brief that the agreed- 22 upon “search parameters” were “used to locate responsive documents.” [Dkt. 37 at 9 (emphasis 23 added)]. JLN’s counsel negotiated and knew the search terms to be used. During the discovery and 24 disclosure period, JLN’s counsel had every opportunity to confirm any suspicion whether the DOE 25 was failing to or refusing to use the agreed-upon search terms. JLN dropped a request for relief in 26 the Amended Complaint regarding the reasonableness of the search. JLN provided no basis to 27 believe or suspect that counsel for the DOE, having agreed to the search terms, would then 1 to the Court that “no description” of the search was provided and that the DOE provided no 2 explanation of the keywords used. JLN’s counsel omitted telling the Court that JLN’s counsel knew 3 that search terms had been negotiated, knew what those search terms were, and knew that JLN 4 agreed to those search terms with the DOE’s counsel. Counsel for JLN is on notice that any further 5 misrepresentations of fact or omissions of material fact in submissions to the Court may result in an 6 Order to Show Cause, including potential sanctions. 7 Accordingly, the Court DENIES WITH PREJUDICE JLN’s cross-motion for summary 8 judgment on the First Cause of Action (Failure to Comply with Statutory Deadlines) on the grounds 9 of lack of reasonable search by the DOE for all the reasons stated herein. 10 IV. DOE’S FAILURE TO REASONABLY SEGREGATE 11 JLN seeks summary judgment on its Fourth Cause of Action that the DOE purportedly failed 12 to reasonably segregate documents. [Dkt. 21 at 12 (Fourth Cause of Action); Dkt. 36 at 21]. “FOIA 13 provides that any ‘reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to any person 14 requesting such record after deletion of the portions which are exempt under this subsection.’” 15 Hamdan, 797 F.3d at 778–79 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)). The Ninth Circuit has held that “‘[i]t is 16 reversible error for the district court ‘to simply approve the withholding of an entire document 17 without entering a finding on segregability, or the lack thereof,’ with respect to that document.’” Id. 18 (quoting Wiener v. F.B.I., 943 F.2d 972, 988 (9th Cir. 1991)). “The burden is on the agency to 19 establish that all reasonably segregable portions of a document have been segregated and disclosed.” 20 Id. (quoting Pac. Fisheries, Inc. v. United States, 539 F.3d 1143, 1148 (9th Cir. 2008)). “The agency 21 can meet this burden by providing the district court with a reasonably detailed description of the 22 withheld material and ‘alleging facts sufficient to establish an exemption.’” Id. 23 Courts “may rely on an agency’s declaration in making its segregability determination.” Id. 24 “Agency affidavits that are sufficiently detailed are presumed to be made in good faith and may be 25 taken at face value.” Id. (citing Hunt v. CIA, 981 F.2d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir. 1992)). “In short, a 26 district court is not required to conduct an independent in camera review of each withholding unless 27 an agency declaration lacks sufficient detail or bears some indicia of bad faith by the agency.” Id. 1 “[m]any redactions covered entire pages, and others were not narrowly tailored, covering entire 2 paragraphs.” [Dkt. 36 at 21]. The Court disagrees with such characterizations and notes that JLN’s 3 arguments do not rebut the factual showings in the DOE’s declarations submitted on these motions. 4 The DOE’s declarations are sufficiently detailed such that this Court can and will take them 5 at face value. The DOE declarations specify the withheld documents individually, offer a detailed 6 explanation of the withheld material, and identify the applicable exemption (or exemptions) for 7 each. As discussed specifically with regard to the challenged exemptions above, the Gunnarson 8 Declaration is sufficiently detailed and JLN provides no basis to rebut the presumption of good faith 9 attaching to that declaration. [Dkt. 36-2]. Similarly, the other declaration relied on by the DOE, 10 submitted by Robert Wehausen (Director of Operations for the DOE), provides details on the meet 11 and confers and communications between counsel to clarify the scope of the requests, the date of 12 and numbers of documents provided during the process of responding to the FOIA request, and 13 explains that redactions and withholdings in the November 26, 2023, production were applied in 14 response to other, separate FOIA requests unless otherwise specified in the Vaughn index. [Dkt. 15 36-4]. 16 JLN recites no reason why the Court should refuse to take the DOE’s declarations at face 17 value. Indeed, there is ample evidence that the DOE acted in good faith in its dealings with JLN 18 and the Court, including multiple meet and confers, reviewing materials for release at Plaintiff’s 19 request, and closely scrutinizing what it releases. As the party cross-moving for summary judgment 20 here, JLN has the burden to establish there are no genuine issues of material fact and that JLN is 21 entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the alleged failure to reasonably segregate. In light of the 22 declarations of the witnesses submitted by the DOE, and in light of the Vaughn index (which further 23 explains the redactions and segregation of information), and in light of the totality of the 24 circumstances surrounding the DOE’s processing of documents in response to the request (including 25 the Court’s review of redactions on specific documents complained about by JLN as discussed 26 herein), the Court FINDS that JLN has not met its burden to establish there are no genuine issues 27 of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the reasonable segregation ] Accordingly, the Court DENIES WITH PREJUDICE JLN’s cross-motion for summary 2 || judgment on the Fourth Cause of Action (Failure to Reasonably Segregate) for all the reasons stated 3 herein. 4 CONCLUSION 5 Accordingly, for the reasons discussed herein and in light of the applicable legal standards, 6 || the Court GRANTS-IN-PART and DENIES-IN-PART the DOE’s motion for summary judgment 7 || and JLN’s cross-motion for summary judgment as detailed herein. 8 This RESOLVES Dkts. 35 and 36. 9 10 || ITIS SO ORDERED. 1] Dated: March 31, 2025 a (12

PETER H. KANG

S 13 United States Magistrate Judge

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