NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 4 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ASHENAFI G. ABERHA, No. 23-15267

Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:20-cv-00524-LRH-CSD v.

BRIAN WILLIAMS, et al., MEMORANDUM*

Respondents-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Larry R. Hicks, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted April 2, 2025** San Francisco, California

Before: HURWITZ, KOH, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.

Ashenafi Aberha appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of

habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2253. “We review the denial of a Section 2254 habeas corpus petition de novo and

any underlying factual findings for clear error.” Patsalis v. Shinn, 47 F.4th 1092,

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 1097 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing Martinez v. Cate, 903 F.3d 982, 991 (9th Cir. 2018)).

We affirm.

Aberha challenges the admission of the prior testimony of Sophie and Faye

Bolderson as a violation of the Confrontation Clause, arguing that the Boldersons

were not “unavailable” for trial. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53–54

(2004). But the Nevada Supreme Court’s decision affirming admission of the

testimony was neither “contrary to, [n]or involved an unreasonable application of,

clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United

States,” nor was it “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts . . . .” 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d). We therefore cannot grant the requested relief. See id.; Martinez,

903 F.3d at 991.

Aberha first argues that the Boldersons were not “unavailable” because they

could have chosen to attend and to testify at trial. No decision of the U.S. Supreme

Court suggests that witnesses who reside in a foreign country, are not amenable to

subpoena, and refuse to attend trial are “available” merely because they could

feasibly have attended. Instead, the key inquiry is whether the State made reasonable

and good-faith efforts to obtain the witnesses’ presence at trial. See Barber v. Page,

390 U.S. 719, 724–25 (1968).

Aberha next argues that the Boldersons were not “unavailable” for trial

because the State’s efforts to secure their attendance were insufficient under Barber,

2 which held that prosecutors’ efforts were unreasonable where “the State made

absolutely no efforts to obtain the presence of [a witness] at trial other than to

ascertain that he was in federal prison . . . .” Id. at 723. That does not suggest that

the State’s efforts here—notifying the Boldersons of the trial date months in

advance, emailing a reminder of that date, issuing a subpoena as soon as it became

clear that they would not attend the trial voluntarily, and offering to stipulate to a

continuance of the trial to a date on which the State believed the Boldersons could

attend—were unreasonable. And though Aberha argues that the State could have

made greater efforts, “the deferential standard of review set out in 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d) does not permit a federal court to overturn a state court’s decision on the

question of unavailability merely because the federal court identifies additional steps

that might have been taken.” Hardy v. Cross, 565 U.S. 65, 72 (2011) (per curiam);

see also Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 75 (1980).

Finally, Aberha argues that the Nevada Supreme Court erroneously treated

Mancusi v. Stubbs, 408 U.S. 204 (1972), as creating a brightline rule that witnesses

residing outside the United States are per se “unavailable.” That mischaracterizes

the Nevada Supreme Court’s decision, which correctly noted that the State was

required to exercise “reasonable diligence” to obtain the Boldersons’ presence at

trial. The Nevada Supreme Court cited Mancusi to explain that the State’s efforts to

secure the Boldersons’ attendance were reasonable “[u]nder the totality of the

3 circumstances,” not to excuse the State from making such good-faith efforts. The

Nevada Supreme Court’s conclusion that the Boldersons were unavailable, given the

State’s unsuccessful efforts to convince them to attend trial and its inability to

compel them to return to Nevada from England, was not unreasonable. See Christian

v. Rhode, 41 F.3d 461, 467–68 (9th Cir. 1994).

AFFIRMED.

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