I. Background

22 A. Factual Allegations1 23 Plaintiff Deondre Raglin (“Raglin”) is an individual residing in California. See ECF No. 1 ¶ 24 1. He has a physical disability. See id. He suffers from paraplegia due to a spinal cord injury and 25 requires the use of a wheelchair when travelling in public. See id. 26 27 1 This section is derived from the allegations in Plaintiff Deondre Raglin’s Complaint. See ECF No. 1. The 28 1 Defendants Carlos May d/b/a May Flowers and Robert J. May (“Defendants”) own or 2 operate a florist business located on Norwalk Blvd. in Whittier, CA (the “Business”). See id. ¶ 2. The 3 Business is open to the public and provides parking spaces for its customers. See id. ¶ 11. 4 Raglin visited the Business in April of 2024. See id. ¶ 10. When Raglin visited, the Business 5 lacked signage indicating a parking spot for people with disabilities. See id. ¶ 13. This interfered 6 with Raglin’s ability to use and enjoy the Business’s services. See id. ¶ 12. 7 B. Procedural History 8 Raglin filed suit in this Court on July 7, 2024. See ECF No. 1. Raglin brings the following 9 five claims: (1) violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. §12131 et seq. (the 10 “ADA”); (2) violation of the California Unruh Civil Rights Act; (3) violation of the California 11 Disabled Persons Act; (4) Violation of the California Health and Safety Code; and (5) negligence. 12 See id. 13 Raglin filed Proofs of Service as to both Defendants on August 26, 2024, indicating that he 14 served process on Defendants on August 21, 2024. See ECF Nos. 10, 11. Defendants never filed an 15 answer or any other responsive pleading. Raglin requested a Clerk’s Entry of Default as to Robert 16 May and Carlos May on September 12, 2024. See ECF No. 12. The Clerk of Court entered default as 17 to Robert May only on September 13, 2024. See ECF No. 13. Raglin re-requested a Clerk’s Entry of 18 Default as to Carlos May on September 23, 2024. See ECF No. 15. The Clerk of Court entered 19 default as to Robert May on September 24, 2024. See ECF No. 16. 20 Raglin filed the instant Motion for Default Judgment on February 5, 2025. See ECF No. 18. 21 Raglin also filed various supporting documents. See ECF Nos 18-1–18-5. Raglin noticed his Motion 22 for March 13, 2025. See ECF No. 18. 23 On March 6, 2025, the Court ordered Raglin to provide Defendants with notice of the 24 hearing, and to file a proof of service indicating the date, time, and manner of service of said notice. 25 See ECF No. 19. Raglin filed a proof of service on March 7, 2025, indicating that Defendants had 26 been provided notice via mail sent on March 7, 2025. See ECF No. 20. 27 The Court held a hearing on the Motion for Default Judgment on March 13, 2025. Despite 28 being provided with notice as described above, Defendants did not appear at the hearing. The Court 1 issued a tentative ruling via email in advance of the hearing, and at the hearing, Raglin submitted to 2 the tentative ruling. 3 II. Applicable Law 4 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b) authorizes a district court to grant default judgment 5 after the Clerk of the Court enters default under Rule 55(a). Local Rule 55-1 requires the party 6 seeking default judgment to file a declaration establishing: (1) when and against what party the 7 default was entered; (2) the pleading on which default was entered; (3) whether the defaulting party 8 is an infant or incompetent person, and if so, whether that person is represented by a general 9 guardian, committee, conservator, or other like fiduciary who has appeared; (4) that the 10 Servicemembers Civil Relief Act does not apply; and (5) that the defaulting party was properly 11 served with notice, if required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2). C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-1. 12 Once default has been entered, the factual allegations in the complaint, except those 13 concerning damages, are deemed admitted by the non-responding party. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(6); 14 TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987). However, default 15 judgment is not automatic upon the Clerk’s entry of default; rather, it is left to the sound discretion 16 of the court. See Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092–93 (9th Cir. 1980). When deciding whether 17 to enter default judgment, courts consider seven factors, commonly known as the Eitel factors: 18 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff; (2) the merits of plaintiff’s 19 substantive claim; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; (4) the sum of money at stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) 20 whether the default was due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 21 22 See Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986). 23 III. Discussion 24 In considering Raglin’s Motion for Default Judgment, the Court must analyze: (1) whether 25 the Court has jurisdiction over Defendants; (2) whether Raglin has satisfied the procedural 26 requirements of Local Rule 55-1; and (3) whether the Eitel factors weigh in favor of granting default 27 judgment. 28 1 The Court finds that it has jurisdiction over this case, that Raglin has satisfied Local Rule 55- 2 1, and that the Eitel factors weigh in favor of default judgment. The Court therefore GRANTS the 3 Motion as described herein. 4 A. The Court has jurisdiction over Defendants. 5 “When entry of judgement is sought against a party who has failed to plead or otherwise 6 defend, a district court has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject 7 matter and parties.” In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999). The Court therefore examines 8 jurisdiction in addition to the procedural requirements under Local Rule 55-1 and the Eitel factors. 9 First, the Court finds that it has subject matter jurisdiction over this action based on the 10 federal question jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (“The district courts shall have original 11 jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.”). 12 Raglin brings an ADA claim, which is based on an alleged violation of federal law, and so the Court 13 has subject matter jurisdiction. 14 Second, the Court finds that it has personal jurisdiction over Defendants. When no applicable 15 federal statute governing personal jurisdiction exists, the district court applies the law of the state in 16 which the district court sits. See Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing 17 Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 125 (2014)). Accordingly, The Court looks to “California’s 18 longarm statute [which] allows courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over defendants to the extent 19 permitted by the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution.” Id. at 1211; see also Cal. 20 Civ. Proc. Code § 410.10. Due process allows courts to exercise jurisdiction only over a defendant 21 who has “certain minimum contacts with [the forum] such that the maintenance of the suit does not 22 offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 23 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (internal quotation marks omitted). 24 Personal jurisdiction may be either general or specific. See Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211. “The 25 paradigm all-purpose forums for general jurisdiction are a corporation’s place of incorporation and 26 principal place of business.” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 118. Specific jurisdiction, on the other hand, exists 27 where “the claim for relief arises directly from a defendant’s contacts with the forum state.” AT&T 28 Co. v. Compagnie Bruxelles Lambert, 94 F.3d 586, 588 (9th Cir. 1996). 1 Here, the claims arise from Defendants’ operation of the Business, which is located in 2 California. See ECF No. 1. The Court has, at minimum, specific jurisdiction over Defendants as to 3 claims related to the Business’s operations in California. See AT&T, 94 F.3d at 588. The Court thus 4 finds it has personal jurisdiction over Defendants here. 5 B. Raglin has satisfied the procedural requirements of Local Rule 55-1. 6 The Court finds that Raglin has met the requirements of Local Rule 55-1. Local Rule 55-1 7 requires the party seeking default judgment to file a declaration establishing: (1) when and against 8 what party the default was entered; (2) the pleading on which default was entered; (3) whether the 9 defaulting party is an infant or incompetent person, and if so, whether that person is represented by a 10 general guardian, committee, conservator, or other like fiduciary who has appeared; (4) that the 11 Servicemembers Civil Relief Act does not apply; and (5) that the defaulting party was properly 12 served with notice, if required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2). See C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-1. 13 The Clerk of Court entered default against Defendants on September 13, 2024, and 14 September 24, 2024. See ECF Nos. 13, 15. Defendants have not responded to the Complaint or 15 otherwise defended the action. Pursuant to Local Rule 55-1, Raglin submitted a declaration from 16 counsel asserting that: (1) the Clerk of Court entered default as to Defendants on September 24, 17 20242 (see ECF No. 18-2 ¶ 5); (2) default was entered as to the Complaint (see id.); (3) Defendants 18 are not minors or incompetent persons (see id. ¶ 3); (4) the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act does 19 not apply (see id.); and (5) Defendants were served with notice of the Motion for Default Judgment 20 (see id. ¶ 6). 21 This is sufficient to comply with the procedural requirements of Local Rule 55-1. See C.D. 22 Cal. L.R. 55-1(e). 23 C. The Eitel factors weigh in favor of granting default judgment. 24 The Court must next consider the Eitel factors: “(1) the possibility of prejudice to the 25 plaintiff; (2) the merits of the claims; (3) “the sufficiency of the complaint;” (4) “the sum of money 26

27 2 This is, strictly speaking, inaccurate, as the Clerk of Court entered default as to Carlos May on September 24, 2024 (see ECF No. 16), having already entered default as to Robert May on September 13, 2024 (see ECF 28 1 at stake;” (5) “the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts;” (6) “whether the default was 2 due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy favoring resolution on the merits. See Eitel, 782 3 F.2d at 1471–72. For the reasons stated below, the Court finds that these factors favor entering 4 default against Defendants. 5 i. Raglin would suffer prejudice absent a default. 6 The first Eitel factor requires the Court to consider the harm to a plaintiff in the absence of 7 default judgment. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. All evidence suggests that Defendants are aware 8 of the litigation and are opting not to participate in it. See ECF Nos. 10, 11 (Proofs of Service of 9 Complaint to Defendants); ECF No. 18-5 (Proof of Service of Motion for Default Judgment to 10 Defendants). If Defendants continue to refuse to respond, the action will remain stagnated, and 11 Raglin will be denied the right to a judicial resolution of his claims. Absent a default judgement, 12 Raglin will therefore be prejudiced. Court thus finds that this factor weighs in favor of default 13 judgment. 14 ii. Raglin’s claims are meritorious and sufficiently pleaded. 15 The second and third Eitel factors consider the substantive merits and sufficiency of the 16 complaint. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. Notwithstanding the entry of default, the Court must still 17 determine if the facts alleged give rise to a legitimate cause of action because “claims [that] are 18 legally insufficient . . . are not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 19 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). Because default has been entered, the Court will assume the allegations 20 in the Complaint are true for this analysis. See TeleVideo Sys., 826 F.2d at 917–18. 21 Here, Raglin states that he seeks a default judgment as to all claims. See ECF No. 18 at 2. 22 However, Raglin only requests relief related to two claims: the first cause of action, for violation of 23 the ADA, and the second cause of action, for violation of the California Unruh Act. See ECF No. 18- 24 1 at 6. Thus, the Court need only examine whether these two claims are properly pleaded. 25 To properly plead his ADA claim, Raglin must allege that: “(1) he is disabled within the 26 meaning of the ADA; (2) [Defendants’ Business] is a private entity that owns, leases, or operates a 27 place of public accommodation; and (3) [Defendants’ Business] discriminated against him by 28 denying him public accommodations because of his disability.” See Lopez v. Catalina Channel 1 Express, Inc., 974 F.3d 1030, 1033 (9th Cir. 2020). Raglin alleged that he is disabled because he is a 2 paraplegic that uses a wheelchair. See ECF No. 1 ¶ 1. This is a sufficient allegation of disability 3 status. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A) (“disability” means “a physical or mental impairment that 4 substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual”). Raglin further alleged that 5 Defendants own or operate the Business, a florist, and that it is open to the public. See ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 6 2, 11. This is a sufficient allegation that Defendants own or operate a place of public 7 accommodation. See 42 U.S.C. § 12181(7)(F) (“The following private entities are considered public 8 accommodations . . . a bakery, grocery store, clothing store, hardware store, shopping center, or 9 other sales or rental establishment”). Finally, Raglin alleges that the Business lacked a proper van 10 accessible parking spot, including by alleging specific features that were missing. See ECF No. 1 ¶ 11 13. The Court finds that this is a sufficient allegation of discrimination based on denying public 12 accommodations to Raglin based on Raglin disability. The Ninth Circuit uses a burden shifting 13 framework to evaluate these claims, whereby “ADA plaintiffs must plausibly show how the cost of 14 removing the architectural barrier at issue does not exceed the benefits under the circumstances.” See 15 Lopez, 974 F.3d at 1038 (9th Cir. 2020). There are four factors used to analyze this: (1) “the nature 16 and cost of the action needed;” (2) “the overall financial resources of the facility or facilities 17 involved in the action,” viewed in light of the number of persons employed, the effect on resources, 18 and the impact of the sought action on the facility; (3) “the overall financial resources of the covered 19 entity;” and (4) “the type of operation or operations of the covered entity.” See id. A plaintiff is “not 20 required to address in detail each of the four factors to meet their initial burden of plausibly 21 explaining why it is readily achievable to remove an architectural barrier.” See id. Evaluating 22 Raglin’s pleadings, the Court finds that Raglin has met this standard, as it is plausible that the cost of 23 the measures Raglin seeks do not exceed their benefits. See id. Raglin alleges that the Business has 24 “the financial resources to remove these barriers without much difficulty or expenses.” See ECF No. 25 1 ¶ 17. The Court finds this to be a sufficient allegation the benefits outweigh the costs and that the 26 Business has sufficient resources to make the requested changes without significant impact. Thus, 27 Raglin has properly pleaded his ADA claim. 28 1 As to the Unruh Act claim—the Unruh Act specifically states that “A violation of the right of 2 any individual under the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . . . shall also constitute a 3 violation of this section.” Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f). Thus, by adequately pleading his ADA claim, 4 Raglin has also adequately pleaded his Unruh Act claim 5 Court thus finds this factor weighs in favor of default judgement. 6 iii. The sum of money at stake weighs in favor of default judgment. 7 In considering this factor, the Court “must consider the amount of money at stake in relation 8 to the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct.” Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. Generally, default 9 judgment is disfavored where the sum of money at stake is too large or unreasonable in relation to 10 defendant’s conduct. Id. at 1472 (affirming denial of default judgment where plaintiff sought $3 11 million in damages and parties disputed material facts in pleadings). Here, Raglin seeks an 12 injunction, a damages award of $4,000, and an attorneys’ fees and costs award of $3,245.00. See 13 ECF No. 18-1 at 9. The Court finds that the amount of money at stake here weighs in favor default 14 judgment. 15 iv. The low possibility of dispute weighs in favor of default judgment. 16 The fifth Eitel factor requires the Court to consider the possibility of dispute about material 17 facts in the case. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. Here, there is no evidence suggesting any dispute 18 as to material facts. Defendants has not contested that Raglin visited the Business or that the 19 Business lacks accessibility features in its parking lot as Raglin alleges. The Court finds this factor 20 weighs in favor of default judgment. 21 v. There is no indication of excusable neglect, which weighs in favor of default judgment. 22 23 The sixth Eitel factor considers the possibility that the default resulted from excusable 24 neglect. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472. Defendants have been properly served and appear to have 25 actively decided not to participate in litigation. See ECF Nos. 10, 11. There is nothing in the record 26 that would suggest that the default was a result of excusable neglect. The Court finds that this factor 27 weighs in favor of default judgment. 28 vi. The policy favoring resolution on the merits does not weigh against default judgment. 1 The Ninth Circuit’s “starting point is the general rule that default judgments are ordinarily 2 disfavored. Cases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel, 782 3 F.2d at 1472. The enactment of Rule 55(b), however, indicates that this preference, standing alone, is 4 not always dispositive, as district courts have recognized in non-binding decisions. See e.g., Seiko 5 Epson Corp. v. Prinko Image Co. (USA), Inc., Case No. 2:17-CV-04501, 2018 WL 6264988 at *3 6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2018). Although this factor generally weighs against default judgment, a 7 decision on the merits is not possible since Defendants have not responded to the Complaint. 8 Accordingly, this factor alone should not preclude the entry of default. 9 * * * 10 On balance, reviewing Raglin’s Application in light of the factors articulated in Eitel points 11 in favor of granting default judgment against Defendants. The Court therefore GRANTS the Motion 12 for Default Judgment (ECF No. 18). 13 D. Raglin is entitled to the remedies he seeks. 14 Raglin seeks three remedies: (1) an injunction requiring Defendant to remove barriers, (2) 15 damages of $4,000, and (3) an award of attorneys’ fees and costs of $3,245.00. See ECF No. 18-1 at 16 10. 17 First, the Court finds that Raglin is entitled to the injunction sought. Where the ADA is 18 violated, “injunctive relief shall include an order to alter facilities to make such facilities readily 19 accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.” See 42 U.S.C. § 12188. Thus, Raglin is 20 entitled to an injunction. The Court will enter the sought injunction. 21 Second, the Court finds that Raglin is entitled to the damages award he seeks. The Unruh Act 22 allows an award of damages, up to three times the amount of actual damages, and “in no case less 23 than four thousand dollars ($4,000).” See Cal. Civ. Code § 52(a). Thus, Raglin is entitled to $4,000 24 in statutory damages for the violation of the Unruh Act. 25 Third, the Court finds that Raglin is entitled to a fee and costs award. A plaintiff that prevails 26 on an ADA claim is entitled to an award of “reasonable attorney’s fee, including litigation expenses, 27 and costs.” See 42 U.S.C. § 12205. Raglin’s Motion for Default Judgment states that he seeks 28 $3,245.00 in fees and costs. See ECF No. 18-1 at 10. This is supported by an attached declaration. 1 See ECF No. 18-2 at 5–6. The $3,245.00 consists of (1) $2,575.00 in attorneys’ fees, based on 8.3 2 total hours worked, split between an attorney and a paralegal, at rates of $500 per hour and $150 per 3 hour, respectively; and (2) $670.00 in costs, which includes the filing fee, the cost of service of 4 process, and other incidentals. See id. 5 The Local Rules of this District include a schedule of attorneys’ fees for certain motions for 6 default judgment. See C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-3. This schedule states that attorneys’ fees awarded 7 pursuant to statute should be determined based on the amount of judgment. See id. Applying this 8 schedule to Raglin’s $4,000 damage award would lead to attorneys’ fees of $600. See id. (for a 9 judgment between $1,000.01 and $10,000, the fee award is “$300 plus 10% of the amount over 10 $1,000,” which is $300 + (.1 x $3,000) = $600). However, here, the ADA does not allow an award 11 of money damages. See 42 U.S.C. § 12188; see also Langer v. Kiser, 57 F.4th 1085, 1095 (9th Cir. 12 2023) (“the ADA limits suits brought by private plaintiffs to injunctive relief and does not allow 13 suits for damages”). The Supreme Court has cautioned that a “rule of proportionality” should not be 14 used to calculate fee awards in civil rights cases, as this would “make it difficult, if not impossible, 15 for individuals with meritorious civil rights claims but relatively small potential damages to obtain 16 redress from the courts.” City of Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 578 (1986). Although the Unruh 17 Act allows damages, they are “relatively small.” See id. Based on this guidance, the Court finds it 18 inappropriate to use the fee schedule in the Local Rules to calculate the fees in a civil rights case 19 where only modest damages are available. The Court will thus allow Raglin to seek attorneys’ fees 20 based on hours worked and a reasonable rate. The Court finds that time spent and rate reasonable, 21 and therefore will award the $2,575.00 in fees sought. 22 The Court finds an award of litigation costs in the amount Raglin seeks, $670.00, is 23 appropriate and in line with awards by other courts in this district. See, e.g., Langer v. Westco Inv. 24 LLC, Case No. 2:19-cv-2439, 2020 WL 7060137 at *9 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 7, 2020) (awarding filing 25 fees and service costs in the sum of $520 is “in accordance with this District’s procedures.”). 26 Thus, the Court will award Raglin $3,245.00 as a fees and costs award. 27 IV. Conclusion 28 For the reasons stated herein, the Court ORDERS as follows: 1 1. The Motion for Default Judgment (ECF No. 18) is GRANTED. 2 2. Judgment shall enter in favor of Raglin against Defendants for $7,245.00, consisting of 3 $4,000.00 in damages and $3,245.00 as a fees and costs award. 4 3. Defendants are ORDERED to provide an accessible and properly marked parking space 5 at the property located at or 8521 Norwalk Blvd., #A, Whittier, California, in compliance 6 with the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines. 7 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 Uf 10 || Dated: April 3, 2025 1] MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG 12 United States District Judge 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28