NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 8 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOHAN FERNANDO GUERRA- No. 24-1652 MOSQUERA; KELLY MARITZA Agency Nos.

PARRA-CORTES; L.S.O.P.; M.A. A240-053-806

O.P.; M.G.P.; M.G.P., A220-487-036

A220-487-037

Petitioners,

A220-487-038

A220-487-039

v. A220-487-040 PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General, MEMORANDUM*

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted April 4, 2025** San Francisco, California

Before: HURWITZ, KOH, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.

Johan Fernando Guerra-Mosquera (“Guerra-Mosquera”), Kelly Maritza

Parra-Cortes (“Parra-Cortes”), and their four minor children, L.S.O.P., M.A.O.P.,

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel previously granted the government’s unopposed motion to submit this case without oral argument. Dkt. Nos. 26, 29. M.G.P., and M.G.P. (collectively “Petitioners”), natives and citizens of Colombia,

petition for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

dismissing an appeal from an order of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying their

applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”).1 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we

deny the petition.

“Where the BIA writes its own decision, as it did here, we review the BIA’s

decision, except to the extent it expressly adopts the IJ's decision.” Diaz-Reynoso v.

Barr, 968 F.3d 1070, 1075–76 (9th Cir. 2020). We review factual findings for

substantial evidence and legal conclusions de novo. Plancarte Sauceda v. Garland,

23 F.4th 824, 831 (9th Cir. 2022). “To prevail under the substantial evidence

standard, the petitioner must show that the evidence not only supports, but compels

the conclusion that these findings and decisions are erroneous.” Id. (cleaned up).

“Due process challenges to immigration proceedings are reviewed de novo.” Zetino

v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1011 (9th Cir. 2010).

1. Eligibility for asylum requires a showing of a “well-founded fear of future

persecution,” Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018, 1023 (9th Cir. 2010)

(cleaned up), while eligibility for withholding of removal requires a showing of a

1 Petitioners do not contest the denial of CAT relief, so we need not address that claim.

2 24-1652 clear probability of future persecution, Tamang v. Holder, 598 F.3d 1083, 1091

(9th Cir. 2010). Petitioners argue that they suffered past persecution in Colombia

and therefore have met their burdens. See Velasquez-Gaspar v. Barr, 976 F.3d

1062, 1064 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting that past persecution creates a “rebuttable

presumption” of future persecution).

An applicant alleging past persecution has the burden of establishing that the

persecution was committed by the government, or by forces that the government

was “unable or unwilling to control.” Baghdasaryan, 592 F.3d at 1023 (asylum);

Reyes-Reyes v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 782, 788 (9th Cir. 2004) (withholding). The

record shows that the police actively investigated the shooting and supports the IJ’s

finding that Petitioners did not provide sufficiently specific information to

facilitate an investigation into the threatening phone calls. Based upon the police

reports, the country reports, and the testimony in the record, substantial evidence

supports the agency’s finding that Petitioners failed to demonstrate that the

Colombian government was unwilling or unable to control the perpetrators of the

harms against Petitioners. See, e.g., Doe v. Holder, 736 F.3d 871, 878 (9th Cir.

2013) (explaining that the failure to apprehend unidentified suspects does not

establish police are unable or unwilling to control persecutors).

2. Petitioners’ claim that the IJ engaged in “impermissible bias and

speculation” was not raised before the BIA. Because the government has properly

3 24-1652 raised the exhaustion requirement, we deny the petition as to the unexhausted bias

claim. See, e.g., Suate-Orellana v. Garland, 101 F.4th 624, 629 (9th Cir. 2024)

(explaining that exhaustion is a non-jurisdictional claim-processing rule, but a

court must enforce it if properly raised); Sanchez-Cruz v. INS, 255 F.3d 775, 780

(9th Cir. 2001) (holding that claims of IJ bias must be raised before the BIA).2

3. Finally, we reject Petitioners’ argument that the BIA denied them due

process because its opinion “analyzed only one issue in the case: the judge’s ruling

that the petitioners had not demonstrated that the civil authorities in Colombia

would be unable or unwilling to protect them.” The BIA’s determination regarding

Petitioners’ failure to establish past persecution was dispositive of Petitioners’

claims for relief. See Baghdasaryan, 592 F.3d at 1023; Reyes-Reyes, 384 F.3d at

788. The BIA was not required to “make findings on issues the decision of which

is unnecessary to the results they reach.” INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25

(1976) (per curiam); see also Najmabadi v. Holder, 597 F.3d 983, 990 (9th Cir.

2010) (explaining the agency “does not have to write an exegesis on every

contention” (cleaned up)).

PETITION DENIED.

2 Petitioners’ claim that they are entitled to humanitarian asylum under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii) was also not raised before the BIA. We therefore deny that portion of the petition for review as unexhausted. See Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir. 2023).

4 24-1652