J.C.

BACKGROUND

20 This case arises from an interaction between Plaintiffs J.C. 21 and M.G. (“Plaintiffs”) with City of Vallejo police officers 22 (“Defendants”) following a motor vehicle stop. Plaintiffs bring this case by and through their guardians ad litem, N.C. and W.W. respectively. On December 16, 2024, the Court issued an order 26 dismissing several of Plaintiffs’ claims with leave to amend. 27 See Order Granting in Part and Denying In Part Defendants’ Motion 28 to Dismiss (hereafter, “Order”), ECF No. 29. Plaintiffs subsequently submitted a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) renewing 3 their claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, California Civil Code 4 § 52.1, and various common law tort theories. See FAC, ECF No. 5 30. Currently pending before this Court is Defendants’ second 6 motion to dismiss. See Mot., ECF No. 33. Defendants move to 7 dismiss all causes of action for failure to state a claim except the alleged Second Cause of Action for excessive force under the Fourth Amendment. Id. Plaintiffs submitted an opposition, 11 Opp’n, ECF No. 38, and Defendants replied, Reply, ECF No. 39. 12 For the reasons provided herein, the Court GRANTS in…