DISCUSSION

I

Riley's Waiver of Appellate Contentions

In support of her appeal, Riley submitted a record that is inadequate for us to

consider her appellate contentions. The reporter's transcript consists only of the trial

transcript. The clerk's transcript consists of only two substantive documents: (1) the trial

court's minutes for the bench trial on March 2, 2012; and (2) the court's judgment. It

omits Bulletti's complaint and any pleadings or other pretrial papers filed by the parties.

Based on this inadequate record, we cannot address the merits of her statute of

limitations, res judicata, jurisdictional, and other contentions. Riley has not carried her

burden on appeal. (In re Kathy P. (1979) 25 Cal.3d 91, 102 ["appellant . . . has not met

her burden of showing error by an adequate record"]; Christie v. Kimball (2012) 202

Cal.App.4th 1407, 1412 ["[w]e cannot presume error from an incomplete record"];

Haywood v. Superior Court (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 949, 955 [because "the record does

not contain all the documents . . . we decline to find error on a silent record"].)

Furthermore, as Bulletti in effect asserts, Riley has waived her appellate

contentions by not presenting any coherent or comprehensible, substantive legal

arguments supported by citations to the record and legal authorities. She has not

presented any coherent, substantive arguments or analyses showing the trial court erred

by not applying the statute of limitations and/or the doctrine of res judicata to bar

Bulletti's breach of contract claim or otherwise erred or did not have jurisdiction to

3 consider his claim. A trial court's judgment or order is presumed to be correct. In

Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, the court stated:

"[I]t is settled that: 'A judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct. All intendments and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and error must be affirmatively shown [by the appellant]. This is not only a general principle of appellate practice but an ingredient of the constitutional doctrine of reversible error.' " (Id. at p. 564.)

"The burden of affirmatively demonstrating error is on the appellant." (Fundamental

Investment etc. Realty Fund v. Gradow (1994) 28 Cal.App.4th 966, 971.) "An appellant

must provide an argument and legal authority to support his contentions. This burden

requires more than a mere assertion that the judgment is wrong. 'Issues do not have a life

of their own: If they are not raised or supported by argument or citation to authority,

[they are] . . . waived.' [Citation.] It is not our place to construct theories or arguments to

undermine the judgment and defeat the presumption of correctness. When an appellant

fails to raise a point, or asserts it but fails to support it with reasoned argument and

citations to authority, we treat the point as waived." (Benach v. County of Los Angeles

(2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 836, 852.)

"Where a point is merely asserted by [appellant] without any [substantive]

argument of or authority for its proposition, it is deemed to be without foundation and

requires no discussion." (People v. Ham (1970) 7 Cal.App.3d 768, 783, disapproved on

another ground in People v. Compton (1971) 6 Cal.3d 55, 60, fn. 3.) "Issues do not have

a life of their own: if they are not raised or supported by [substantive] argument or

citation to authority, we consider the issues waived." (Jones v. Superior Court (1994) 26

4 Cal.App.4th 92, 99; see also Landry v. Berryessa Union School Dist. (1995) 39

Cal.App.4th 691, 699-700 ["[w]hen an issue is unsupported by pertinent or cognizable

legal argument it may be deemed abandoned and discussion by the reviewing court is

unnecessary"]; Ochoa v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 1480, 1488,

fn. 3 [contention was deemed waived because "[a]ppellant did not formulate a coherent

legal argument nor did she cite any supporting authority"]; Colores v. Board of Trustees

(2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 1293, 1301, fn. 2 ["[t]he dearth of true legal analysis in her

appellate briefs amounts to a waiver of the [contention] and we treat it as such"]; Bayside

Auto & Truck Sales, Inc. v. Department of Transportation (1993) 21 Cal.App.4th 561,

571.) Appellants acting in propria persona are held to the same standards as those

represented by counsel. (See, e.g., City of Los Angeles v. Glair (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th

813, 819.) Because Riley has not presented any coherent or comprehensible, substantive

legal arguments supported by citations to the record and legal authorities, we conclude

she has waived her appellate contentions.

We further conclude Riley has waived her appellate contentions to the extent her

arguments rely on her statement of facts because she failed to support her statement of

facts with citations to the record on appeal and referred to matters outside the record on

appeal. Statements of fact not part of, or supported by citations to, the record on appeal

are improper and cannot be considered on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule

8.204(a)(2)(C);1 Pulver v. Avco Financial Services (1986) 182 Cal.App.3d 622, 632;

1 All references to rules are to the California Rules of Court. 5 Kendall v. Barker (1988) 197 Cal.App.3d 619, 625.) We disregard any statements of fact

set forth in Riley's briefs that are outside of the record on appeal. (Pulver, at p. 632;

Kendall, at p. 625; Gotschall v. Daley (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 479, 481, fn. 1.)

Furthermore, to the extent her assertions of fact and procedure ostensibly refer to

matters within the record on appeal, her briefs do not contain any citations to the

appellate record in violation of rule 8.204(a)(1)(C). As in Nwosu v. Uba (2004) 122

Cal.App.4th 1229, at page 1246, Riley's briefs "are devoid of citations to the [record on

appeal] and are thus in dramatic noncompliance with appellate procedures." "It is the

duty of a party to support the arguments in its briefs by appropriate reference to the

record, which includes providing exact page citations." (Bernard v. Hartford Fire Ins.

Co. (1991) 226 Cal.App.3d 1203, 1205.) "If a party fails to support an argument with the

necessary citations to the record, that portion of the brief may be stricken and the

argument deemed to have been waived." (Duarte v. Chino Community Hospital (1999)

72 Cal.App.4th 849, 856; see also City of Lincoln v. Barringer (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th

1211, 1239; Guthrey v. State of California (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1108, 1115.) Because

Riley's briefs do not contain any citations to the record on appeal to support her

assertions of fact and procedure and appellate contentions, we consider her contentions

on appeal to have been waived. (Nwosu, at p. 1247; City of Lincoln, at p. 1239; Duarte,

at p. 856; Guthrey, at p. 1115.) Finally, we note that the fact that Riley filed this appeal

in propria persona does not exempt her from compliance with established appellate rules.

(Nwosu, at pp. 1246-1247 [pro per litigants must follow the same procedural rules as

attorneys]; City of Los Angeles v. Glair, supra, 153 Cal.App.4th at p. 819.) We conclude

6 Riley has not carried her burden on appeal to show the trial court erred or did not have

jurisdiction to decide this matter.

In any event, assuming arguendo Riley has not waived her appellate contentions,

we nevertheless conclude her appellate arguments are incoherent, incomprehensible,

vague and/or conclusory and therefore she has not carried her burden on appeal to present

persuasive substantive argument and analysis showing the trial court prejudicially erred

or did not have jurisdiction to decide this matter. (Denham v. Superior Court, supra, 2

Cal.3d at p. 564; Fundamental Investment etc. Realty Fund v. Gradow, supra, 28

Cal.App.4th at p. 971; Paterno v. State of California (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 68, 105.)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.

McDONALD, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

AARON, J.

7