FILED

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MAY 7 2025

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SYNDICATES 1183, 1036, AND 2007, No. 23-35429

CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT

LLOYD’S, LONDON, subscribing to D.C. No. Charterer’s Legal Liability Policy Number 3:21-CV-00252-JMK

GU300630J,

Plaintiffs-Appellees, MEMORANDUM*

v.

COOK INLET SPILL PREVENTION

AND RESPONSE, INC., CISPRI

SERVICES, LLC,

Defendants-Appellees,

v.

GEMINI INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellant,

and

FURIE OPERATING ALASKA, LLC, et al.,

Defendants.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Alaska Joshua M. Kindred, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted December 2, 2024 San Francisco, California

Before: COLLINS, VANDYKE, and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges. Concurrence by Judge COLLINS.

Gemini Insurance Company (“Gemini”) appeals from summary judgment and

declaratory judgment stating that its insurance policy, issued to Furie Operating

Alaska, LLC (“Furie”), covers Furie’s liability under an arbitration award to CISPRI

Services, LLC ( “CISPRI”) for negligence, and that another policy from Syndicates

1183, 1036, and 2007, Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London (“Underwriters”)

does not. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we review a district

court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Animal Legal Def. Fund v. U.S. Food

& Drug Admin., 836 F.3d 987, 990 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (per curiam).

Gemini argues that Underwriters’ policy no. B702 GU300630j (the

“Underwriters Policy”) covers Furie’s liability and therefore its own “umbrella”

policy does not. The parties are familiar with the facts, so we recite only what is

necessary.

2 1. In New York,1 courts resolve insurance coverage disputes by “‘first

look[ing] to the language of the policy.’” Selective Ins. Co. of Am. v. Cnty. of

Rensselaer, 47 N.E.3d 458, 461 (N.Y. 2016) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v.

Allstate Ins. Co., 774 N.E.2d 687, 693 (N.Y. 2002)). The court must “afford a fair

meaning to all of the language employed” and “leave no provision without force and

effect.” Id. (cleaned up). Unambiguous provisions are “given their plain and

ordinary meaning,” Burlington Ins. Co. v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 79 N.E.3d 477, 481

(N.Y. 2017) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), while ambiguous

language is “interpreted in favor of the insured,” Selective, 47 N.E.3d at 463.

Language should be interpreted according to the “‘reasonable expectations of the

average insured.’” Fed. Ins. Co. v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 965 N.E.2d 934, 936

(N.Y. 2012) (quoting Cragg v. Allstate Indem. Corp., 950 N.E. 2d 500, 502 (N.Y.

2011)).

The Underwriters Policy calls itself a “Charterers Legal Liability” policy and

adopts the “London Charterers Liability Wording 1996” for its coverage provision.

The pertinent language of the coverage provision is:

[Underwriters] shall indemnify [Furie] up to a limit of [$10,000,000] any one loss or series of losses arising out of an Accident all coverages combined in respect of . . . their legal . . . liabilities to third parties . . . which are

1 The parties agree that, under the enforceable choice of law provision in the Underwriters Policy, New York law controls. See Aqua-Marine Constructors v. Banks, 110 F.3d 663, 672–73 (9th Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). 3 covered in the United Kingdom Mutual Assurance Association (Bermuda) Ltd. standard form of certificate and/or under their club rules for charterers’ risks published and in effect at the inception of this insurance.

The parties dispute what the Underwriters Policy means when it refers to the “club

rules for charterers’ risks.”

The “United Kingdom Mutual Assurance Association (Bermuda) Ltd.” (“U.K.

Club”) is a mutual protection and indemnity association, and the club rules govern

its relationship with, and coverage provided to, its members. So when the

Underwriters Policy refers to “club rules,” it incorporates certain coverage by

reference to what the U.K. Club provides to its members. The club rules are wide

ranging. However, the Underwriters Policy’s incorporation of club rules is qualified

insofar as the provision for liability to third parties incorporates only “club rules for

charterers’ risks.” There is a section of the club rules dedicated specifically to

charterers: Rule 4 (“Special Cover for Charterers, Specialist Operations, Passengers

Ships, and TT Risks”), Section 1 (“Charterers”). This section, through an addendum,

provides:

This insurance covers the liability of the above-named Member in his capacity as charterer in respect of risks set out in Rule 2[, the club rules’ general list of “risks covered,”] and includes, pursuant to Rule 4 Section 1(A), the liability of the charterer to indemnify the owner or disponent owner in respect of such risks, to the extent that they arise out of operations or activities ordinarily carried on by, or ordinarily at the risk and responsibility of, a charterer. 4 Rule 2 covers injuries to seamen—the sort of risk at issue here.

A plain and simple reading of the Underwriters Policy—one that any

reasonable insured would understand—is that when the policy says “club rules for

charterers’ risks” it refers to those club rules that concern charterers’ risks. We reject

Gemini’s convoluted arguments to the contrary, which seek to turn the Underwriters

Policy into a general liability policy. To do so, Gemini walks a winding road through

various rules not relevant to charterers, unreasonably misconstrues the club rules’

definitions section, or imposes illogical prerequisites on Section 1 of Rule 4.

Because the Underwriters Policy is plain and unambiguous, we conclude that it

covers Furie’s liability only in Furie’s “capacity as charterer,” and indemnifies

CISPRI for the risk of injury to seamen only to the extent that risk arises out of

Furie’s “operations or activities ordinarily carried on by, or ordinarily at the risk and

responsibility of, a charterer.”

2. Having outlined the extent of the Underwriters Policy’s coverage, we

next determine whether Furie’s liability to CISPRI triggers that coverage.

Furie was a “time charterer,” having chartered a vessel from CISPRI on an

as-needed basis. “A time-charterer . . . directs the movements and cargo operations

of [a] ship[,]” Alexander v. United States, 63 F.3d 820, 822–23 (9th Cir. 1995), and

is in control of “direct[ing] the vessel’s commercial activities,” “designat[ing] the

cargo to be carried,” and “determin[ing] the vessel’s routes and destinations.” Moore 5 v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 912 F.2d 789, 791 (5th Cir. 1990). Under a time charter,

“‘[p]ossession and control remain with the owner and the ship is operated by its

regular crew.’” Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Ma-Ju Marine Servs., Inc., 830 F.2d 1332,

1340 (5th Cir. 1987) (quoting Migut v. Hyman-Michaels Co., 571 F.2d 352, 355 (6th

Cir. 1978)).2

“Under traditional admiralty principles an injured seaman cannot sue a time

charterer unless the seaman can show either the time charterer had enough control

of the vessel to render it the owner pro hac vice . . . or the time charterer was actively

negligent.” Alexander, 63 F.3d at 822 (citing Thomas J. Shoenbaum, Admiralty and

Maritime Law § 10-12 at 404 (1987)). A time charterer is not typically liable to

those injured on the chartered vessel as a charterer unless the injuries stem from the

limited role the time charterer plays in the operation of the vessel. See Chan v.

Society Expeditions, 123 F.3d 1287, 1293 (9th Cir. 1997).

2 In this case, the Time Charter Party between Furie and CISPRI provided that

[t]he entire operation, navigation, and management of the vessel shall be in the exclusive control and command of the OWNER, its master, officers and crew. The vessel will be operated and the services hereunder will be rendered as requested by the CHARTERER, subject always to the exclusive right of the OWNER or the master to determine whether operation of the vessel may be safely undertaken. In the performance of the Charter, the OWNER is deemed to be an independent contractor, the CHARTERER being concerned only with the results of the services performed. 6 The factfinder found that Furie did not cause injury to seamen from a breach

of any contractual duty stemming from the charter contract, i.e., an obligation to

“exercise due diligence to direct the vessel to safe berths and safe locations

recognizing the risks inherent with vessel operations in Cook Inlet and surrounding

areas.”3 Furie’s negligence arose from its mis-design and misuse of a device on its

natural gas extraction platform, which failed to secure CISPRI’s vessel and caused

injury to a seaman. We disagree with Gemini’s attempts to push this negligence into

the charterers’ “operations or activities” box, which requires comparison to cases

where a charterer directed a vessel’s crew to conduct certain activities in unsafe

weather conditions, see Hogden, 87 F.3d at 1251, or sent a vessel into a hurricane,

see Randall v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 13 F.3d 888, 899–900 (5th Cir. 1994), or stepped

out of its role as charterer, giving rise to liability for breach of other non-charterer

tort duties, Chan, 123 F.3d at 1294.

Furie is liable to CISPRI for causing injuries to CISPRI’s seaman by

breaching its duties as the owner of the platform, not for breach of duties owed as a

charterer. Because the Underwriters Policy covers liabilities arising only out of

Furie’s capacity as a charterer, the policy’s coverage is not triggered.

AFFIRMED.

3 The parties agree that they, and we, are bound by these findings of fact, which were made in an arbitration between CISPRI and Furie. 7 Syndicates 1183 etc. v. Gemini Ins. Co., No. 23-35429 FILED COLLINS, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment: MAY 7 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

I concur in the majority’s ultimate conclusion, in Section 1 of the

memorandum disposition, that Policy Number GU300630j (the “Underwriters

Policy”)1 covers the liability of Insured Furie Operating Alaska, LLC (“Furie’)

only in Furie’s capacity as a charterer. I also concur in the majority’s ultimate

conclusion, in Section 2, that Furie’s liability under the arbitral award is based on

its breach of duties that it owed as a platform operator rather than as a charterer.

But because my reasoning differs somewhat from the majority’s on both scores, I

concur only in the judgment.

1. I agree that the insurance coverage provided by the Underwriters Policy

is limited to “charterers’ risks” as set forth in the “club rules” of the United

Kingdom Mutual Assurance Association (Bermuda) Ltd. Rule 1 of the relevant

club rules states that “[t]he standard cover afforded by the Association to an Owner

who has entered his ship in the Association is set out in Rule 2,” and Rule 2, as

relevant here, covers “[l]iability to pay damages or compensation for personal

injury or death of any seaman.” However, under the definitional provisions set

forth in Rule 44, Furie is an “[o]wner” for purposes of the club rules only because,

1 The policy was issued by Appellees Syndicates 1183, 1036, and 2007, Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London (“the Underwriters”). and therefore only to the extent that, it is a “charterer” (emphasis added).

Moreover, as noted, the policy expressly limits its coverage under the club rules to

“charterers’ risks.” As a result, it is clear that Furie has coverage for personal

injury of a seaman under Rule 2 only with respect to liability it incurs in its

capacity as a charterer.

The majority instead relies on Rule 4, Section 1, see Memo. Dispo. at 4–5,

but in my view that provision is irrelevant. That section specifies certain additional

coverages that are available to charterers, but those coverages are effective “only

by special agreement in writing.” In this case, there is concededly no such special

agreement between Furie and the Underwriters. Moreover, the only additional

coverage listed in Rule 4, Section 1 that addresses liability under “Rule 2” is the

additional coverage for liability of a charterer in Section 1(A) “to indemnify the

owner . . . of the entered ship in respect of the risks set out in Rule 2” (emphasis

added). However, it is clear that the arbitration award to CISPRI Services, LLC

(“CISPRI”) against Furie is based on contribution and not indemnity, because the

award expressly states that “each tortfeasor is only liable for its proportionate share

of fault.” Thus, Furie owed CISPRI, not because Furie was obligated to pay for

CISPRI’s liability by agreement, but only because CISPRI had paid a liability that

was in relevant part entirely Furie’s: 65% of E.H.’s recoverable damages. In short,

because the additional coverage specified in Rule 4, Section 1 was never added to

2 the policy and would not be applicable in any event, it is irrelevant here.

The majority also relies on the Addendum for Charterers, which sets forth

recommended “full wording of clauses” that can be added to implement the

additional coverage specified in Rule 4, Section 1. See Memo. Dispo. at 4–5. But

the Addendum only serves to further confirm that Rule 4 does not apply here and

that the relevant coverage here is Furie’s coverage under Rule 2, which (as I have

explained) is limited to its liability for personal injuries to a seaman in its capacity

as a charterer. In summarizing the total relevant coverage for charterers for

liability for “Risks Set Out in Rule 2” that would exist if the additional coverage in

Rule 4, Section 1(A) is selected, the Addendum states that the policy would cover

(1) “the liability of the [insured] in his capacity as charterer in respect of risks set

out in Rule 2”; and (2) “includes, pursuant to Rule 4 Section 1(A), the liability of

the charterer to indemnify the owner or disponent owner in respect of such risks, to

the extent that they arise out of operations or activities ordinarily carried on by, or

ordinarily at the risk and responsibility of, a charterer” (emphasis added). The

Addendum thus confirms that, in the absence of an election to add the extra

coverage for indemnity “pursuant to Rule 4 Section 1(A),” the coverage that would

apply under Rule 2 by itself is (as I have set forth) “the liability of the [insured] in

his capacity as charterer in respect of risks set out in Rule 2.”

2. I also agree that the liability found by the arbitrator against Furie was not

3 based on Furie’s capacity as a charterer.

Appellant Gemini Insurance Company (“Gemini”) concedes that, in light of

the arbitrator’s holding that Furie did not breach the Charter Party, that agreement’s

obligations cannot provide any basis for concluding that Furie was liable in its

capacity as a charterer here. Gemini nonetheless insists that, in addition to any

obligations under the Charter Party, “independent principles of tort law” may also

supply additional obligations of a charterer and that those were breached here. In

particular, Gemini relies on Hodgen v. Forest Oil Corp., 87 F.3d 1512 (5th Cir.

1996), and other cases, which Gemini describes as holding that a time charterer has

a “duty to exercise reasonable care in choosing a specific time in which the

chartered vessel will perform its assignment” and that it “may be liable for

negligence even if its conduct is not a violation of the time charter party.” The

problem with this theory is that the arbitrator’s findings preclude invoking it here.

To the extent that a charterer can be held liable, in its capacity as a charterer,

for a negligent failure to instruct the vessel as to its route, mission, or timing, that

failure must involve a risk that the charterer, as a charterer, should have foreseen.

But the arbitrator expressly found that, due to Furie’s earlier negligent installation

of the “Mooring Apparatus”—an installation Furie performed in its capacity as

platform operator—not even the platform personnel knew “what vessels in what

conditions might safely use the Mooring Apparatus.” The arbitrator further found

4 that “those on Furie’s Platform did not know the unsafe situation in which they

might put vessels using the Mooring Apparatus, including the Vessel” at issue here.

But if the installation-related deficiencies that created the risk were unknown to the

platform personnel, it follows that they were certainly unknowable to an

independent charterer, who therefore could not foresee the relevant risks involved

here as to the timing, the conditions, or the type of vessel. Because an independent

charterer could not foresee the relevant risks, Furie’s liability in negligence here

rests only on the fact that, in Furie’s capacity as platform operator, the risks were

foreseeable. This is therefore not a situation in which Furie’s liability could be said

to rest both on its capacity as a charterer and its capacity as a platform operator;

here, Furie’s liability rests solely on the latter capacity. Accordingly, Furie lacked

coverage under the Underwriters Policy for the liability at issue here.

For the foregoing reasons, I concur in the judgment.

5