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2 FILED & ENTERED

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4 MAY 07 2025

5 C C L en E t R ra K l U D . i S st . r B ic A t N of K C R a U li P fo T r C n Y ia COURT 6 BY f i s h e r l DEPUTY CLERK

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UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

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CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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SAN FERNANDO VALLEY DIVISION

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12 In re Case No.: 1:25-bk-10068-VK 13 Chapter 7 14

CONSUELO MARIA SALDANA, MEMORANDUM OF DECISION RE:

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APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN AD

16 LITEM PURSUANT TO FED. R. BANKR. P.

17 Debtor. 1 004.1

Date: May 7, 2025 18 Time: 1:30 p.m. Place: Courtroom 301 19 21041 Burbank Blvd. 20 Woodland Hills, CA 91367 21 22 This memorandum of decision sets forth this Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of 23 law regarding the representation of Consuelo Maria Saldana in the above-captioned bankruptcy 24 case pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1. For the reasons set forth below, the Court appoints Iva 25 Dominguez as the debtor’s guardian ad litem for the limited purpose of prosecuting and 26 administering the bankruptcy case on behalf of the debtor. A separate order will follow. 27 28 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 On January 15, 2025, attorney Kevin Tang filed a chapter 7 petition and other documents 3 for Consuelo Maria Saldana (“Debtor”), initiating this bankruptcy case. On February 19, 2025, 4 the chapter 7 trustee held the initial section 341(a) meeting of creditors and continued the 5 meeting to April 30, 2025. 6 A. Iva Dominguez and Debtor’s Medical Circumstances 7 Debtor is a 95-year-old woman residing at 6438 Hazeltine Ave #8, Van Nuys, CA 91401 8 (the “Condo Unit”). Supplemental Declaration of Iva Dominguez, Ex. 1 [doc. 26]; Petition, ¶ 5 9 [doc. 1]. Iva Dominguez is Debtor’s daughter. Declaration of Iva Dominguez, ¶ 1 [doc. 17]. Ms. 10 Dominguez has been described as Debtor’s agent for health care purposes. See Letter from 11 Sorour Raghoshay, M.D. to Iva Dominguez, dated September 6, 2018 (the “Kaiser Letter”), 12 attached to Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay Under 11 U.S.C. § 362, at p. 56 of 81 [doc. 13 10]. Ms. Dominguez states that she has paid property taxes and property insurance for the Condo 14 Unit. Declaration of Iva Dominguez, ¶ 7 [doc. 17]. Ms. Dominguez attests that she does not have 15 a criminal record, does not have any current or potential interest in Debtor’s financial affairs and 16 is not charging any fee for her assistance to Debtor. Id., ¶¶ 5, 6, 9. 17 The Kaiser Letter states that, in September 2018, Sorour Raghoshay, M.D., a geriatrician 18 at the Kaiser Permanente Panorama City Geriatric Clinic, examined Debtor and determined that 19 Debtor “no longer has the mental capacity to independently manage her personal, health and 20 financial affairs due to her cognitive deficits from dementia and that [Debtor]’s incapacity is 21 permanent.” See Kaiser Letter, at p. 56 [doc. 10]. Since 2020, Cynthia Pike, M.D., and the 22 neurology practice at Optum in Van Nuys, California, have treated Debtor for dementia. 23 Supplemental Declaration of Iva Dominguez, Ex. 1 [doc. 26]. 24 B. Debtor’s Financial Circumstances 25 Debtor’s assets consist of a 2010 Hyundai Elantra with a scheduled value of $1,000.00, 26 various personal and household items and $128.00 in a checking account at Chase Bank. 27 Schedule A/B, ¶¶ 3.1, 6-12, 17 [doc. 1]. Debtor claims an exemption in each of these assets. 28 Schedule C [doc. 1]. Debtor’s sole sources of income are benefits from the Social Security 1 Administration and supplemental nutrition assistance benefits from the California Department of 2 Social Services. See Schedule I, ¶¶ 8.e, 8.h, at p. 25 [doc. 1]; Statement of Financial Affairs, ¶ 8, 3 at p. 30 [doc. 1]. 4 Debtor’s schedule A/B discloses a possessory interest in the Condo Unit with a scheduled 5 value of $0. Schedule A/B, ¶ 1.1 [doc. 1]. Regarding the Condo Unit, Debtor’s schedule A/B 6 states:

7 Debtor was the original person the title. Debtor is not on the title but is living in the 8 [Condo Unit]. Debtor transferred her 50% interest in the [Condo Unit] to her daughter, Iva Dominguez and her son in law, Miguel Dominguez. William 9 Campano [sic] has a 50% ownership interest in the [Condo Unit]. William Campano [sic] has a lawsuit for partition and sale of the [Condo Unit] and is seeking to evict 10 debtor from the [Condo Unit]. 11 Id. William Campana is the sole creditor identified in Debtor’s schedules. See Schedules D and 12 E/F [doc. 1]. In 2020, Mr. Campana filed a complaint against Debtor, Ms. Dominguez, and 13 Miguel Dominguez in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles for, among other 14 causes of action, partition of the Condo Unit by sale (the “Partition Action”). Supplemental 15 Declaration of Steve Lopez filed in support of Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay Under 16 11 U.S.C. § 362, ¶ 6 and Ex. A thereto [doc. 10].1 17 C. The Uniform Statutory Form Power of Attorney 18 On February 28, 2025, Debtor executed a notarized Uniform Statutory Form Power of 19 Attorney, in which Debtor appoints Ms. Dominguez as her agent (attorney-in-fact). Declaration 20 of Iva Dominguez, Ex. 1 [doc. 17]. 21

22 1 In December 2022, the state court entered an interlocutory judgment in the Partition Action (the “Interlocutory 23 Judgment”). Interlocutory Judgment for Partition by Court Under CCP § 872.720 attached as Ex. B to Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay Under 11 U.S.C. § 362, at pp. 55-59 [1:24-bk-11219-VK, doc. 13]. In the 24 Interlocutory Judgment, the state court ordered partition of the Condo Unit by sale after determining that Mr. Campana owns a 50% interest in the Condo Unit, Ms. Dominguez owns a 25% interest and Mr. Dominguez owns a 25 25% interest.

26 On July 24, 2024, Ms. Dominguez filed a chapter 7 petition, initiating bankruptcy case no. 1:24-bk-11219-VK. In her schedule A/B, Ms. Dominguez disclosed an ownership interest in the Condo Unit and indicated that Mr. 27 Campana is her stepbrother. See Schedule A/B, ¶ 1.1 [1:24-bk-11219-VK, doc. 1]. In Ms. Dominguez’s bankruptcy case, Mr. Campana filed a motion for relief from the automatic stay as to the Partition Action [1:24-bk-11219-VK, 28 doc. 13]. The Court granted Mr. Campana’s motion to enforce his interlocutory judgment and proceed to partition of the Condo Unit by sale [1:24-bk-11219-VK, doc. 20]. 1 D. The Application 2 On March 26, 2025, Mr. Tang filed an Ex Parte Application to Appoint Iva Dominguez as 3 Next Friend for the Debtor to Appear at the Meeting of Creditors (the “Application”) [doc. 17] 4 on behalf of Debtor, together with a declaration of Ms. Dominguez. The Application states that 5 Debtor has dementia and has trouble with her short-term memory. The Application further states 6 that Ms. Dominguez, who is handling Debtor’s financial affairs, is Debtor’s duly appointed 7 representative. For this reason, the Application requests that the Court enter an order appointing 8 Ms. Dominguez as Debtor’s next friend and appointing Ms. Dominguez to appear in Debtor’s 9 place at the continued meeting of creditors pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1. 10 On April 30, 2025, the Court held a hearing on the Application. Debtor, Ms. Dominguez 11 and Mr. Tang appeared at the hearing. Mr. Tang stated that he met with both Debtor and Ms. 12 Dominguez regarding the filing of the petition and other case initiation documents. Ms. 13 Dominguez stated that she helped Debtor sign the documents by holding Debtor’s hand. Ms. 14 Dominguez stated that she currently resides with Debtor at the Condo Unit and has for many 15 years. She also stated that she has been Debtor’s primary caregiver since 2017, when Debtor was 16 first diagnosed with dementia. 17 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 18 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1 provides:

19 (a) Represented Infant or Incompetent Person. If an infant or an incompetent 20 person has a representative—such as a general guardian, committee, conservator, or similar fiduciary—the representative may file a voluntary 21 petition on behalf of the infant or incompetent person. 22 (b) Unrepresented Infant or Incompetent Person. If an infant or an incompetent 23 person does not have a representative: 24 (1) a next friend2 or guardian ad litem may file the petition; and 25 26 2 The term “next friend” includes someone having an interest in the welfare of an incompetent person that has a 27 cause of action. In re Maes, 616 B.R. 784, 799 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2020) (citing In re Zawisza, 73 B.R. 929, 936 (Bankr. E.D. Penn. 1987)). In a different, but analogous, context, the United States Supreme Court established 28 qualifications for a “next friend”: (2) the court must appoint a guardian ad litem or issue any other order needed 1 to protect the interests of the infant debtor or incompetent debtor. 2 Neither the Bankruptcy Code nor the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure define the 3 term “incompetency.” Bankruptcy courts routinely look to the incompetency laws of the state of 4 the debtor’s domicile for guidance. See In re Alexander, 2024 WL 4995909, at *2 (Bankr. M.D. 5 Ala. Dec. 5, 2024) (collecting cases); In re Maes, 616 B.R. 784, 797 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2020) 6 (collecting cases). Under California law, a party is incompetent “if he or she lacks the capacity to 7 understand the nature or consequences of the proceeding, or is unable to assist counsel in the 8 preparation of the case.” Golden Gate Way, LLC v. Stewart, 2012 WL 4482053, at *2 (N.D. Cal. 9 Sep. 28, 2012) (citing Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 372). 10 Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 372(a) provides, in relevant part: 11

12 (1) When ... a person who lacks legal capacity to make decisions..., that person shall appear either by a guardian or conservator of the estate or by a guardian ad litem 13 appointed by the court.... 14 * * * 15 (4) Where reference is made in this chapter to “a person who lacks legal capacity 16 to make decisions,” the reference shall be deemed to include all of the following: 17 18 (A) A person who lacks capacity to understand the nature or consequences of the action or proceeding. 19 (B) A person who lacks capacity to assist the person's attorney in the 20 preparation of the case. 21 (C) A person for whom a conservator may be appointed pursuant to Section 22 1801 of the Probate Code. 23 24 First, a “next friend” must provide an adequate explanation—such as inaccessibility, mental 25 incompetence, or other disability—why the real party in interest cannot appear on his own behalf to prosecute the action. Second, the “next friend” must be truly dedicated to the best interests of the 26 person on whose behalf he seeks to litigate, and it has been further suggested that a “next friend” must have some significant relationship with the real party in interest. The burden is on the “next 27 friend” clearly to establish the propriety of his status....

28 Id. at 800 (quoting Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 163-64, 110 S. Ct. 1717, 109 L. Ed. 2d 135 (1990) (internal citations omitted)). 1 Cal. Prob. Code § 1801 provides that a conservator may be appointed for a person “who 2 is substantially unable to manage his or her own financial resources or resist fraud or undue 3 influence.” See Cal. Prob. Code § 1801(b)–(c). 4 In Maes, a daughter filed a chapter 13 petition on behalf of her elderly mother who 5 suffered from severe dementia and memory loss. The chapter 13 trustee requested dismissal of 6 the mother’s case, arguing that the daughter relied on an ineffective power of attorney to file the 7 mother’s petition. In denying the chapter 13 trustee’s request, the bankruptcy court in Maes first 8 analyzed whether the mother was incompetent as of the petition date. Finding that the mother 9 was incompetent, the bankruptcy court next considered whether the daughter was authorized to 10 file the petition as the mother’s “representative” under the power of attorney pursuant to Fed. R. 11 Bankr. P. 1004.1(a). The court found that the power of attorney was ineffective such that the 12 daughter was not a representative as that term is used in subsection (a). However, the court found 13 that the daughter properly filed the petition in her capacity as her mother’s “next friend” under 14 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1(b)(1). 15 The bankruptcy court in Maes explained the decision tree implicated by the mother’s 16 circumstances as follows:

17 If [the Court determines that the debtor was incompetent as of the petition date], 18 then the Court must determine if the [d]ebtor had a formal “representative” at the time of the [p]etition such as a “general guardian, committee, conservator, or 19 similar fiduciary” and whether that person filed the [p]etition. If the [d]ebtor had no formal “representative,” then the Court must decide whether the [p]etition was 20 filed by a “next friend or guardian ad litem.” If ... only a “next friend” started the 21 bankruptcy proceedings, then the Court must appoint a guardian ad litem or take other action to protect the incompetent debtor; the Court cannot just let the “next 22 friend” continue along in prosecuting the bankruptcy case. 23 Id. at 796-97 (internal citations omitted). The court noted concern that “having a next friend 24 administer a bankruptcy proceeding would be unclear and problematic [because n]ext friends 25 have no specific duties or obligations.” Id. at 801. Having determined that the daughter properly 26 filed the petition in her capacity as her mother’s “next friend,” the bankruptcy court appointed 27 the daughter as her mother’s “guardian ad litem” for purposes of the chapter 13 case pursuant to 28 1 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1(b)(2). See id. at 800-02; see also In re Alexander, 2024 WL 4995909, at 2 *2 (Bankr. M.D. Ala. Dec. 5, 2024). 3 III. ANALYSIS 4 Like the daughter in Maes, Ms. Dominguez filed the petition on behalf of her mother, 5 Debtor. Like the debtor in Maes, as of the petition date, Debtor was incompetent under 6 California law as a result of the cognitive deficits caused by her dementia. Debtor’s medical 7 circumstances prevent her from: (a) understanding the nature or consequences of the bankruptcy 8 case, (b) assisting counsel in the preparation of the case and (c) managing her own financial 9 resources. 10 As an incompetent debtor, Debtor did not have a representative as of the petition date, 11 such as a general guardian, committee, conservator, or similar fiduciary. Like the power of 12 attorney in Maes, here, the Uniform Statutory Form Power of Attorney dated February 28, 2025 13 is ineffective to empower Ms. Dominguez to act as Debtor’s “representative” as that term is used 14 in Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1(a). 15 Under California law, a statutory form power of attorney empowers the agent to act for 16 the principal with respect to bankruptcy proceedings. See Cal. Prob. Code § 4459(f); see also In 17 re Nakano, 2019 WL 2896199 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. June 26, 2019). However, the Uniform 18 Statutory Form Power of Attorney dated February 28, 2025 is void because Debtor lacked the 19 capacity to execute it as a result of her dementia (i.e., she was not of sound mind and capable of 20 understanding the nature and consequences of the document). See Cal. Prob. Code § 4120 (“A 21 natural person having the capacity to contract may execute a power of attorney.”); see also Cal. 22 Prob. Code §§ 810-812 (setting forth mental capacity standard for certain legal acts and 23 decisions); Cal. Civ. Code § 39 (providing that contracts are subject to recission if a party was of 24 “unsound mind”). 25 However, Ms. Dominguez properly filed Debtor’s petition in her capacity as Debtor’s 26 “next friend” under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1(b)(1). As Debtor’s daughter, Ms. Dominguez has a 27 “significant relationship” with Debtor. The Kaiser Letter describes Ms. Dominguez as Debtor’s 28 agent for healthcare purposes. Ms. Dominguez states that she has managed Debtor’s financial 1 affairs since Debtor’s cognitive decline from dementia and that Ms. Dominguez has done so 2 without compensation or expectation of payment. 3 Because Debtor’s case was initiated by Ms. Dominguez in her capacity as Debtor’s “next 4 friend,” the Court must appoint a guardian ad litem to protect Debtor’s interests pursuant to Fed. 5 R. Bankr. P. 1004.1(b)(2). As noted above, Ms. Dominguez has a significant relationship with 6 Debtor and is willing and able to act in Debtor’s best interests in this bankruptcy case. As a 7 result, the Court finds it appropriate to appoint Ms. Dominguez as Debtor’s guardian ad litem 8 pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1004.1(b)(2) for the limited purpose of prosecuting and 9 administering the bankruptcy case on behalf of Debtor. 10 IV. CONCLUSION 11 The Court will appoint Ms. Dominguez as Debtor’s guardian ad litem pursuant to Fed. R. 12 Bankr. P. 1004.1. In her limited guardian ad litem role, Ms. Dominguez: 13 (1) may, on behalf of Debtor, retain and instruct legal counsel for Debtor; 14 (2) may file, prosecute, or defend any pleading, motion, objection, or response; 15 (3) may seek conversion or dismissal of Debtor's bankruptcy case; 16 (4) may request the entry of discharge; 17 (5) may take any other action on behalf of Debtor in this bankruptcy case; and 18 (6) shall not be entitled to compensation for her role as guardian ad litem for the 19 Debtor, unless otherwise permitted by order of the Court. 20 In the performance of her role as guardian ad litem, Ms. Dominguez must act as a 21 fiduciary for Debtor. Such fiduciary duties include, but are not limited to: the duty to act in 22 accordance with Debtor's reasonable expectations (to the extent actually known); the duty to act 23 in Debtor's best interests; the duty to act in good faith; the duty to act loyally for Debtor's benefit; 24 and the duty to act with the care, competence, and diligence ordinarily exercised by agents in 25 similar circumstances. 26 Debtor has the right to request termination of Ms. Dominguez’s limited guardian ad litem 27 role if Debtor establishes that she is no longer incompetent and is able to prosecute and 28 1 | administer her bankruptcy case, provided however, that Ms. Dominguez’s limited guardian ad 2 | litem role will terminate only upon an order of the Court, including an order dismissing this case. 3 A separate order will follow. 4 HHH 5 6 7 8 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2] 22

24) Date: May 7, 2026 he 25 26 27 28