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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 NOMAN AHMAD, Case No. 2:23-cv-1378-DAD-JDP (PS) Plaintiff, v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS EL CONCILIO, LLC, et al., Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, brings this case against defendants El Concilio; Lacie, Kelly, and Steven Stonehouse; and Jose Raul Rodriguez. ECF No. 45 at 1. There are two pending motions to dismiss, one filed by the Stonehouse defendants, ECF No. 46, and another filed by El Concilio and Rodriguez, ECF No. 47. Plaintiff has filed oppositions to each, ECF Nos. 50 & 51, and defendants have filed their replies, ECF Nos. 52 & 53. For the reasons stated below, I find that the motions to dismiss should be granted and all claims dismissed without leave to amend. I. Legal Standards A complaint may be dismissed under that rule for “failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to 27 1 The…