I. INTRODUCTION

16 17 On November 15, 2023, Defendants City of Madera (the “City”) and Dina Santos 18 (“Santos”) (collectively, “Defendants”) filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to 19 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) on the ground that Plaintiff Mahara K. Smith (“Plaintiff”) has failed to plead 20 adequately her civil rights claims and request for punitive damages. (Doc. 12.) Plaintiff did not 21 file a response to the motion. (See Docket.) The Court found the matter suitable for decision 22 without oral argument pursuant to Local Rule 230(g) on December 7, 2023, and vacated the 23 hearing. (Doc. 15.) 24 On May 14, 2025, the motion was referred to the undersigned for findings and 25 recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b). (Doc. 20.) For the reasons set forth below, the 26 undersigned recommends that Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings be granted, with 27 leave to amend. 28 1 2 Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, contends that Santos, a “duly sworn peace officer employed 3 by” the City, “illegally arrested” and “unlawfully detain[ed]” her on August 8, 2020, “without 4 just and legal cause,” and used “excessive force in effectuating the arrest” causing her “serious 5 bodily harm.” (Doc. 4 at pp. 5–8, ¶¶ 3, 12–15.) 6 Plaintiff alleges a single claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”) for “False Arrest 7 and Imprisonment and Excessive Force” in violation of the “Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments 8 to the Unites States Constitution.” (Id. at pp. 5, 7–10.) In addition to compensatory damages, 9 Plaintiff seeks punitive damages against Santos. (Id. at p. 10.) 10 III. LEGAL STANDARD 11 “After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for 12 judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). “The principal difference between motions 13 filed pursuant to [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”)] 12(b) and Rule 12(c) is the time of 14 filing.” Dworkin v. Hustler Mag., Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 1989). “Rule 12(c) is 15 ‘functionally identical’ to Rule 12(b)(6),” such “that ‘the same standard of review’ applies to 16 motions brought under either rule.” Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 n.4 17 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Dworkin, 867 F.2d at 1192). 18 Rule 12(b)(6) allows an attack on a pleading for “failure to state a claim upon which relief 19 can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “Rule 12(b)(6) is read in conjunction with Rule 8(a), 20 which requires not only ‘fair notice of the nature of the claim, but also grounds on which the 21 claim rests.’” Li v. Kerry, 710 F.3d 995, 998–99 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. 22 Twombly, 556 U.S. 662, 556 n.3 (2007)). Although Rule 8 does not require “detailed factual 23 allegations,” a complaint will not suffice if it offers “an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully- 24

25 1 The undersigned summarizes the Plaintiff’s allegations and claims in the complaint (Doc. 4 at 4–11) without opining on their veracity or merit or making any findings of fact. Relatedly, Defendants ask the Court to take judicial 26 notice of the complaint, yet the Court need not take judicial notice of documents filed on the docket in this case. Henricks v. California Pub. Utilities Comm’n, No. 17-CV-2177-MMA (MDD), 2018 WL 2287346, at *8 (S.D. Cal. 27 May 18, 2018) (citing Asdar Grp. v. Pillsbury, Madison, & Sutro, 99 F.3d 289, 290 n.1 (9th Cir. 1996)) (finding moot Plaintiff’s request for the Court to take judicial notice of pleadings filed on the docket in this case). Since Plaintiff’s 28 complaint is publicly filed on the docket (see Doc. 4 at 4–11), the undersigned DENIES AS MOOT Defendants’ 1 harmed me accusation,” “labels and conclusions,” “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a 2 cause of action,” or “ ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. 3 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (alteration in original) (quoting Twombly, 556 U.S. at 555, 557). 4 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 5 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 6 556 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that 7 allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct 8 alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 556 U.S. at 556). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a 9 ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted 10 unlawfully.” Id. “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where the complaint lacks a 11 cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” Hartmann v. 12 Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1122 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Mendiondo v. 13 Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008)). 14 In reviewing a motion to dismiss, courts must accept the plaintiff’s factual allegations as 15 true and view them in the light most favorable to them. Park v. Thompson, 851 F.3d 910, 918 16 (9th Cir. 2017). However, courts will “not accept any unreasonable inferences or assume the 17 truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” Ileto v. Glock Inc., 349 F.3d 18 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2003). In a pro se civil rights case, “the court must construe the pleadings 19 liberally and must afford the plaintiff the benefit of any doubt.” Karim–Panahi v. Los Angeles 20 Police Dept., 839 F.2d 621, 623 (9th Cir. 1988) (citation omitted). Before dismissing a pro se 21 civil rights complaint for failure to state a claim, the plaintiff should be given a statement of the 22 complaint’s deficiencies and an opportunity to cure. Id. Only if it is clear that the deficiencies 23 cannot be cured by amendment should the complaint be dismissed without leave to amend. Id.; 24 see also Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995); Lonberg v. City of Riverside, 25 300 F. Supp. 2d 942, 945 (C.D. Cal. 2004) (“[A]lthough Rule 12(c) does not mention leave to 26 amend, courts have discretion both to grant a Rule 12(c) motion with leave to amend and to 27 simply grant dismissal of the action instead of entry of judgment.”). 28 1 2 Defendants contend Plaintiff has not presented any factual allegations to support her 3 claims under Section 1983 and request for punitive damages, instead relying solely on legal 4 conclusions. (Doc. 12.) Plaintiff has offered no argument to the contrary. The undersigned 5 agrees with Defendants that Plaintiff’s complaint is devoid of any factual support and will 6 recommend that the unopposed motion for judgment on the pleadings be granted on this basis, 7 with leave to amend. 8 A. Section 1983 9 Section 1983 allows individuals to recover damages and other relief for deprivations of 10 constitutional rights that occur under color of state law. Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 535 11 (1981), overruled on other grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 330-31 (1986). 12 Vicarious liability is inapplicable to section 1983 actions. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663 (2009) (citing 13 Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978)). Consequently, “the 14 plaintiff in a suit such as the present one must plead that each Government-official defendant, 15 through his [or her] own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Id. The elements 16 required to establish a civil rights claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 are: “(1) a violation of rights 17 protected by the Constitution or created by federal statute, (2) proximately caused (3) by conduct 18 of a ‘person’ (4) acting under color of state law.” Crumpton v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th 19 Cir. 1991). 20 To state a valid constitutional claim, a plaintiff must allege that he suffered a specific 21 injury because of the conduct of a particular defendant, and they must allege an affirmative link 22 between the injury and the conduct of that defendant. Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 371-72, 377 23 (1976); see also Monell, 436 U.S. at 692 (footnote and citation omitted) (“Congress did not 24 intend § 1983 liability to attach where . . . causation [is] absent.”); Trice v. Modesto City Police 25 Dept., No. 1:08-cv-01891-AWI-SMS, 2009 WL 102712, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2009) (“In 26 order to state a claim for relief under section 1983, plaintiff must link each named defendant with 27 some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of plaintiff’s federal rights.”). “‘A 28 person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of 1 section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative acts, or omits to 2 perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint 3 is made.’” Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 917 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Johnson v. 4 Duffy, 588 F.3d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (citation omitted)). 5 1. False Arrest 6 To state a Section 1983 claim for false arrest and detention, a plaintiff must allege true 7 facts to show that there was no probable cause to arrest him. Cabrera v. City of Huntington Park, 8 159 F.3d 374, 380 (9th Cir. 1998); see also Dubner v. City and Cty. of San Francisco, 266 F.3d 9 959, 964-65 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A claim for unlawful arrest is cognizable under [Section] 1983 as a 10 violation of the Fourth Amendment, provided the arrest was without probable cause or other 11 justification.”)2 “[P]robable cause exists when the arresting officer has facts within his 12 knowledge based on trustworthy information [that] would warrant a prudent man to believe that 13 an offense has been committed, and that the suspect committed it.” United States v. Jennings, 14 468 F.2d 111, 114 (9th Cir. 1972). Thus, to state a plausible claim for false arrest, a plaintiff 15 must allege enough facts to show the circumstances of the arrest and to allow the Court to infer 16 that the information known to the officer did not rise to the level of probable cause. Plaintiff’s 17 complaint lacks any such facts. 18 The allegation that Plaintiff was “without legal justification, willfully, maliciously, and 19 intentionally illegally arrested” by Santos on August 8, 2020 (Doc. 4 at p. 7 ¶¶ 12–13) is 20 conclusory. See, e.g., Medrano v. Acosta, No. 18-10108, 2020 WL 5413384, at *5 (C.D. Cal. 21 Mar. 25, 2020) (explaining that the “plaintiff’s allegation that probable cause was otherwise 22 lacking [was] conclusory”). There are insufficient factual allegations from which it could be 23 concluded that there was no probable cause to arrest Plaintiff. See, e.g., Grant v. State of Oregon, 24 No. 3:21-CV-01588-SB, 2022 WL 2910015, at *6 (D. Or. June 15, 2022), (“Courts have found 25 allegations about ‘a lack of probable cause’ to be conclusory when the plaintiff’s complaint 26 ‘lack[ed] adequate facts about the circumstances of [his] arrest,’ such as allegations about 27 2 Plaintiff alleges her false arrest claim under the “Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States 28 Constitution.” (Doc. 4 at p. 7.) Claims for false arrest are analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and not the 1 ‘exactly where he was arrested, what he was arrested for, what the officers ordered him to do, 2 whether he remains subject to prosecution, or any other relevant details.’” (alterations in original) 3 (quoting Durham v. City of Long Beach, No. CV2011449JVSJPR, 2021 WL 4816640, at *4 4 (C.D. Cal. July 2, 2021)); Graves v. Prestridge, No. 1:18-cv-001274-DAD-SKO, 2018 WL 5 5880644, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2018) (finding no facts from which to discern whether probable 6 cause existed when complaint did not allege where plaintiff was arrested or what crime he 7 allegedly committed) “If [Plaintiff] wishes to pursue [her] false arrest claim ..., [she] must 8 include far more detailed allegations about the circumstances surrounding [her] arrest . . . .” 9 Grant, 2022 WL 2910015, at *6. 10 2. Excessive Force 11 To state a claim for excessive force under the Fourth Amendment, a plaintiff must allege 12 facts showing that an officer used more than the force a reasonable and prudent law enforcement 13 officer would use under the circumstances. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989), 14 overruled on other grounds by Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 (2001). To do this, a plaintiff must 15 describe the details of the force used so that the Court can infer that the amount of force was 16 excessive. 17 Plaintiff does not allege any facts to support a claim for excessive force. She pleads that 18 Santos “used excessive force in effectuating” her arrest and the “use of excessive force by 19 [Santos] was a violation of Plaintiff’s [] civil rights under the laws and Constitution of the United 20 States of America . . . .” (Doc. 4 at p. 7 ¶ 14.) But these are legal conclusions, and the complaint 21 does not plead sufficient facts to support them. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 22 3. Municipal Liability 23 As indicated above, a municipality cannot be held liable under Section 1983 for the actions 24 of its employees under the theory of respondeat superior. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 691. A 25 municipality can only be held liable for injuries caused by the execution of its policy or custom or 26 by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy. Id. at 694. A 27 “policy” is a “deliberate choice to follow a course of action . . . made from among various 28 alternatives by the official or officials responsible for establishing final policy with respect to the 1 subject matter in question.” Fogel v. Collins, 531 F.3d 824, 834 (9th Cir. 2008). “In addition, a 2 local governmental entity may be liable if it has a ‘policy of inaction and such inaction amounts 3 to a failure to protect constitutional rights.’” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 681 (9th 4 Cir. 2001) (quoting Oviatt v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1474 (9th Cir. 1992)). More generally, a 5 plaintiff must show the following: (1) the plaintiff was deprived of a constitutional right; (2) the 6 defendant had a policy or custom; (3) the policy or custom amounted to deliberate indifference to 7 the plaintiff’s constitutional right; and (4) the policy or custom was the moving force behind the 8 constitutional violation. Dougherty v. City of Covina, 654 F.3d 892, 900 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal 9 quotation marks and citations omitted); Mabe v. San Bernardino Cty., 237 F.3d 1101, 1110-11 10 (9th Cir. 2001). Municipal liability under Monell may be premised on: (1) conduct pursuant to a 11 formal or expressly adopted official policy; (2) a longstanding practice or custom which 12 constitutes the “standard operating procedure” of the local government entity; (3) a decision of a 13 decision-making official who was, as a matter of state law, a final policymaking authority whose 14 edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy in the area of decision; or (4) an 15 official with final policymaking authority either delegating that authority to, or ratifying the 16 decision of, a subordinate. See Thomas v. Cty. of Riverside, 763 F.3d 1167, 1170 (9th Cir. 2014); 17 Price v. Sery, 513 F.3d 962, 966 (9th Cir. 2008). 18 Allegations concerning Monell liability based on the existence of a policy are subject to the 19 pleading requirements of Twombly/Iqbal. As the Ninth Circuit has explained, even in the context 20 of a Monell claim, a complaint “may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must 21 contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing 22 party to defend itself effectively,” and “the factual allegations that are taken as true must 23 plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to 24 be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation.” AE ex rel. Hernandez v. Cty. 25 of Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th 26 Cir. 2011)). While the Ninth Circuit previously had a liberal pleading standard for Monell 27 claims, “[c]ourts in this circuit now generally dismiss claims that fail to identify the specific 28 content of the municipal entity’s alleged policy or custom.” Little v. Gore, 148 F. Supp. 3d 936, 1 957 (S.D. Cal. 2015) (citation omitted). 2 Here, the only allegations in the complaint that appear to pertain to Monell are that the City 3 (1) is “directly liable and responsible” for the acts of its officers “because they repeatedly, 4 knowingly and with deliberate indifference failed to enforce the laws of the State of California 5 and the regulations of the [City] police department pertaining to the proper arrest of persons as 6 well as utilizing the proper amount of force to effectuate an arrest”; and (2) “had a policy and 7 custom of arresting persons for violation of Penal Code § 273.5, that is not supported upon 8 probable cause and without gathering evidence to support whether an individual in fact 9 committed the crime of Penal Code § 273.5 prior to their arrest.” (Doc. 4 at p. 8 ¶¶ 17, 20.) 10 Neither of these allegations is supported with facts of a policy or custom that amounts to 11 deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s constitutional rights and that was the “moving force” behind 12 the constitutional violations asserted. The Ninth Circuit in Hernandez found inadequate a 13 complaint that alleged that the defendants “maintained or permitted an official policy, custom or 14 practice of knowingly permitting the occurrence of the type of wrongs” alleged elsewhere in the 15 complaint without “put[ting] forth additional facts regarding the specific nature of this alleged 16 ‘policy, custom or practice,’ other than to state that it related to ‘the custody, care and protection 17 of dependent minors.’” 666 F.3d at 637. District courts applying this standard in Monell cases 18 have “found vague assertions of municipal policies to be insufficient.” Bagley v. City of 19 Sunnyvale, No. 16-CV-02250-LHK, 2017 WL 344998, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 24, 2017). See, 20 e.g., Inman v. Anderson, 294 F. Supp. 3d 907, 922 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (dismissing Monell claim 21 where the operative complaint was “completely devoid of any facts or details about the actual 22 content of the investigatory policy that purportedly was the ‘moving force’ behind the alleged 23 constitutional injuries that Plaintiff suffered at the hands of the City Officers”); Mendy v. City of 24 Fremont, No. C-13-4180 MMC, 2014 WL 574599, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2014) (dismissing 25 Monell claim where the allegation in the complaint that the city had an informal custom or policy 26 tolerating the excessive force that the officer was alleged to have used “lacks any specifics and is 27 substantially similar to the conclusory allegation found inadequate in [Hernandez.]”). 28 Plaintiff’s Monell claim suffers from the same factual deficiency as the cases where courts 1 have found vague assertions of an unconstitutional policy to be insufficient to state a claim.3 2 Like those cases, the complaint here fails to allege the substance of an official policy or custom, 3 or any facts of an act or omission by the City that rises to the level of “deliberate indifference to a 4 constitutional right.” Instead, Plaintiff begins from the premise that Santos acted 5 unconstitutionally, then asserts a theory of Monell liability against the City for why the allegedly 6 unconstitutional acts may have taken place, but without facts to support that theory. Vague and 7 conclusory allegations are inadequate to state a claim for Monell liability. See Dougherty v. City 8 of Covina, 654 F.3d 892, 900 (9th Cir. 2011) (affirming dismissal where “Monell and supervisory 9 liability claims lack any factual allegations that would separate them from the ‘formulaic 10 recitation of a cause of action’s elements’ deemed insufficient by Twombly”); see also Cain v. 11 City of Sacramento, No. 2:17-cv-00848-JAM-DB, 2017 WL 4410116 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 12 2017) (“To survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must do more than allege that a Monell 13 defendant ‘maintained or permitted an official policy, custom or practice of knowingly permitting 14 the occurrence of the type of wrongs’ alleged elsewhere in the complaint. Facts regarding the 15 specific nature of the alleged policy, custom, or practice are required; merely stating the subject 16 to which the policy relates . . . is insufficient.”) (quoting Hernandez, 666 F.3d at 637). 17 4. Conspiracy 18 To establish a conspiracy to violate civil rights under Section 1983, a plaintiff must allege 19 “(1) the existence of an express or implied agreement among the defendant officers to deprive 20 [her] of his constitutional rights, and (2) an actual deprivation of those rights resulting from that 21 agreement.” Avalos v. Baca, 596 F.3d 583, 592 (9th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). To the 22 extent Plaintiff attempts to bring such conspiracy claim, the claim fails for two reasons.4 First, 23 because “[c]onspiracy is not itself a constitutional tort under [Section] 1983,” there “must always 24

25 3 Additionally, because Plaintiff has failed to allege an underlying constitutional violation (see Section IV.A & B, supra), there can be no municipal liability here. See Villegas v. Gilroy Garlic Festival Ass’n, 541 F.3d 950, 957 (9th 26 Cir. 2008); see also Jackson v. City of Bremerton, 268 F.3d 646, 653-54 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Neither a municipality nor a supervisor . . . can be held liable under [Section] 1983 where no injury or constitutional violation occurred.”); Scott v. 27 Henrich, 39 F.3d 912, 916 (9th Cir. 1994) (“While the liability of municipalities doesn’t turn on the liability of individual officers, it is contingent on a violation of constitutional rights.”). 28 4 Although it is not clear that Plaintiff intends to bring a separate conspiracy claim, because the complaint contains 1 be an underlying constitutional violation.” Lacey, 693 F.3d at 935. Thus, “[t]he insufficiency of 2 [the underlying] allegations to support a section 1983 violation precludes a conspiracy claim 3 predicated upon the same allegations.” Cassettari v. Nev. Cnty., 824 F.2d 735, 739 (9th Cir. 4 1987). Because Plaintiff has failed to properly allege facts sufficient to plead Section 1983 5 liability for false arrest and excessive force, her conspiracy claim, which is based upon these 6 substantive claims (see Doc. 4 at pp. 8–9 ¶ 18), is insufficient as a matter of law. 7 Second, Plaintiff again offers nothing but a conclusory recital of the elements of 8 conspiracy, which does not satisfy the pleading requirements of Iqbal and Twombly. “The Ninth 9 Circuit has held that vague and conclusory allegations of conspiracy (i.e., bare allegations that a 10 defendant ‘conspired’ with another) are insufficient to state a claim.” Gottschalk v. Litt, No. CV 11 08-0466-SGL (MLG), 2009 WL 1704991, at *3 (C.D. Cal. June 15, 2009) (citing Buckey v. 12 County of Los Angeles, 968 F.2d 791, 794 (9th Cir. 1992)); see also Simmons v. Sacramento 13 County Sup.Ct., 318 F.3d 1156, 1161 (9th Cir. 2003) (conclusory allegations of conspiracy to 14 deprive plaintiff of due process insufficient to state a claim)). “Rather, ‘[t]o state a claim for a 15 conspiracy to violate one’s constitutional rights under section 1983, the plaintiff must state 16 specific facts to support the existence of the claimed conspiracy.’” Id. (quoting Burns v. County 17 of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989)). “Claims that fail to specify each defendant’s role in 18 the alleged conspiracy are subject to dismissal.” Id. (citing Pena v. Gardner, 976 F.2d 469, 471 19 (9th Cir. 1992)). 20 Here, Plaintiff’s complaint lacks the requisite specificity to allege a Section 1983 21 conspiracy. She pleads that Defendants “conspired with one another and/or allowed their 22 respective employees to enter into an agreement between two more persons with the intent to 23 agree or conspire and the intent to commit wrongful acts” and that they “committed wrongful acts 24 in furtherance of the conspiracy, causing [Plaintiff] to sustain injury and damages as alleged 25 above.” (Doc. 4 at pp. 8–9 ¶ 18.) These allegations are devoid of any facts showing an 26 agreement or meeting of the minds among Defendants to violate Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. 27 Similarly, the complaint is devoid of any facts specifying each, or any, of Defendants’ roles in the 28 claimed conspiracy. Without such factual allegations, Plaintiff’s conspiracy claim fails, even if 1 she had properly alleged liability for the underlying constitutional violations. See Karim–Panahi, 2 839 F.2d at 626 (A mere allegation of conspiracy without specific facts is insufficient.); see also 3 Olsen v. Idaho State Bd. of Medicine, 363 F.3d 916, 929 (9th Cir. 2004) (dismissing conspiracy 4 claim when complaint was “devoid of any discussion of an agreement amongst [defendants] to 5 violate [plaintiff’s] constitutional rights”). 6 B. Punitive Damages 7 Plaintiff seeks punitive damages against Santos. (Doc. 4 at p. 10.) To recover punitive 8 damages against an individual officer in a Section 1983 case, a plaintiff must show that the 9 officer’s conduct is “mitigated by evil motive or intent” or “involves reckless or callous 10 indifference to the federally protected rights of others.” See Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56 11 5(1983). The Ninth Circuit has further explained that “the standard for punitive damages under 12 [Section] 1983 mirrors the standard for punitive damages under common law tort cases,” which 13 extends to “malicious, wanton, or oppressive acts or omissions.” Dang v. Cross, 422 F.3d 800, 14 807 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Wade, 461 U.S. at 49). 15 Other than the conclusory allegation that Santos “committed the acts alleged herein 16 maliciously, fraudulently, and oppressively, with the wrongful intention of injuring Plaintiff [] 17 and with an improper and evil motive amounting to malice, and in conscious disregard of 18 Plaintiff’s rights as guaranteed under the laws of the State of California” (Doc. 4 at p. 10 ¶ 23), 19 Plaintiff has not alleged with particularity that Santos acted with the reckless intent upon which 20 Plaintiff may recover punitive damages. Plaintiff has failed to allege any facts that rise to the 21 level of knowledge or conscious disregard which would warrant punitive damages. Because 22 Plaintiff’s allegations do not identify with any specificity any acts that rise to reckless or callous 23 indifference to Plaintiff’s rights, Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently allege a request for punitive 24 damages against Santos. See King v. Los Angeles Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. CV 12-05221-AG 25 5 Although the Ninth Circuit has not resolved has not resolved whether a motion to dismiss punitive damages falls 26 under the type of motion for dismissal of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) and district courts are split, see Mora v. City of Chula Vista, 20cv779-GPC (AGS), 2021 WL 4220633, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2021), this Court has held that a 27 Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss is the “proper vehicle for challenging the sufficiency of a punitive damages claim.” Oushana v. Lowe's Cos., Inc., No. 1:16-cv-01782-AWI-SAB, 2017 WL 5070271, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 3, 2017) 28 (“The proper vehicle for challenging the sufficiency of a punitive damages claim is a motion to dismiss under Rule 1 VBK, 2014 WL 839076, at *15 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 28, 2014), aff’d, 672 F. App’x 701 (9th Cir. 2 2016). 3 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 4 In sum, Plaintiff’s allegations amount to a mere recitation of the elements of a Section 5 1983 cause of action and request for punitive damages. This does not suffice under Twombly, 6 550 U.S. at 555. Running directly afoul of Twombly’s pleading requirements, the complaint’s 7 allegations as to Defendants are nothing more than “naked assertions” without “further factual 8 enhancement.” See id. at 557. Thus, “without some specific ‘factual content’ that might allow 9 the Court to “draw the reasonable inference” that [these defendants] may be held personally liable 10 for any unconstitutional conduct directed at Plaintiff, the Court finds h[er] Complaint, as 11 currently pleaded, contains only the type of ‘defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusations,’ 12 which Iqbal makes clear, fail to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” See Turner 13 v. San Diego Cty., Civil No. 14cv1965 LAB (WVG), 2015 WL 1197813, at *5 (S.D. Cal. March 14 16, 2015) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 568). 15 The Ninth Circuit has “repeatedly held that a district court should grant leave to amend 16 even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could 17 not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th 18 Cir. 2000) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the undersigned cannot say 19 amendment would be futile. See Karim–Panahi, 839 F.2d at 623. 20 Accordingly, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that Defendants’ unopposed motion for 21 judgment on the pleadings (Doc. 12) be GRANTED with leave to amend. 22 These findings and recommendation are submitted to the district judge assigned to this 23 action, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and this Court’s Local Rule 304. Within twenty-one 24 (21) days of service of this recommendation, any party may file written objections to these 25 findings and recommendation with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document 26 should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendation.” The 27 district judge will review the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendation pursuant to 28 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified 1 time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838–39 2 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 3

IT IS SO ORDERED.

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5 Dated: May 23, 2025 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto .

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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