1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 San Francisco Division 11 W.A. CALL MFG. CO., INC., et al., Case No. 24-cv-07141-LB

12 Plaintiffs,

ORDER GRANTING AND DENYING

13 v. IN PART MOTION TO DISMISS

14 WILINE NETWORKS INC., Re: ECF No. 28 15 Defendant. 16 17 INTRODUCTION 18 In this putative class action, the plaintiffs sued their internet and phone service-provider, 19 WiLine. The plaintiffs allege that WiLine improperly raised their rates, did not inform them of an 20 automatic renewal policy, and then threatened them with termination fees. They claim breach of 21 contract, a violation of the Federal Communications Act (FCA), unjust enrichment, unfair 22 competition, fraudulent concealment, false promise, conversion, and negligence. The defendant 23 moved to dismiss all non-contract claims as inadequately plead and/or barred by the economic- 24 loss rule. The claims for unfair competition and false promise survive. The rest are dismissed. 25 26 STATEMENT 27 The named plaintiffs are three customers of WiLine: “a nationwide company that primarily 1 business consumers.”1 They filed suit on behalf of all persons and/or businesses in the State of 2 California who incurred WiLine termination fees or were subjected rate increases.2 3 WiLine uses a form contract for its internet and phone customers: the Service Agreement.3 In 4 eight-point font, the Service Agreement says that the customer agrees to be bound “to this Order 5 and Service Agreement Terms and Conditions as posted on www.wiline.com.”4 The Service 6 Agreement and its terms are not merely reproduced on the website. Rather, the Terms and 7 Conditions is a separate document available only online.5 To access the Terms and Conditions, a 8 customer has to navigate two additional pages from the homepage.6 9 The Terms and Conditions contain three relevant provisions. First, WiLine reserved the right 10 to apply an annual price adjustment, based on the consumer price index, with 30 days’ notice.7 11 Second, the Terms and Conditions contain an automatic renewal clause, which — absent 30 days’ 12 written notice from the customer — renews the agreement for a renewal term.8 Finally, the Terms 13 and Conditions impose an early termination fee, calculated based on the number of months 14 remaining under the renewal term.9 15 The plaintiffs allege that, notwithstanding the above, WiLine increased its rates more than 16 once a year, without notice, and by greater amounts than permitted. They further allege that 17 WiLine hid the existence of the automatic-renewal clause and used the cancellation fee to extract 18 extra funds from consumers or prevent them from cancelling.10 19 20 21 1 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 2 (¶ 4), 6 (¶¶ 27–29). Citations refer to the Electronic Case File (ECF); pinpoint citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers. 22 2 Id. at 30 (¶ 151). 23 3 Id. at 2 (¶ 4). 4 Id. at 3 (¶¶ 7–9). 24 5 Id. at 3 (¶¶ 9–11). 25 6 Id. at 3 (¶ 12). 26 7 Id. at 4 (¶¶ 15, 17). 8 Id. at 4 (¶ 20). 27 9 Id. at 5 (¶ 26). 1 ANALYSIS 2 The defendant moves to dismiss claims two through eight for failure to state a claim. 3 4 1. Claim 2 – Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 201 5 The issue is whether the complaint adequately alleges that WiLine’s conduct has been declared 6 unlawful by the FCC. It does not. 7 Common carriers cannot engage in any “charge, practice, classification, or regulation that is 8 unjust or unreasonable.” 47 U.S.C. § 201(b). But there is only a private right of action after the 9 FCC determines that the conduct alleged violates the statute. N. Cnty. Commc’ns Corp. v. Cal. 10 Catalog & Tech., 594 F.3d 1149, 1158 (9th Cir. 2010). Thus, a complaint that does not identify an 11 FCC determination that the challenged conduct violates Section 201 must be dismissed. Id. 12 The complaint alleges that WiLine’s conduct violated Section 201 but does not identify any 13 FCC determination to that effect.11 Thus, the complaint fails to state a claim. Leave to amend is 14 granted based on the information in the plaintiff’s opposition brief. 15 16 2. Claim 3 – Unjust Enrichment 17 The issue is whether unjust enrichment is a cognizable claim and, if so, whether it is 18 adequately plead. The claim fails on both fronts. 19 First, unjust enrichment is an equitable principle, not a standalone claim. E.g., Klein v. 20 Facebook, Inc., 580 F. Supp. 3d 743, 829 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (“As this Court has repeatedly held, 21 California does not recognize a separate cause of action for unjust enrichment.” (cleaned up). 22 Second, the complaint does not adequately allege that legal remedies are inadequate. To the 23 contrary, the plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim alleges that they were overbilled, which is easily 24 addressed by monetary damages.12 The claim is dismissed with prejudice, though leave to amend 25 is granted if the plaintiffs wish to seek equitable remedies for their other claims. 26

27 11 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 34 (¶¶ 171–177). 1 3. Claim 4 – Unfair Competition 2 The issue is whether the complaint states a claim for unfair competition. It does. 3 The UCL prohibits any “unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice.” Cal Bus. & 4 Prof Code § 17200. A violation of almost any federal, state, or local law may serve as the basis for 5 a UCL claim. Saunders v. Sup. Ct., 27 Cal. App. 4th 832, 838-39 (1994). Alternatively, a practice 6 may be “unfair or fraudulent in violation of the UCL even if [it] does not violate any [other] 7 law.” Olszewski v. Scripps Health, 30 Cal. 4th 798, 827 (2003). 8 The central issue presented by a UCL claim “is whether the public at large, or consumers 9 generally, are affected by the alleged unlawful business practice.” In re Webkinz Antitrust Litig., 10 695 F. Supp. 2d 987, 998-99 (N.D. Cal. 2010). A large or sophisticated company cannot bring a 11 UCL claim where the underlying contract does not involve either the public or individual 12 consumers. TopDevz, LLC v. LinkedIn Corp., No. 20-CV-08324-SVK, 2021 WL 3373914, at *4 13 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 3, 2021). Finally, plaintiffs asserting UCL claims must “establish that they lack an 14 adequate remedy at law before securing equitable restitution for past harm under the UCL.” 15 Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corp., 971 F.3d 834, 844 (9th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up). 16 First, the defendant argues that the named plaintiffs — all business customers — cannot avail 17 themselves of the UCL. Not so. The case is a putative class action on behalf of all persons and/or 18 businesses in the State of California who incurred WiLine termination fees or service rate 19 increases.13 The complaint also alleges that WiLine uses contracts of adhesion, as opposed to 20 negotiated agreements, further distinguishing TopDevz and similar cases. See Circle Click Media 21 LLC v. Regus Mgmt. Grp. LLC, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 148374, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2015) 22 (allowing UCL claim related to form contracts brought by class of plaintiffs that were not entirely 23 sophisticated entities). 24 Second, the defendant questions the inadequacy of legal remedies. The plaintiffs concede that 25 three of their theories stem from breach of contract: (1) billing in excess of the agreed upon 26 Service Agreements; (2) applying increases to service charges more frequently than agreed upon 27 1 in the Service Agreements; and (3) failing to provide advance written notices of service charge 2 increases as required and agreed upon in the Service Agreements.14 Legal remedies may be 3 sufficient. But the plaintiffs also allege that the defendant (4) induced the plaintiffs into adhesion 4 contracts, whose terms are procedurally and substantively unconscionable and (5) failed to provide 5 contract terms that are just and reasonable. The plaintiffs are correct that, without prospective 6 injunctive relief, the defendant could continue those practices. 7 Third, the defendant argues that the complaint does not sufficiently allege conduct that is 8 unlawful, unfair, or fraudulent. The argument fails for the reasons set forth above. In addition, the 9 complaint alleges potentially unfair or fraudulent conduct like obscuring relevant terms. And 10 whether a business practice is unfair or deceptive is usually a question of fact not appropriate for 11 decision on a motion to dismiss. Linear Tech. Corp. v. Applied Materials, Inc., 152 Cal.App.4th 12 115, 135 (2007); see also Rubenstein v. Neiman Marcus Grp. LLC, 687 F. App'x 564, 566 (9th 13 Cir. 2017). 14 The unfair competition claim survives. 15 16 4. Claim 5 – Concealment 17 The issue is whether the complaint states a claim for concealment. It does not. 18 The elements of concealment are: “(1) the defendant concealed or suppressed a material fact, 19 (2) the defendant was under a duty to disclose the fact to the plaintiff, (3) the defendant 20 intentionally concealed or suppressed the fact with the intent to defraud the plaintiff, (4) the 21 plaintiff was unaware of the fact and would not have acted as [it] did if [it] had known of the … 22 fact, and (5) as a result of the concealment or suppression of the fact, the plaintiff sustained 23 damage.” Sanders v. Apple Inc., 672 F. Supp. 2d 978, 985 (N.D. Cal. 2009). A duty to disclose 24 arises where one party has exclusive knowledge of a fact. Id. To show exclusive knowledge, a 25 plaintiff must “demonstrate that when the contract was made, the defendant was aware of facts 26 27 1 which could not be known by the plaintiff.” Handy v. Logmein, Inc., 2016 WL 4062102, at *9 2 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2016). Concealment must be pled with particularity under Rule 9(b). 3 The complaint does not plausibly allege that the defendant had a duty to disclose a material 4 fact. Instead, it simply recites that the defendant “had exclusive knowledge of the Terms and 5 Conditions.”15 The allegation is a conclusory recitation of a legal element, and therefore is not 6 presumed to be true. Moreover, the complaint acknowledges, and the plaintiffs’ brief concedes, 7 that the Terms and Conditions were available online.16 The plaintiffs also admit that the signed 8 agreements indicated that the Terms of Service existed, albeit at an imprecise URL.17 9 The concealment claim is dismissed with prejudice. Kumandan v. Google, LLC, 2022 WL 10 103551, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 11, 2022) (dismissing claims where allegedly concealed information 11 was in publicly available terms of service). 12 13 5. Claim 6 – False Promise 14 There are two issues: whether the complaint states a claim for false promise and whether the 15 economic loss rule bars the claim. The claim survives. 16 5.1 The pleadings satisfy Rule 9(b). 17 “Under California law, a cause of action for fraud based on a false promise must allege: (1) a 18 material misrepresentation, (2) knowledge of its falsity, (3) intent to defraud or induce reliance, (4) 19 justifiable reliance, and (5) resulting damage.” First Advantage Background Servs. Corp. v. Priv. 20 Eyes, Inc., 569 F. Supp. 2d 929, 938–39 (N.D. Cal. 2008). “A false promise is actionable on the 21 theory that a promise implies an intention to perform, that intention to perform or not to perform is 22 a state of mind, and that misrepresentation of such a state of mind is a misrepresentation of fact.” 23 Tarmann v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2 Cal. Rptr. 2d 861, 863 (1991) (cleaned up). Fraud 24 must be pled with particularity. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). 25 26 15 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 37 (¶ 30). 27 16 Id. at 3 (¶ 10–12); Opp’n – ECF No. 38 at 22. 1 The complaint adequately pleads false promise. In short, it alleges that, to induce the plaintiffs 2 into a contract, WiLine promised that it would only raise its rates once a year with 30 days’ notice 3 and at a rate based on the consumer price index.18 The complaint further alleges that, at the time 4 WiLine made these promises, it did not intend to perform.19 5 WiLine’s arguments to the contrary fail. WiLine objects that the complaint does not specify 6 when, where, and how the false promises were made. In context, the promises were clearly made 7 via the agreement at the time and place the plaintiffs entered their respective contracts. WiLine 8 also argues that the plaintiffs do not adequately allege that it lacked intent to perform. But “intent, 9 knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10 9(b). As support, the complaint further alleges that WiLine had not performed for other customers 11 and knew that logistical challenges and contractual fees would disincentivize customers from 12 cancelling even if it did not perform.20 Finally, the defendant objects that the plaintiffs’ allegations 13 of reliance are inconsistent with their allegations that the defendant hid the Terms of Service. At 14 the pleadings stage, inconsistent allegations are allowed. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(3). 15 5.2 The economic-loss rule does not apply. 16 Under the economic-loss rule, purely economic losses stemming from breach of a contract 17 generally do not give rise to tort liability. Rattagan v. Uber Techs., Inc., 17 Cal. 5th 1, 20 (2024). 18 Thus, to avoid the rule, a plaintiff must show that the defendant’s conduct breached a duty that 19 was not created by the contract and that the resulting harm was not reasonably contemplated by 20 the parties during contracting. Id. at 20–21. While parties to a contract allocate the risk of breach, 21 they do not reasonably contemplate fraudulent behavior by the counterparty. Rattagan, 17 Cal. 5th 22 1 at 38 (“[T]the economic loss rule does not apply to limit intentional tort claims like fraud.”); 23 Robinson Helicopter Co. v. Dana Corp., 34 Cal. 4th 979, 992–93 (2004) (“[P]arties cannot, and 24 should not, be expected to anticipate fraud and dishonesty in every transaction.”). 25 26 18 Compl. – ECF No. 1 at 39 (¶ 210). 27 19 Id. at 39 (¶ 211). 1 WiLine’s reliance on the economic loss rule is misplaced because it is accused of fraud, not 2 merely breach of contract. In other words, WiLine had a duty not to make false promises under 3 California law irrespective of the contract. And, when entering into the agreement, the plaintiffs 4 would not have reasonably anticipated that WiLine did not intend to perform the promises 5 described therein. The rule does not apply. 6 * * * 7 The false-promise claim survives. 8 9 6. Claim 7 – Conversion 10 The issue is whether the complaint states a claim for conversion. It does not. 11 Conversion requires: “(1) the plaintiff’s ownership or right to possession of the property; (2) 12 the defendant’s conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of property rights; and (3) damages.” 13 Burlesci v. Petersen, 68 Cal. App. 4th 1062, 1066 (1998). Pursuant to the economic-loss rule, 14 courts dismiss conversion claims that merely repackage a contract claim or seek reimbursement of 15 funds provided under a contract. Nguyen v. Stephens Inst., 529 F. Supp. 3d 1047, 1058 (N.D. Cal. 16 2021); Beluca Ventures LLC v. Aktiebolag, 622 F. Supp. 3d 806, 815 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (dismissing 17 conversion claim because the allegations supporting it “mirror[ed] [the] allegations supporting the 18 breach of contract claim”). 19 Here, the conversion claim fails because it mirrors the breach-of-contract claim. Unlike the 20 fraud claim, there is no daylight between the theories. The breach of contract claim accuses the 21 defendant of “withdraw[ing] from Plaintiffs’ bank accounts more fees than were allowed by the 22 Service Agreements and their associated Terms and Conditions” and seeks recovery of the same.21 23 Likewise, the conversion claim is premised on “more money being taken from [Plaintiffs’] bank 24 accounts than what was allowed by the agreements.”22 And while the complaint pleads tortious 25 26

27 21 Id. at 33 (¶ 167). 1 conduct, that conduct is not tethered to the conversion claim as revealed by the remedy that the 2 plaintiffs seek. 3 The claim is dismissed with leave to amend. 4 5 7. Claim 8 – Negligence 6 The issue is whether the complaint states a claim for negligence. The answer is no. 7 The elements of negligence are duty, breach, causation, and damages. Mehr v. Fed’n 8 Internationale de Football Ass’n, 115 F. Supp. 3d 1035, 1063 (N.D. Cal. 2015). 9 The complaint fails on multiple fronts. Duty of care is not discussed. The complaint alleges 10 that “[a]t all times herein, Defendant acted negligently in its contract negotiations, contract 11 execution, and billing practices.” That does not explain what acts constituted breach. Similarly, it 12 alleges without explanation that the plaintiffs were harmed, which does not illuminate causation or 13 damages. Finally, it claims that WiLine “violated California Financial Code § 100000, et seq., by 14 hiring a debt collection agency it knew, or should have known, was not registered to collect debts 15 in the State of California” which “constitutes negligence per se.”23 Again, there are no supporting 16 facts to support that threadbare allegation; it is not even clear if the rule applies.24 17 The plaintiffs also argue negligence per se based on alleged violations of Section 201 of the 18 FCA. The defendant responds that the economic loss rule applies. The plaintiffs’ response — that 19 the negligence caused non-economic damages like depriving the plaintiffs of the ability to make 20 informed choices or choose other telecommunications providers — is not sufficiently pled, nor is 21 the underlying Section 201 claim. Without adequate pleadings, the court cannot rule on the 22 applicability of the economic loss rule. 23 The claim is dismissed with leave to amend. 24 25

26 23 Id. at 41–42 (¶¶ 227–234). 27 24 Opp’n – ECF No. 38 at 29 (“Plaintiffs concede that the Complaint does not specifically contain the 1 CONCLUSION 2 The court resolves the motion as follows: 3 Claim 2 — Section 201: dismissed with leave to amend. 4 Claim 3 — Unjust Enrichment: dismissed with prejudice. 5 Claim 4 — Unfair Competition: motion denied. 6 Claim 5 — Concealment: dismissed with prejudice. 7 Claim 6 — False Promise: motion denied. 8 Claim 7 — Conversion: dismissed with leave to amend. 9 Claim 8 — Negligence: dismissed with leave to amend. 10 The plaintiffs must file any amended complaint, accompanied by a legal blackline, within 21 11 days of this order. as 12

13 IT IS SO ORDERED.

14 Dated: May 27, 2025 EC

LAUREL BEELER

A 16 United States Magistrate Judge

17

Oo

Z 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28