FILED

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MAY 30 2025

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NEMESIO ALEJANDRO RODRIGUEZ- No. 17-71616 PATLAN, AKA Nemesio A. Rodriguezpatlan, Agency No. A205-719-889

Petitioner,

MEMORANDUM*

v.

PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted October 17, 2023 Submission Vacated April 30, 2024 Resubmitted December 10, 2024 Pasadena, California

Before: TASHIMA, COLLINS, and SANCHEZ, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence by Judge COLLINS.

Petitioner Nemesio Alejandro Rodriguez-Patlan, a native and citizen of

Mexico, petitions for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. (BIA) affirming the Immigration Judge’s denial of Petitioner’s application for

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the United Nations

Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a), and we deny the petition.

1. The BIA properly found that Petitioner’s untimely filing of his asylum

application was not excused by extraordinary circumstances. Even if Petitioner

was seventeen years old when he entered the United States in 1998, he did not

apply for asylum until 2014, and his assertion that he did not know about asylum

does not constitute “extraordinary circumstances” to excuse the delay. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a)(2)(D); see Alquijay v. Garland, 40 F.4th 1099, 1103 (9th Cir. 2022)

(rejecting the petitioner’s argument that his “ignorance of the legal requirements

for filing an asylum application” was an extraordinary circumstance excusing his

failure to file for asylum within the one-year deadline, stating that “ignorance of

the law is no excuse” (quoting Antonio-Martinez v. INS, 317 F.3d 1089, 1093 (9th

Cir. 2003))).

2. We vacated submission and ordered supplemental briefing on the

effect, if any, of Wilkinson v. Garland, 601 U.S. 209 (2024), on this case. We

conclude that Wilkinson did not definitively settle the standard of review question,

but that the standard of review does not affect the outcome of Petitioner’s

2 withholding claim. See Singh v. Garland, 57 F.4th 643, 651–52 (9th Cir. 2023)

(explaining that we have held that both de novo review and the substantial

evidence standard apply to a determination that particular acts constitute past

persecution for asylum purposes, but that we need not decide which standard

applies where the harm rose to the level of persecution under either standard).

In Wilkinson, the Court “analyzed whether there was jurisdiction to review a

decision that a petitioner had not met the ‘exceptional and extremely unusual

hardship’ requirement necessary to be eligible for cancellation of removal.” Zia v.

Garland, 112 F.4th 1194, 1201 (9th Cir. 2024) (quoting Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at

212). The question was whether the jurisdiction-stripping provision of

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i), “(which strips jurisdiction over judgments regarding

discretionary relief),” precluded review of the IJ’s hardship determination, or if the

determination was reviewable under “§ 1252(a)(2)(D) (which restores

[jurisdiction] for legal questions).” Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 218. The Court held

that “the application of the exceptional and extremely unusual hardship standard to

a given set of facts is reviewable as a question of law under § 1252(a)(2)(D),”

explaining that “[m]ixed questions of law and fact, even when they are primarily

factual, fall within the statutory definition of ‘questions of law’ in

§ 1252(a)(2)(D).” Id. at 217, 225. In reaching its conclusion, the Court reasoned

3 that, although mixed questions can be primarily legal or primarily factual, “[t]hat a

mixed question requires a court to immerse itself in facts does not transform the

question into one of fact. It simply suggests a more deferential standard of

review.” Id. at 222.

Wilkinson was concerned with the distinct issue of federal court jurisdiction

over “judgment[s] regarding the granting of [discretionary] relief” such as

cancellation of removal, id. at 218, and did not address the separate question

presented here: what standard of review should govern nondiscretionary claims for

asylum and withholding of removal which are reviewable under 8 U.S.C. §

1252(d)(1).1 See Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 598 U.S. 411, 419 & n.5 (2023)

(contrasting the jurisdiction-stripping language attendant to discretionary forms of

1 It is true that asylum claims also involve an exercise of the agency’s discretion whether to grant relief after statutory eligibility has been found, see Kalubi v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1134, 1137 (9th Cir. 2004), but as our concurring colleague acknowledges, discretionary asylum decisions are reviewable by this court, including factual matters underlying the exercise of discretion. Id. at 1137–38; see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D). For the cancellation of removal claim at issue in Wilkinson, however, courts lack jurisdiction to review “factual question[s] raised in an application for discretionary relief.” Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 222; see Patel v. Garland, 596 U.S. 328, 347 (2022). Wilkinson had no occasion to address the appropriate standard of review for past persecution claims involving undisputed facts in which the jurisdiction-stripping provision of § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) has no application. In any event, because we have disposed of Petitioner’s asylum claim, the only relevant form of relief is withholding of removal, which is entirely nondiscretionary. See Bromfield v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1071, 1075 (9th Cir. 2008). 4 relief with review of final orders of removal under § 1252(d)). Wilkinson’s

statement that a mixed question requiring an “immers[ion]” in facts “suggests a

more deferential standard of review,” Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 222, does not address

whether a past persecution claim such as Petitioner’s, which involves the

application of a legal standard to an undisputed set of facts, should be reviewed de

novo or for substantial evidence. The Court’s passing “suggest[ion]” that a more

deferential standard may be warranted for fact-intensive discretionary inquiries

does not shed much light on the issues raised here.

We conclude that Petitioner failed to establish past persecution under either

de novo or substantial evidence review. See Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052,

1061 (9th Cir. 2021) (“We have repeatedly denied petitions for review when,

among other factors, the record did not demonstrate significant physical harm.”);

Mansour v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 667, 673 (9th Cir. 2004) (finding that the record did

not compel a finding of past persecution where the petitioners had experienced

religious discrimination as children, including being struck and whipped by their

teachers because of their faith); Nagoulko v. INS, 333 F.3d 1012, 1016–18 (9th Cir.

2003) (concluding that although petitioner was “teased, bothered, discriminated

against and harassed because of her . . . religious beliefs,” including being fired

from her job because of her religion, being “pushed” while attending church

5 services, and witnessing others being beaten, the record did not compel a finding of

persecution).

In light of the evidence that Petitioner’s family members continue to practice

their religion in Mexico, apparently without additional harm, Petitioner also has

failed to establish a clear probability of future persecution. See Tamang v. Holder,

598 F.3d 1083, 1094 (9th Cir. 2010) (stating that “a petitioner’s fear of future

persecution ‘is weakened, even undercut, when similarly-situated family members’

living in the petitioner’s home country are not harmed” (quoting Sinha v. Holder,

564 F.3d 1015, 1022 (9th Cir. 2009))).

3. The BIA’s finding that Petitioner failed to establish eligibility for

CAT protection is supported by substantial evidence. The record contains no

suggestion that Petitioner or his family have been subjected to torture; nor does

Petitioner cite to any evidence indicating that he “will more likely than not be

tortured with the consent or acquiescence of a public official if removed to [his]

native country.” Xochihua-Jaimes v. Barr, 962 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2020).

The petition for review is DENIED.

6

FILED

MAY 30 2025

Rodriguez-Patlan v. Bondi, No. 17-71616

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

COLLINS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment:

I concur in sections 1 and 3 of the memorandum disposition, which uphold

the agency’s denial of asylum relief (on timeliness grounds) and the agency’s

denial of relief under the Convention Against Torture. But as to section 2, which

addresses the denial of withholding of removal, I concur only in the judgment.

In addressing Rodriguez-Patlan’s claim that he suffered past persecution in

Mexico because of his religion, see 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), the Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) held that the past harms Rodriguez-Patlan suffered

did “not rise to the level of persecution.” But as the BIA acknowledged, this past

mistreatment included multiple beatings by gang members. As to the harms

occasioned by these beatings, the record evidence is that, on three or four

occasions, the beatings were severe enough to result in black eyes, and that, as

Rodriguez-Patlan approached age 18, the beatings “happen[ed] more frequently”

and “the injuries were getting worse.” The majority concludes that, even under de

novo review, and even considered against the backdrop of all of the other evidence

of discrimination against Jehovah’s Witnesses that he endured, Rodriguez-Patlan’s

multiple beatings resulting in increasingly worse black eyes do not constitute

sufficiently “significant physical harm” to rise to the level of persecution. See

Memo. Dispo. at 5–6. I respectfully disagree. The cases cited by the majority do not support its conclusion on this score,

because they all involved minor (if any) physical harm, and because most of them

applied deferential review. See Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060, 1063–64

(9th Cir. 2021) (holding, under deferential review, that a single incident of arrest

and detention, including baton strikes and other mistreatment, did not rise to the

level of persecution where there was “no indication of injuries, serious or

otherwise”); Mansour v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 667, 670, 673 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding,

under deferential review, that “private discrimination” on the basis of religion,

including differential corporal punishment by schoolteachers, that is “neither

condoned by the state nor the prevailing social norm,” “does not constitute

persecution”); Nagoulko v. INS, 333 F.3d 1012, 1016–18 (9th Cir. 2003)

(upholding determination that the discriminatory treatment of the petitioner did not

rise to the level of persecution, stating that “it is significant that [the petitioner]

never suffered any significant physical violence” and “was never physically

harmed”). In contrast, if we were to apply de novo review in assessing whether the

more serious physical injuries and abuse alleged here rise to the level of

persecution, I would hold that they do. See Hoque v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1190,

1193, 1198 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that petitioner who was abducted, beaten with

sticks, and stabbed established past persecution); see also Kaur v. Wilkinson, 986

F.3d 1216, 1222 (9th Cir. 2021) (noting that we have generally “concluded that

2 physical violence is persecution” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted));

Li v. Holder, 559 F.3d 1096, 1107 (9th Cir. 2009) (noting that it is “well established

that physical violence is persecution”); Chand v. INS, 222 F.3d 1066, 1073 (9th Cir.

2000) (“Physical harm has consistently been treated as persecution.”).

But the Government contends that the standard of review is not de novo, and

that the issue should instead be reviewed under a deferential standard. I have

previously noted an intra-circuit split on this point, see Fon v. Garland, 34 F.4th

810, 820 (9th Cir. 2022) (Collins, J., concurring), and the Government argues here

that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Wilkinson v. Garland, 601 U.S. 209

(2024), resolves that split in favor of deferential review. If I thought that

Rodriguez-Patlan would also prevail on the rise-to-the-level-of-persecution issue

under deferential review, then I would not need to address whether the Government

is correct in its reading of Wilkinson. See Fon, 34 F.4th at 813 n.1 (declining to

address the standard-of-review question, because the petitioner would prevail

under either standard). But I think this case is close enough to the line that it is one

in which the standard of review does make a critical difference. If I must apply a

deferential standard of review—i.e., one in which I am limited to asking whether

the agency’s conclusion is reasonable or whether a contrary conclusion is

compelled—then I would hold that the agency permissibly adopted the view that

Rodriguez-Patlan’s mistreatment did not rise to the level of persecution.

3 Accordingly, this case, in my view, requires addressing what standard of review

applies here and, in particular, whether the Government is correct in contending

that Wilkinson confirms that deferential review applies. As a review of Wilkinson

shows, the answer to the latter question is yes.

In Wilkinson, an immigration judge (“IJ”) rejected Wilkinson’s application

for cancellation of removal under § 240A(b) of the Immigration and Nationality

Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b), concluding that Wilkinson had failed to

establish the threshold statutory requirement that his removal would result in

“exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” to a family member who was a U.S.

citizen or permanent resident. Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 211–12 (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229b(b)(1)(D)). “Because [the IJ] held that Wilkinson was statutorily ineligible

for cancellation of removal,” the IJ did not reach the further step of “determining

whether or not to exercise his discretion to grant the application for cancellation of

removal.” Id. at 216 (simplified). After the BIA affirmed, Wilkinson filed a

petition for review, but the Third Circuit held that it lacked jurisdiction to review

the “hardship determination,” which it characterized as “discretionary.” Id.

The Supreme Court reversed, holding that “the application of the exceptional

and extremely unusual hardship standard to a given set of facts is reviewable as a

question of law” under INA § 242(a)(2)(D), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). Wilkinson,

601 U.S. at 217. The Court reasoned that “the application of the statutory

4 ‘exceptional and extremely unusual hardship’ standard to a given set of facts

presents a mixed question of law and fact” and that “mixed questions of law and

fact are always reviewable as questions of law under § 1252(a)(2)(D).” Id. at 219,

221 (emphasis added). The Court acknowledged that some mixed questions entail

“primarily . . . factual work,” while others involve “primarily legal . . . work.” Id.

at 221–22 (citation omitted). But the Court held that the fact “[t]hat a mixed

question requires a court to immerse itself in facts does not transform the question

into one of fact.” Id. at 222 (emphasis added). Instead, the Court explained, “[i]t

simply suggests a more deferential standard of review.” Id. And because

“application of [the] legal standard” of “exceptional and extremely unusual

hardship” to a given set of facts “require[s] an IJ to closely examine and weigh a

set of established facts,” “this mixed question is primarily factual,” and a court’s

review of the agency’s resolution of that mixed question “is deferential.” Id. at

221, 225 (citations omitted).

Here, as in Wilkinson, the application of the relevant legal standard—viz.,

whether the facts concerning a petitioner’s mistreatment rise to the level of

“persecution”—“requires a close examination of the facts” and is therefore

“primarily factual” rather than “primarily legal.” 601 U.S. at 221–22, 225 (citation

omitted). Accordingly, our “review is deferential,” id. at 225, and, applying that

deferential review, I would uphold the agency’s determination that Rodriguez-

5 Patlan failed to establish his statutory eligibility for withholding of removal. I

therefore concur in the judgment as to the issue of withholding of removal.

The majority holds that, because Rodriguez-Patlan would lose under either a

deferential standard or a de novo standard, it need not decide which standard of

review is applicable. See Memo. Dispo. at 5. I disagree with that conclusion—

because I think that Rodriguez-Patlan should prevail under de novo review—but I

acknowledge that reasonable minds can differ on that point. However, despite

having concluded that it need not resolve the standard-of-review issue, the majority

then gratuitously proceeds to assert that Wilkinson does not resolve that issue here.

Id. at 2–5. The latter conclusion is wrong, as the paucity of the majority’s

reasoning makes clear.

The majority contends that Wilkinson is irrelevant because it “was concerned

with the distinct issue of federal court jurisdiction over ‘judgment[s] regarding the

granting of [discretionary] relief’ such as cancellation of removal, and did not

address the separate question presented here: what standard of review should

govern nondiscretionary claims for asylum and withholding of removal which are

reviewable under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).” See Memo. Dispo. at 4 (emphasis

added). This purported ground for distinguishing Wilkinson is flatly incorrect.

Contrary to what the majority contends, Wilkinson did involve review of a

threshold nondiscretionary question, and the Court’s comments about a

6 “deferential” standard of review were directed to that nondiscretionary

determination. As the Court explained, a decision on cancellation of removal

“proceeds in two steps”: the first asks whether the alien “is eligible for cancellation

under the relevant statutory criteria,” and the second requires the IJ to “decide[]

whether to exercise his discretion favorably.” Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 212

(emphasis added). Wilkinson did not dispute that the second question was

discretionary and unreviewable, but he argued that the first question was neither.

See id. at 216–17, 221. The Court agreed that the “hardship determination” on

which Wilkinson’s statutory eligibility turned “was not discretionary.” Id. at 218

(emphasis added).1 The Court then proceeded to hold, as I have described, that this

nondiscretionary mixed question of law and fact was reviewable as a question of

law, but that this mixed question was primarily factual and therefore subject to

deferential review. The majority’s effort to distinguish Wilkinson as a case about

review of “judgments regarding the granting of discretionary relief,” see Memo.

Dispo. at 4 (simplified), is thus demonstrably wrong.

The majority also contends that “Wilkinson’s statement that a mixed question

1 In this respect, cancellation of removal is similar to asylum, which has a threshold nondiscretionary eligibility requirement that, if met, leads to an exercise of discretion whether to grant asylum, see Kalubi v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1134, 1137 (9th Cir. 2004), although (unlike cancellation of removal), discretionary asylum decisions are reviewable for abuse of discretion, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), (b)(4)(D). The majority therefore contradicts well-settled law in characterizing “asylum” as a “nondiscretionary claim[].” See Memo. Dispo. at 4.

7 requiring an ‘immers[ion]’ in facts ‘suggests a more deferential standard of

review,’ does not address whether a past persecution claim such as Petitioner’s,

which involves the application of a legal standard to an undisputed set of facts,

should be reviewed de novo or for substantial evidence.” See Memo. Dispo. at 4

(citation omitted). But the statutory standard applied in Wilkinson likewise

required “the application of a legal standard to established facts,” and the

“primarily factual” nature of that inquiry required “deferential” review. Wilkinson,

601 U.S. at 221, 225 (citation omitted). The same is true here: applying the “level

of persecution” standard requires “an immersion in facts,” and under Wilkinson it

therefore is reviewed deferentially.2

For the foregoing reasons, I concur in sections 1 and 3 of the majority’s

memorandum, but I concur only in the judgment as to section 2.

2 The majority also suggests that Wilkinson is irrelevant because the factual determinations underlying the nondiscretionary eligibility determination at issue there were unreviewable. See Memo. Dispo. at 4 n.1. But nothing in Wilkinson suggests that, in deciding what level of deference to give to an application of a legal standard to “established facts,” it makes a difference why those facts are taken as established (i.e., because they are unreviewable or because they have survived the INA’s highly deferential review of factual determinations). Wilkinson, 601 U.S. at 792–93.

8