1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION 9 10 DUCKY LTD., Case No. 24-cv-02268-PHK

11 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION

SEEKING REFERENCE OF

12 v. QUESTIONS TO THE U.S.

COPYRIGHT OFFICE (17 U.S.C.

13 IVILIIA MILLIONIC IT SP. Z O.O., § 411(B)(2)) 14 Defendant. Re: Dkt. No. 37

15 This is a copyright case. Now before the Court is Plaintiff Ducky, LTD’s (“Ducky”) ex 16 parte motion seeking an Order from this Court referring certain questions to be sent to the U.S. 17 Copyright Office pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2). [Dkt. 37]. Ducky has not requested oral 18 argument on this motion, and the Court finds this dispute appropriate for resolution without oral 19 argument. Civil L. R. 7-1(b). After carefully considering the submissions and applicable legal 20 standards, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff Ducky’s ex parte motion [Dkt. 37]. 21 BACKGROUND 22 The following facts are either uncontested or, if contested, viewed in the light most favorable 23 to Defendant Iviliia, the non-moving party. Plaintiff Ducky is a “Cyprus-formed limited company 24 with its principal place of business in Limassol, Cyprus.” [Dkt. 1 at 3]. Plaintiff Ducky avers it 25 “owns all rights and interests to the mobile application game, Melon Sandbox (the ‘Game’), 26 including all copyrights to the Game and all copyrights to the underlying artwork and other elements 27 of the Game.” [Dkt. 1 at 2]. Plaintiff Ducky avers that “[s]ince its release, the Game has been 1 on the Apple App Store.” Id. at 6. 2 “Defendant Iviliia [] is a Polish private limited liability company” with its principal place of 3 business in Warsaw, Poland. [Dkt. 1 at 3; Dkt. 13 at 6]. Plaintiff Ducky alleges that Defendant 4 Iviliia fraudulently registered copyrights to the Game and “used these fraudulently obtained 5 copyright registrations to extort settlement payments and licensing fees from third parties who had 6 published derivative works based on the Game.” Id. at 2. Defendant Iviliia has submitted a 7 copyright violation notice to Google and Apple pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 8 (“DMCA”), which Plaintiff Ducky likewise claims to be fraudulent. [Dkt. 1 at 9–10; Dkt. 13 at 93– 9 113]. Plaintiff Ducky further alleges that Defendant Iviliia “sought to fraudulently register 10 trademarks to the Game.” [Dkt. 1 at 2]. 11 Plaintiff Ducky alleges that after contacting Defendant Iviliia regarding the alleged 12 misconduct, Defendant Iviliia “falsely claimed that it was trying to protect Plaintiff’s rights.” Id. at 13 2. After Plaintiff Ducky sought clarification, Defendant Iviliia allegedly ceased communications 14 with Plaintiff Ducky. Id. 15 On April 16, 2024, Plaintiff Ducky filed the instant lawsuit against Defendant Iviliia seeking 16 declaratory relief, including declarations that: (1) Defendant filed fraudulent copyright registrations 17 in the Game; (2) Plaintiff has not committed copyright infringement with regard to Defendant’s 18 allegedly fraudulent copyright registrations; (3) Defendant fraudulently filed trademark registrations 19 in marks relating to the Game; and (4) Plaintiff is the rightful owner of copyrights in the Game (and 20 the characters and artwork in the Game). Id. at 11–12. 21 LEGAL STANDARD 22 Section 411 of the Copyright Act sets forth provisions regarding the filing of inaccurate 23 information in a copyright registration: 24 (1) A certificate of registration satisfies the requirements of this section and section 412, regardless of whether the certificate contains any inaccurate information, 25 unless— (A) the inaccurate information was included on the application for copyright 26 registration with knowledge that it was inaccurate; and 27 (B) the inaccuracy of the information, if known, would have caused the Register of Copyrights to refuse registration. alleged, the court shall request the Register of Copyrights to advise the court 1 whether the inaccurate information, if known, would have caused the Register of Copyrights to refuse registration.” 2 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(1)–(2). 3 Under this statute, a certificate of copyright registration which contains inaccurate 4 information can therefore be held invalid (i.e., the registration does not satisfy the requirements of 5 §§ 411 and 412 of the Copyright Act) if that inaccurate information was included with knowledge 6 of its inaccuracy and, if the Register of Copyright had known of the inaccuracy, that would have 7 resulted in refusal of the registration. However, “[t]he law is unsettled regarding what evidentiary 8 burden a movant must meet to satisfy the conditions of § 411(b)(1).” Williams v. Hy-Vee, Inc., 661 9 F. Supp. 3d 871, 887 (S.D. Iowa 2023). “Courts of Appeals are split on whether § 411(b)(1)(A)’s 10 ‘knowledge’ element requires indicia of fraud.” Williams, 661 F. Supp. 3d at 887 (citing Roberts v. 11 Gordy, 877 F.3d 1024, 1029 (11th Cir. 2017) (holding § 411(b) “codifies the defense of Fraud on 12 the Copyright Office”); Gold Value Int’l Textile, Inc. v. Sanctuary Clothing, L.L.C., 925 F.3d 1140, 13 1147 (9th Cir. 2019) (reversed on other grounds) (finding § 411(b) “does not require a showing of 14 fraud”)). The Supreme Court has not resolved this precise issue. See Unicolors, Inc. v. H&M 15 Hennes & Mauritz, L. P., 595 U.S. 178, 188 (2022) (acknowledging the Court was not deciding 16 whether invalidation of a copyright registration under § 411(b) required a showing of fraudulent 17 intent). 18 The literal language of Section 411(b) does not use the word “fraud” but rather speaks to 19 “knowledge” of the inaccuracy in the copyright registration sought to be invalidated. The Supreme 20 Court has instructed that, in the context of § 411(b)(1), “the word ‘knowledge’ means actual, 21 subjective awareness of both the facts and the law.” Unicolors, Inc., 595 U.S. at 185. “[W]illful 22 blindness may support a finding of actual knowledge” within the meaning of Section 411(b)(1)(A). 23 Id. “Circumstantial evidence, including the significance of the . . . error, the complexity of the 24 relevant rule, the applicant's experience . . . and other such matters, may also lead a court to find 25 that an applicant was actually aware of, or willfully blind to, legally inaccurate information.” Id. 26 Under Section 411(b)(2), the statutory scheme requires that a court “request the Register of 27 1 registration in question in the first instance, if the inaccuracy of the information had been known at 2 the time. The statutory scheme does not expressly set forth the evidentiary burden on a movant 3 sufficient to warrant a court exercising this authority and referring questions to the Copyright Office. 4 Thus, “courts are free to decide when a sufficient factual record exists such that referral would be 5 fruitful.” Lieb v. Korangy Publ’g, Inc., No. CV 15-0040 (AYS), 2022 WL 1124850, at *12 6 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 14, 2022) (citing King-Devick Test Inc. v. NYU Langone Hosps., No. 17-CV-9307 7 (JPO), 2019 WL 3071935, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. July 15, 2019)). Courts have the discretion to require 8 a movant to “demonstrate that (1) the registration application included inaccurate information; and 9 (2) the registrant knowingly included the inaccuracy in his submission to the Copyright Office” as 10 a prerequisite for the court’s seeking advice from the Copyright Office under Section 411(b)(2). 11 DeliverMed Holdings, LLC v. Schaltenbrand, 734 F.3d 616, 625 (7th Cir. 2013) (citing 17 U.S.C. 12 § 411(b)(1); Response of the Register of Copyrights to Request Pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) 13 at 12; Olem Shoe Corp. v. Wash. Shoe Co., No. 1:09-cv-23494, 2010 WL 3505100, at *3 (S.D. Fla. 14 Sept. 3, 2010)); Energy Intel. Grp., Inc. v. Kayne Anderson Cap. Advisors L.P., 948 F.3d 261, 278 15 (5th Cir. 2020). Because this is a threshold showing simply to establish sufficient cause for the 16 court to make a referral to the Copyright Office (and at this stage of the proceedings, not a request 17 for a final determination or finding that the registration is in fact invalid due to inaccuracy), the 18 burden on a movant is analogous to a prima facie showing sufficient to trigger the referral power of 19 the court under Section 411(b)(2). That is, the statute itself makes clear that a court should not and 20 need not require a movant to actually prove the two requirements of § 411(b)(1) in order to justify 21 the request for a referral of the questions to the Copyright Office—the statute explicitly requires that 22 alleging the inaccuracy is sufficient. See 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2) (mandatory referral is triggered 23 where “information described under [§ 411(b)(1)] is alleged”); Olem Shoe Corp., 2010 WL 24 3505100, at *3. 25 DISCUSSION 26 Plaintiff Ducky requests that this Court refer two questions to the Copyright Office. [Dkt. 27 37]. Keeping in mind the legal standards discussed above, the Court FINDS that Ducky has 1 exercise its authority and discretion under Section 411(b)(2) and refer these questions to the 2 Copyright Office. Plaintiff Ducky has alleged sufficient facts and provided sufficient evidence at 3 this stage to plausibly allege and establish at least a facially adequate basis to conclude that (1) the 4 copyright registration applications at issue included inaccurate information; and (2) the registrant 5 (Iviliia) knowingly (or was at least willfully blind when it) included the inaccuracy in its submissions 6 to the Copyright Office. In reviewing the allegations and evidence submitted by Ducky, the Court 7 views the submissions in the light most favorable to Iviliia (the non-moving party) out of an excess 8 of caution given the procedural posture of this case and the instant motion: no counsel for Iviliia 9 has entered appearance in this case, Iviliia has not responded to the Complaint in this case (where 10 Ducky alleges that service of process was completed under the Hague Convention, see Dkts. 21– 11 22), and Iviliia has not responded to this ex parte motion (despite having apparently received a copy 12 via email, see Dkt. 45). 13 First, Plaintiff Ducky has alleged sufficient facts and provided sufficient evidence to support 14 the allegations that the registration applications at issue included inaccurate information. In support 15 of the instant motion, Ducky not only relies on the allegations in the Complaint but also submitted 16 multiple declarations, including declarations from the two co-creators of the Game (one of whom 17 programmed the Game, and the other of whom created all the artwork in the Game), a declaration 18 from Plaintiff’s predecessor-in-interest in the rights to the Game (who ultimately assigned those 19 rights to Ducky), a declaration from a current Director of Ducky, and a declaration from Polish 20 counsel for Ducky. See Dkts. 39–42, 44. 21 Plaintiff alleges to be the sole owner of all rights and title in the Game, including all 22 copyrights. See Dkt. 1 at ¶ 15; Dkt. 44 (Declaration of Irina Fihd, Director of Ducky) at ¶ 9. 23 Defendant was not involved in the creation, development, authorship, or publication of the Game or 24 in the artwork displayed in the Game. Dkt. 1 at ¶ 43; see also Dkt. 40 (Declaration of Oleg 25 Podvalova, one of the co-creators of the Game) at ¶ 5; Dkt. 41 (Declaration of Tatyana Podvalova, 26 the other co-creator of the Game) at ¶ 5; see Dkt. 42 (Declaration of Yuri Mikhailovich, previous 27 owner of all rights in the Game) at ¶ 11; Dkt. 44 at ¶ 26. Defendant does not own any rights or 1 Dkt. 41 at ¶ 6; Dkt. 42 at 12; Dkt. 44 at ¶ 27. Defendant has no relationship with Plaintiff nor 2 Plaintiff’s predecessors-in-interest to Plaintiff’s rights in the Game. Dkt. 1 at ¶ 46; Dkt. 40 at ¶ 9; 3 Dkt. 41 at ¶ 9; Dkt. 42 at ¶ 15; Dkt. 44 at ¶ 9. 4 Indeed, the evidence that Defendant Iviliia stated that they are asserting copyrights in the 5 Game against third parties in an unexplained attempt to somehow protect the rights of Plaintiff 6 Ducky is significant in this respect. See Dkt. 39 (Declaration of Ducky’s Polish counsel) at ¶ 3 7 (quoting email from an individual associated with Iviliia to Ducky’s counsel: “We [Iviliia] are not 8 seekng any money and are striving to elimitate your [Ducky’s] competitors who use content that 9 does not belong to them to promote unofficial copies of your product.... We have absolutely nothing 10 against you and your product; on the contrary, we are making every effort to ensure that users can 11 only use the official product, rather than its copies, which also affect your reputation and the quality 12 of the product you sell.”). 13 Furthermore, Plaintiff Ducky has alleged sufficient facts and provided sufficient evidence to 14 support the allegations that Defendant knowingly included inaccurate information in their 15 submissions to the Copyright Office for the copyright registrations in dispute. In the applications 16 for the Disputed Registrations, Defendant claimed that it obtained rights in the underlying works by 17 written agreement, but it has produced no such agreement. Id. at ¶ 48; see also Dkts. 38-1 to 38-22 18 (copies of Iviliia’s copyright registration applications at issue). Each of the disputed copyright 19 registrations identifies Iviliia as the “Copyright Claimant” on the basis of “Transfer: By written 20 agreement”. Dkts. 38-1 to 38-22. Defendant Iviliia admitted to Plaintiff’s counsel that Iviliia was 21 asserting copyrights in the Game against third parties somehow on behalf of Ducky. Dkt. 1 at ¶¶ 55– 22 57; see also Dkt. 39 at ¶ 3 (Declaration of Ducky’s Polish counsel). Defendant Iviliia has entered 23 into licensing agreements with several third parties under which those third parties are obligated to 24 pay Iviliia monetary fees for the licenses under the Disputed Registrations. Dkt. 1 at ¶ 52; see also 25 Dkt. 39 at ¶¶ 8–11 and Dkt. 39-5 (copy of license agreement). 26 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiff Ducky has submitted sufficient 27 allegations and evidence to demonstrate sufficient and good cause for the Court to refer to the 1 the Court GRANTS Plaintiff Ducky’s motion and will refer the questions below to the Copyright 2 Office under Section 411(b)(2). 3 CONCLUSION 4 The Court hereby GRANTS Plaintiff Ducky’s motion for reference of certain questions to 5 the U.S. Copyright Office. Accordingly, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2), the Court requests the 6 advice of the Register of Copyrights with regard to the following questions: 7 For purposes of the Court’s questions to the Copyright Office, reference is made to twenty- 8 two (22) U.S. Copyright Registrations issued by the United States Copyright Office to Defendant 9 Iviliia for two-dimensional artwork featured in the Game, namely the following “Disputed 10 Registrations”: 11 • Ambush Mutant (VA0002355331) • Mechanoid hero (VA0002355281) 12 • Apple hero (VA0002353215) • Melon sky background (VA0002363785) 13 • Blind figure hero (VA0002355282) • Orange Monster (VA0002355606) 14 • Corn hero (VA0002353217) • Pumpkin hero (VA0002353216) 15 • Cyan mutant (VA0002355604) • Purple Monster (VA0002355556) 16 • Gooey Monster (VA0002355557) • Rush monster (VA0002355327) 17 • Green Monster (VA0002355602) • Screech hero (VA0002355284) 18 • Humanoid monster hero (VA0002355283) • Stinger monster (VA0002355340) 19 • Jester mutant (VA0002355339) • Toilethead hero (VA0002355338) 20 • Jumbo monster (VA0002355255) • Watermelon hero (VA0002353214) 21 • Looky Monster (VA0002355605) • Yellow monster (VA0002355608) 22 See Dkt. 1 at ¶ 47; Dkt. 38 at ¶¶ 2–23; Dkt. 38-1; Dkt. 38-2 (copies of Copyright Registrations). 23 Pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(2), the Court requests the Register of Copyrights to advise 24 the Court whether any or all of the information below, if known, would have caused the Register of 25 Copyrights to refuse to register the Disputed Registrations (identified above) to Defendant Iviliia: 26 1. In its applications for each of the Disputed Registrations, Defendant Iviliia claimed that it 27 obtained rights in the underlying works by written agreement, but has produced no such agreement. ] copyrights. 2 3. Defendant Iviliia was not involved in the creation, development, authorship, or publication 3 of the Game or in the artwork displayed in the Game. 4 4. Defendant Iviliia does not own any rights or interests in the Game or in the artwork 5 displayed in the Game. 6 5. Defendant Iviliia has no relationship with Plaintiff Ducky nor Plaintiff's predecessors-in- 7 || interest to Plaintiffs rights in the Game. 8 6. Defendant Iviliia told Plaintiffs counsel that Defendant Iviliia asserted the Disputed 9 || Registrations against third parties on behalf of Plaintiff Ducky. 10 7. Defendant Iviliia has entered into multiple licensing agreements with third parties under 11 which the third parties are obligated to pay monetary licensing fees to the Disputed Registrations. 12 8. Defendant Iviliia’s principal, Serhii Osadchyi, has engaged in similar actions with respect 13 || to other companies. See Invisible Narratives LLC v. Next Level Apps Tech., Civil Action No. 5:25- 14 || cv-01644-NW (ND. Cal.). 15 The Court REQUESTS that the Register of Copyrights provide its response to these a 16 || questions within ninety (90) days from the date of this Request, that is by September 2, 2025. 2 17 The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to send a copy of this Order, along with a copy of the Z 18 Complaint in this action, and the instant motion with associated declarations (including exhibits), 19 || dkts. 1, 37-44, to the Register of Copyrights via email to 41 lfilings@copyright.gov. See 37 C.F.R. 20 || § 205.14. 21 This RESOLVES Dkt. 37. 22 || ITISSO ORDERED. 23 Dated: June 4, 2025 □ 24 25 United States Magistrate Judge 26 27 28