N.Z.

BACKGROUND

Father and mother were in a romantic relationship until December 2019. On February 28, 2020, the trial court issued a three-year domestic violence restraining order prohibiting father from, among other things, harassing and surveilling mother. Two months before the expiration of the initial restraining order, mother filed a request to renew the restraining order under Family Code section 6345. Father objected to the renewal request. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on June 8 and 9, 2023. As relevant to the contention on appeal, father admitted that Global Positioning System (GPS) devices were routinely installed on cars from his used-car dealership, that mother had been loaned a Toyota Camry from his dealership, and that the Camry had a GPS device installed. However, he denied accessing the Camry’s GPS information. At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the trial court orally announced its decision. Among other things, it noted the evidence that father knew all the cars at his dealership had GPS devices installed and that mother had received a loaner car from the dealership. It further noted that the restraining order directed that mother was not to…