1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SAMUEL BOYKIN, No. 2:23-cv-01516-TLN-SCR 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 UNUM LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

OF AMERICA,

15 Defendant. 16

17 18 Plaintiff Samuel Boykin (“Plaintiff”) was a former Maintenance Specialist for Valero 19 Services, Inc. (“Valero”) who suffered a lumbar fracture as a result of a motor vehicle accident 20 (“MVA”) in February 2014. In November 2016, Plaintiff applied for long-term disability 21 (“LTD”) benefits through his employer’s insurer, Unum Life Insurance Company of America 22 (“Unum”). In June 2017, Unum denied Plaintiff’s claim. Plaintiff subsequently appealed 23 Unum’s determination in December 2017, and Unum upheld its decision in April 2018. Plaintiff 24 brought an action against Unum pursuant to the Employment Retirement Income Security Act 25 (“ERISA”). (No. 2:19-cv-00137-TLN-DB, ECF No. 1.) On February 15, 2022, the Court found 26 Plaintiff was precluded from performing the duties of his physically demanding occupation as a 27 maintenance specialist under the insurance policy’s “regular occupation” definition of disability, 28 which applied from July 18, 2016 through January 13, 2019. (No. 2:19-cv-00137-TLN-DB, ECF 1 No. 41.) Plaintiff did not make any specific argument in his briefs as to why he is entitled to 2 benefits past the initial 24-month period. Because the administrator had not had the opportunity 3 to consider whether Plaintiff was disabled under its definition of “any gainful occupation,” the 4 Court remanded the remainder of Plaintiff’s claim for Unum to determine whether Plaintiff can 5 perform the duties of “any gainful occupation.” (Id.) 6 This matter is before the Court on the parties’ Cross-Motions for Judgment under Federal 7 Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 52 and Unum’s Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s Supplemental 8 Request for Judicial Notice. (ECF Nos. 36, 37, 40.) The motions are fully briefed. (ECF Nos. 9 38, 39, 41–45.) The Court has carefully considered the parties’ arguments and hereby finds, for 10 the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff was disabled from any gainful occupation starting January 11 14, 2019, as defined in the applicable policy. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment is 12 GRANTED, Unum’s Motion for Judgment is DENIED, and Unum’s Motion to Strike is 13 DENIED. 14 I. FINDINGS OF FACT1 15 A. The Relevant Terms and Conditions of the Policy 16 1. Unum issued a group long term disability policy number 564565 001 (the 17 “Policy”) to Valero with an effective date of January 1, 2002. (POL-22.) LTD benefits under the 18 Policy are payable after an insured individual completes a 180-day Elimination Period, defined as 19 “a period of continuous disability which must be satisfied before you are eligible to receive 20 benefits[.]” (Id. at 7, 37.) The Policy provides in relevant part as follows: 21 HOW DOES UNUM DEFINE DISABILITY? 22 You are disabled when Unum determines that: 23 1 The following findings of fact are taken mostly verbatim from Plaintiff’s and Unum’s 24 motions for judgment. (ECF Nos. 36, 37.) The facts are undisputed except where noted by the Court. 25

2 Unum lodged the administrative record with the Court on July 17, 2024, and documents 26 are bates-stamped UA-POL-LTD-000001 through UA-POL-LTD-000051 and UA-CL-LTD- 27 000001 through UA-CL-LTD-005799. (ECF No. 29.) References to the Policy will be designated “POL” and references to the administrative record will be designated “AR.” Citations 28 to bates numbers omit any other prefixes and the preceding zeros. 1 - you are limited from performing the material and substantial duties of your regular occupation due to your 2 sickness or injury; and 3 - you have a 20% or more loss in your indexed monthly earnings due to the same sickness or injury. 4 After 24 months of payments, you are disabled when Unum 5 determines that due to the same sickness or injury, you are unable to perform the duties of any gainful occupation for which you are 6 reasonably fitted by education, training or experience. 7 (Id. at 19 (emphasis in original).) The Policy further provides information on when payments 8 stop and coverage ends: 9 WHEN WILL PAYMENTS STOP? 10 We will stop sending you payments and your claim will end on the earliest of the following . . . 11 - after 24 months of payments, when you are able to work in 12 any gainful occupation on a part-time basis but you choose not to[.] 13

WHEN DOES YOUR COVERAGE END?

14 Your coverage under the policy or a plan ends on the earliest of . . . 15 - 30 days from the date you are no longer in an eligible group based on 16 active employment as defined in the glossary . . . 17 - the last day you are in active employment except as provided under the covered layoff or leave of absence provision. 18 19 (Id. at 17, 25, 36, 39.) The Policy also defines the terms below as follows: 20 GAINFUL OCCUPATION means an occupation that is or can be expected to provide you with an income within 12 months of your 21 return to work, that exceeds: 80% of your indexed monthly earnings, if you are working; or 22 60% of your indexed monthly earnings, if you are not working. 23 . . . 24 PART-TIME BASIS means the ability to work and earn between 20% and 80% of your indexed monthly earnings. 25 26 (Id. at 37, 39 (emphasis in original).) 27 /// 28 1 B. The Court’s February 15, 2022 Remand Order 2 1. In its February 15, 2022 Order, the Court found Plaintiff adequately established by 3 a preponderance of the evidence that he was disabled from his regular occupation during the 4 Elimination Period (July 18, 2016 to January 13, 2017). Plaintiff did not make any specific 5 argument in his briefs as to why he is entitled to benefits past the initial 24-month period (January 6 13, 2017 to January 14, 2019). Accordingly, the Court remanded Plaintiff’s claim for Unum to 7 determine whether Plaintiff can perform the duties of any gainful occupation as of January 14, 8 2019. 9 C. Plaintiff’s Medical History as of January 20193 10 1. Primary Physician: Plaintiff met with his primary treating physician, Dr. Minerva 11 Saqui, on January 2, 2019 for a physical examination. (AR 3572.) Dr. Saqui noted the following: 12 [C]hronic axial back pain and PTSD after MVA 2-23-2014, L14 burst fracture 13 Mid back pain at a level of L1, constant, daily, intensity varies from 14 7 to 8, worse when standing 10 minutes or more, when leaning forward while standing, when walking downhill 15 Associated tingling sensation in both lower legs, no weakness 16 Does back stretching, walking as exercise 10 to 15 minutes at [a] 17 time, total one hour 5 times a week 18 (AR 3573.) Further notes show an otherwise normal physical exam, with the exception of “Back 19 exam – tender upper lumbar spine and lumbar muscles, pain bending and extending 15 degrees” 20 and “[s]ensation tingly and numb past the knees both lower extremities.” (Id. at 3575.) Chronic 21 low back pain and PTSD were listed on the “Patient Active Problem List.” (Id.) With respect to 22 his chronic back pain, Dr. Saqui noted that Plaintiff “wants to know if there is surgical 23 intervention that can be done to alleviate the pain without risk of lower extremity paralysis.” (Id.) 24 3 The Court need not detail the specifics of Plaintiff’s MVA and his medical history up to 25 January 2019, as it is set forth in full in the February 15, 2022 Order. (No. 2:19-cv-00137-TLN- DB, ECF No. 41.) 26

27 4 The spine is divided into three sections: the cervical spine, which is the neck area; the thoracic spine, which is mid-back; and the lumbar spine, which is the lower back. A fracture at 28 “L1” indicates that the fracture occurred in the uppermost vertebrae of the lumbar spine. 1 With respect to his PTSD, Dr. Saqui noted that he was “stable on Zoloft.” (Id.) 2 2. Dr. Saqui also ordered another MRI on January 2, 2019. (Id. at 3011.) The results 3 of this MRI showed an “asymmetric disc bulge,” “mild bilateral facet hypertrophy,” and 4 “[m]oderate bilateral neuroforaminal narrowing” at L2-L3 and L3-L4. (Id. at 3012.) The overall 5 impression (compared to the prior MRI on August 3, 2015) is “[u]nchanged multilevel bilateral 6 neuroforaminal narrowing” and “[c]hronic L1 burst fracture.” (Id.) 7 3. Updated Testing: On January 28, 2019, Plaintiff received lumbar x-rays that 8 showed the “chronic L1 fracture” with “mild anterolisthesis of L5 upon S1” and degenerative 9 changes “at the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels with intervertebral disc space narrowing and facet 10 hypertrophy.” (Id. at 3616.) 11 4. Orthopedic Consulting Surgeon: Dr. Saqui ordered a new MRI and referred 12 Plaintiff to a surgeon, Dr. Hans Bueff, for a consult. (Id. at 3350, 3596.) On January 28, 2019, 13 Plaintiff met with Dr. Bueff, who noted Plaintiff had normal gait, normal sensory and motor 14 exam, and full range of motion of all joints, but the back exam revealed “pain in the upper lumbar 15 spine in flexion” and “[d]ecreased [range of motion] due to pain.” (Id. at 3356.) Dr. Bueff 16 ordered a bone scan, which was completed on April 25, 2019. (Id. at 3639.) The bone scan noted 17 that there was “a compression deformity noted at the L1 vertebral body” and “[m]ultilevel mild 18 degenerative facet changes, mild to moderate anterior ostephytes and spinous process osteophytes 19 with corresponding degenerative uptake.” (Id. at 3639–40.) In a patient message from Dr. Bueff 20 to Plaintiff on June 13, 2019, Dr. Bueff reported that when he showed Plaintiff’s case to his 21 colleagues, all “spine surgeons voted against a fusion.” (Id. at 3377.) Dr. Bueff noted the 22 “fracture has healed,” the “bone scan is negative,” and the “MRI does not show inflammation.” 23 (Id.) In conclusion, Dr. Bueff stated that “[a] fusion does not help when the problem is muscular” 24 and “there will not be a spine fusion as the fracture has healed in a good alignment.” (Id.) 25 5. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Dr. Bueff reported Plaintiff was not a 26 candidate for surgery and instead referred him to Dr. Alloysius Benny Kartono for pain 27 management. (Id. at 3650–51.) During an office visit, Plaintiff told Dr. Kartono he already tried 28 spinal injections and acupuncture but they were not successful. (Id. at 3388–92.) Dr. Kortono 1 prescribed a TENS unit for Plaintiff.5 (Id. at 3388–92, 3656.) 2 6. Primary Physician: On October 30, 2019, Plaintiff saw Dr. Saqui again for an 3 office visit and reported numbness to both hands “worse when gripping and during cold weather.” 4 (Id. at 3672.) Plaintiff reported this impacted his ability to write, drive, and grip. (Id.) On 5 physical exam, Dr. Saqui noted a positive Phalen’s6 test in both hands and a decreased sensation 6 to touch in both hands, with the right more than the left, from fingertips to wrist level. (Id. at 7 3673.) However, a nerve conduction study on November 12, 2019 showed no abnormalities, 8 from which Dr. Saqui concluded Plaintiff’s bilateral hand pain and numbness might be due to 9 osteoarthritis. (Id. at 3430–33, 3446–47, 3699.) 10 7. Physical Therapy: On September 1, 2021, Plaintiff had a telephone consultation 11 with DPT Nichele Roa for physical therapy. (Id. at 2862, 3136–44.) Roa noted that Plaintiff 12 presented “with significant activity intolerance” and “per subjective examination he has limited 13 and painful active range of motion.” (Id. at 3136.) In a list of goals, Noa noted “be able to 14 tolerate standing for 60 minutes within 20 weeks” and “be able to lift 20 lbs to waist within 12 15 weeks.” (Id.) 16 8. Plaintiff’s Mental Health7: Before January 14, 2019, Plaintiff sought treatment for 17 anxiety, excessive worry, restlessness, memory and concentration problems, sleep problems, 18 flashback memories, post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”), depression, and nightmares. (Id. at 19 84, 461, 801, 823, 1349.) Plaintiff thus far managed his PTSD, depression, and anxiety with 20 5 A TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) unit uses low-voltage electrical 21 currents to relieve pain.

22 6 The parties do not define a Phalen’s test, but Cleveland Clinic defines it as “a series of 23 hand and wrist movements and positions healthcare providers use to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome.” Phalen’s Test, Cleveland Clinic, 24 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/25133-phalens-test (last visited May 27, 2025).

25 7 The Court’s prior February 15, 2022 Order did not address Plaintiff’s psychological issues in-depth as the parties did not address whether they had an impact on his ability to work. At this 26 juncture, however, Plaintiff maintains that he sought treatment for psychological problems even 27 prior to leaving work, starting in 2014. (ECF No. 36 at 14–15.) Because the Court only evaluates whether Plaintiff was disabled under the Policy’s definition of “any gainful occupation” as of 28 January 14, 2019, the Court only considers Plaintiff’s mental health around that time. 1 Zoloft prescribed by Dr. Saqui. (Id. at 3573.) Plaintiff had a therapy visit with LCSW Jamie 2 Hundley (“Hundley”) on October 30, 2019, in which she noted that Plaintiff “is beginning to 3 struggle with his ‘memory going’” and his “health problems continue to worsen.” (Id. at 3418.) 4 Plaintiff spoke with Hundley again on September 9, 2020, in which she noted Plaintiff “is 5 concerned about his memory loss” as well as “his back pain and lack of sleep.” (Id. at 3474.) 6 Hundley noted that she instructed Plaintiff to contact his doctor for assistance with these issues. 7 (Id.) 8 9. On December 24, 2020, Plaintiff completed an “AOQ – Adult Outcomes 9 Questionnaire” on his mental health. (Id. at 3489–92.) Dr. Saqui messaged him on December 29, 10 2020, stating that his “score shows severe distress despite Zoloft” and that she would ask a 11 “psychiatrist in Roseville as to next step[s] to help with mood, pain, [and] cognition.” (Id. at 12 3496.) Plaintiff complained to Dr. Saqui in a message on July 14, 2021, about his memory 13 problems: “It’s to the point when I write things down to remember them, I forget where I write 14 them down at (this is a daily occurrence).” (Id. at 2728.) On July 20, 2021, Dr. Saqui referred 15 Plaintiff to neurology for further evaluation. (Id. at 2729.) 16 10. Plaintiff saw Hundley for a follow-up phone appointment on July 27, 2021, in 17 which he noted that he and his wife had an escalated episode and stated “all [of the] PTSD, anger, 18 and pain from the accident and my injuries just came out.” (Id. at 3832.) Plaintiff also noted on 19 this call that he “was trying to rest his back when they began to quarrel.” (Id.) 20 11. On July 30, 2021, Plaintiff had a video visit with Dr. Kaho Wong in neurology. 21 (Id. at 3845.) Dr. Wong noted Plaintiff was on a high dose of Zoloft and complained of memory 22 changes, Cymbalta replaced the Zoloft, Plaintiff noted “improvement in psychiatric systems but 23 with persistent memory issues,” and that he “has difficulties in multi tasking and forgetful.” (Id.) 24 12. Plaintiff also saw LCSW Jonel Peters for a video visit on August 3, 2021, and 25 Peters noted diagnoses of PTSD and major depressive disorder, recurrent episode. (Id. at 3863.) 26 13. On September 2, 2021, Dr. Wong gave Plaintiff the Montreal Cognitive 27 Assessment (“MOCA”), which requires a patient to complete a number of simple tests to assess 28 cognitive functioning. (Id. at 3163, 3171.) Plaintiff’s score was 21 out of 30 and his worst scores 1 were in language and delayed recall (memory). (Id. at 3163.) Dr. Wong noted that the evaluation 2 “noted for deficits in language and recall but improved with cueing.” (Id. at 3166.) 3 D. Unum’s Review on Remand 4 1. Unum Refers Plaintiff’s File for Medical Opinions to Assess Plaintiff’s Capacity 5 as of January 14, 2019: After this Court’s February 15, 2022 Order (No. 2:19-cv-00137-TLN-DB, 6 ECF No. 41), Unum referred Plaintiff’s file for medical opinions to assess his capacity as of 7 January 14, 2019. Unum tasked Lacey Gentry (“Gentry”), a Lead Benefit Specialist, to handle 8 Plaintiff’s claim. (Id. at 5355–57.) On May 3, 2022, Gentry reported that Senior Vocational 9 Rehabilitation Consultant Desiree Marziali (“Marziali”) performed a vocational review and skills 10 assessment to determine whether there were alternative “gainful” occupations Plaintiff could 11 perform. (Id. at 5358–61.) Marziali opined there were no “sedentary” occupations that met this 12 threshold. (Id. at 5360 (noting “No alt occs at sedentary due to gainful”).) 13 2. Unum Seeks Opinion from its Physician: On June 20, 2022, Gentry sought an 14 opinion from Unum physician, Dr. Donna Kim, as to whether Plaintiff could perform a light duty 15 job as of January 14, 2019. (Id. at 5437.) On June 21, 2022, Dr. Kim called Dr. Jinling Wang 16 Brendel (who became Plaintiff’s primary care physician after Dr. Saqui retired in September 17 2021) (id. at 3180, 3246), who stated her restrictions and limitations (“R/Ls”) were based on her 18 review of Plaintiff’s previous records and the R/Ls Plaintiff told her he had at that time. (Id. at 19 5436.) Dr. Brendel noted the further R/Ls: “from 3/2018 to present, [Plaintiff] is limited to 20 continuous sitting up to 15 min at a time for total of 1 hr per day; limited to continuous standing 21 up to 15 min at a time for total of 2 hours per day. This patient is placed off activity from 6/14/22 22 through 6/14/2032.” (Id. at 5438–39.) 23 3. Dr. Donna Kim opined in a June 22, 2022 report that as of January 14, 2019, 24 Plaintiff was able to do full-time light work, which included: lifting, carrying, pushing, and 25 pulling twenty pounds occasionally, frequently up to ten pounds, or a negligible amount 26 constantly; and walking or standing frequently even though weight is negligible. (Id. at 5438– 27 41.) Dr. Kim further concluded: (1) exam findings (specifically, Dr. Bueff’s January 28, 2019 28 exam and Dr. Saqui’s January 2, 2019 exam) do not support that Plaintiff was precluded from 1 light work around January 14, 2019; (2) diagnostic test results do not support that Plaintiff was 2 precluded from light work, noting the March 20, 2018 functional capacity evaluation (“FCE”) by 3 Sebastian Jurado, DPT (“Jurado”), was ten months old and evidence closer to January 2019 and 4 beyond supported light work; and (3) intensity of care around January 14, 2019 does not support 5 that Plaintiff was precluded from light work, as Dr. Bueff in 2019 reviewed Plaintiff’s case with 6 his colleagues and they recommended against a lumbar fusion as the fracture had healed and the 7 lumbar spine MRI did not show any concerning inflammation. (Id. at 5439–40.) With respect to 8 intensity of care, Dr. Kim further noted: Dr. Kartono’s August 5, 2019 findings recommending a 9 TENS unit and against epidural steroid injections; a January 2, 2019 office note from Dr. Saqui 10 showing Plaintiff was taking Aleve for pain and Zoloft for PTSD, depression, and anxiety; and 11 LCSW Hundley’s October 30, 2019 appointment showed a depressed, irritable mood but no 12 providers asserted R/Ls due to behavioral health conditions, including around January 14, 2019. 13 (Id. at 5440.) 14 4. Unum Seeks Independent Opinion: Because there was disagreement between Dr. 15 Brendel and Dr. Kim, Unum obtained an independent opinion from Designated Medical Officer 16 (“DMO”) Dr. Howard Grattan. (Id. at 5454–57.) Dr. Grattan reported on July 5, 2022, that 17 Plaintiff was not precluded from full-time light work as of January 14, 2019 through his 18 September 2021 MVA. (Id. at 5454–57.) Dr. Grattan acknowledged the treatment and exam 19 findings of Drs. Saqui, Bueff, and Kartono, and LCSWs Hundley and Peters, diagnostic testing, 20 continued treatment in 2020 and 2021, and a December 9, 2020 Social Security Administration 21 notice of denial of benefits. (Id. at 5455–56.) In sum, Dr. Grattan concluded that as of January 22 14, 2019 through September 6, 2021, Plaintiff’s “physician examination findings are within 23 normal limits revealing normal strength, no significant change in sensory findings, normal gait, 24 and balance, and although he has a chronic L1 burst fracture this would not prevent or preclude 25 his ability for functioning within the outlined light occupational demands.” (Id. at 5456.) Dr. 26 Grattan stated that even though he has some decreased sensation in the upper extremities, the 27 electrodiagnostic studies were normal and the symptoms would not prevent the light work 28 demands. (Id.) 1 5. Dr. Grattan reviewed Plaintiff’s “self-reported complaints,” but found that “based 2 on the physical and diagnostic findings in the medical records available for [his] review, these 3 complaints are not of a severity to preclude the outlined light occupational demands.” (Id.) Dr. 4 Grattan considered Jurado’s 2018 FCE but noted the more recent medical data. (Id.) He also 5 noted Plaintiff’s PTSD, depression, and anxiety, but found the mental status exams were “within 6 normal limits and not indicative of a severe behavioral health-related functional impairment.” 7 (Id.) Dr. Grattan finally noted he found “no evidence of impairing medication side effects.” (Id.) 8 6. Unum Identifies Gainful Light Occupations Plaintiff Was Able to Perform as of 9 January 14, 2019: On July 20, 2022, Marziali conducted a vocational analysis that incorporated 10 her prior skills assessment and the findings of Drs. Kim and Grattan for light work. (Id. at 5461– 11 65.) Marziali identified the following light work occupations that Plaintiff could perform based 12 on his education and work history, medium demand regular occupation as a Maintenance 13 Specialist, demonstrated skills and computer use, Plaintiff’s residence, and a “gainful amount” as 14 $29.39 per hour: (1) Coordination Preventative Maintenance (169.167-074) ($33.62/hour); and 15 (2) Safety Technician (168.264-014) ($30.58/hour). (Id. at 5461–64.) 16 E. The 2020 Social Security Administration (“SSA”) Decision8 17 1. On September 4, 2017, Plaintiff filed an application for a period of disability and 18 disability assistance benefits, alleging disability beginning on July 26, 2016. (Id. at 2333.) On 19 August 5, 2020, after holding two hearings at which Plaintiff appeared, SSA Administrative Law 20 Judge (“ALJ”) Linda Thomasson concluded the following: 21 After careful consideration of the entire record, the undersigned finds that the claimant has the residual functional capacity to perform light 22 work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) except: He can occasionally lift 20 pounds, and frequently lift 10 pounds. He can occasionally 23 carry 10 pounds. He can sit 6 out of 8 hours in a workday, but not longer than 45 min at a time without being able to stand or walk at 24 his desk 1-2 minutes, but could stay on task. He can stand 3 out of 8

25 8 The SSA issued its decision on August 5, 2020 — before the Court issued its February 15, 2022 Order finding Plaintiff precluded from performing the duties of his physically demanding 26 occupation as a maintenance specialist under the insurance policy’s “regular occupation” 27 definition of disability, which applied from July 18, 2016 through January 13, 2019. (No. 2:19- cv-00137-TLN-DB, ECF No. 41.) However, the parties did not raise the SSA decision in its prior 28 motions for judgment. Accordingly, the Court only considers the SSA decision at this juncture. 1 hours, but not longer than 30 min at a time, and then must sit 2-3 minutes. He can walk 3 out of 8 hours, but not longer than 20 at a 2 time without sitting 2-3 minutes. He can stand/walk for a combined total of 6 out of 8 hours. He should avoid uneven surfaces. He can 3 occasionally climb stairs and ramps with a railing. He can occasionally kneel, crouch or stoop, but not repetitively, and this 4 must be spread out over the day, not more than 2-3 times at one time. He should avoid ladders/scaffolds/ropes, crawling, heavy vibratory 5 machinery or dangerous equipment, unprotected heights and extreme cold exposure. He can frequently reach with the left upper extremity 6 (left hand dominant). He is limited to work with a reasoning level of 2. He is limited to performing simple routine repetitive tasks. He 7 can make simple work related decisions. He is limited to occasional interaction with the public, coworkers, and supervisors. He can 8 tolerate occasional changes in [a] routine work setting. 9 (Id. at 2339.) ALJ Thomasson further found that “[c]onsidering the claimant’s age, education, 10 work experience, and residual functional capacity, there are jobs that exist in significant numbers 11 in the national economy that the claimant can perform[.]” (Id. at 2346.) Notably, ALJ 12 Thomasson concluded that “[t]he claimant has not been under a disability, as defined in the Social 13 Security Act, from July 26, 2016, through the date of this decision[.]”9 (Id. at 2347.) 14 2. In reaching her decision, ALJ Thomasson explained that she followed a two-step 15 process in which she first “determined whether there was an underlying medically determinable 16 physical or mental impairment(s).” (Id. at 2339.) Second, “once an underlying physical or 17 mental impairment(s) that could reasonably be expected to produce the claimant’s pain or other 18 symptoms has been shown,” ALJ Thomasson “evaluate[d] the intensity, persistence, and limiting 19 effects of the claimant’s symptoms to determine the extent to which they limit the claimant’s 20 work-related activities.” (Id. at 2340.) ALJ Thomasson reviewed Plaintiff’s subjective reports of

21 9 The definition of “disabled” under the Social Security Act appears to be more stringent than the definition of “disability” under the Policy. See Wentz v. Saul, 473 F. Supp. 3d 1106, 22 1110 (E.D. Cal. 2020). Under the Social Security Act, a plaintiff is “disabled” if the plaintiff is 23 unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment.” Id. The SSA also uses a five-step sequential evaluation process, 24 as the ALJ did in this case, to determine whether an applicant has a disability and is entitled to benefits. Id. The first step asks whether the claimant is engaging in a substantial gainful activity. 25 Id. If not, then the second step asks whether the claimant has a “severe” impairment. Id. “Severe” is defined as “any impairment or combination of impairments which significantly limits 26 your physical or mental ability to do basic work activities[.]” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). In this 27 matter, ALJ Thomasson concluded Plaintiff did not have “an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 28 CFR Part 404[.]” (AR 2336.) 1 his pain, as well as the reports of Plaintiff’s numerous doctors, care team members, and 2 examiners, Unum’s medical examiners and file reviewers, SSA’s own impartial medical expert, 3 state agency medical consultants, and Plaintiff’s spouse. (Id. at 2340–46.) ALJ Thomasson also 4 carefully examined what she identified as Plaintiff’s severe impairments (spine disorder, left 5 elbow disorder, depression, PTSD, and anxiety) and found that none of them “meets or medically 6 equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in [the federal regulations].” (Id. at 2336–39.) 7 3. ALJ Thomasson also found that Plaintiff was “unable to perform any past relevant 8 work,” but that he could work as a Small Parts Assembler or Collator Operator. (Id. at 2346–47.) 9 F. Unum Denies Plaintiff’s Claim 10 1. On August 5, 2022, Unum informed Plaintiff he did not meet the Policy’s 11 definition of disability as of January 14, 2019, and therefore his LTD coverage ended as of that 12 date. (Id. at 5471, 5473–83.) Unum noted in its letter that “[w]hile the medical reviews did find 13 support for the opined restrictions and limitations after [Plaintiff’s] September 06, 2021 [MVA], 14 this period is after [Plaintiff’s] coverage under the [LTD] policy ended and therefore, not covered 15 under the policy.” (Id. at 5479.) 16 2. Unum noted that in addition to physician reviews, its vocational rehabilitation 17 consultant reviewed Plaintiff’s file and concluded his functional capacity “supported in the 18 physician reviews is compatible with” the occupations of Coordinator Preventative Maintenance 19 and Safety Technician. (Id. at 5478.) Unum further noted that these are not intended to be a 20 complete list of other occupations Plaintiff is able to perform. (Id.) 21 G. Plaintiff Appeals Unum’s Decision 22 1. On January 26, 2023, Plaintiff appealed Unum’s decision. (Id. at 5631–38.) 23 Plaintiff retained Dr. Mechel Henry, MD to conduct an independent medical examination. (Id. at 24 5635.) Dr. Henry’s report, dated October 12, 2022, was attached to Plaintiff’s appeal. (Id. at 25 5639–79.) Dr. Henry reviewed Plaintiff’s medical records and expert reports, including but not 26 limited to Dr. Grattan’s review, the March 20, 2018 and March 18, 2022 FCE reports, and the 27 February 15, 2022 Order from this Court. (Id. at 5635.) Dr. Henry concluded that Plaintiff 28 “clearly could not return to work in any capacity after (and even before) 7/18/2016, his last date 1 of work” and “[f]rom Jan 14, 2019 to Sept 06, 2021, he was totally disabled from any occupation 2 to the present.” (Id. at 5635, 5655.) 3 H. Unum Reviews Plaintiff’s Appeal 4 1. Unum Obtains Another Independent Opinion: On February 28, 2023, Unum 5 obtained an independent opinion from Dr. Arlen Green, DO, who is a California Board Certified 6 in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. (Id. at 5703–08.) Dr. Green completed “a full review of 7 the medical record, including prior clinical and medical reviews,” and concluded that 8 “considering all the claimant’s conditions, self-reported symptoms, clinical findings, reported 9 functional activities, and treatment intensity, the medical evidence does not support restrictions 10 and limitations precluding the performance of the outlined occupational demands on a full-time 11 basis as of . . . 1/13/2019.” (Id.) The “outlined occupational demands” were specified as “[l]ight 12 occupational demands” — “lifting, carrying, pushing, and pulling 20 Lbs. occasionally, 13 frequently up to 10 Lbs. or negligible amount constantly; walking and[/]or standing frequently 14 even though weight is negligible.” (Id. at 5703.) Dr. Green noted the following: Plaintiff’s own 15 pain logs from 2014 through November 3, 2017; the 2019 MRI and bone scan; the August 5, 16 2019 exam; the March 2, 2021 x-ray of the left wrist; the opinion of FCEs in March 2018 17 (Jurado) and March 2022 (Durham); and Dr. Henry’s October 2022 examination and Plaintiff’s 18 demonstrated activity. (Id. at 5704–06.) Dr. Green found a lack of diagnostic exam findings and 19 noted the exam records from January 14, 2019 through September 6, 2021 showed Plaintiff’s 20 “physical examination findings were within functional limits.” (Id. at 5705.) Dr. Green further 21 noted Plaintiff was not prevented from work due to PTSD, depression, marital problems, or 22 chronic pain, noting the mental status exams and lack of evidence of psychomotor slowing. (Id. 23 at 5704, 5707.) 24 2. Unum Upholds Denial of Plaintiff’s Claim on Appeal: On March 10, 2023, Unum 25 notified Plaintiff that it was upholding its claim decision on appeal. (Id. at 5725–32.) Unum 26 acknowledged Plaintiff’s September 6, 2021, accident but explained “it was determined that the 27 available medical and file information did not document support for any conditions that would 28 have limited your client from performing the demands of the above identified gainful occupations 1 as of January 14, 2019.” (Id. at 5726–27.) Unum noted that, accordingly, his coverage under the 2 Policy had ended and Unum was unable to consider a new period of disability resulting from a 3 change and/or a worsening condition that occurs after coverage has ended. (Id. at 5727.) 4 II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 5 A. Legal Standard 6 1. Rule 52(a)(1) provides that “[i]n an action tried on the facts without a jury . . . the 7 court must find the facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately. The findings and 8 conclusions may be stated on the record . . . or may appear in an opinion or a memorandum of 9 decision filed by the court. Judgment must be entered under Rule 58.” 10 2. This Court has jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims pursuant to ERISA. Clorox Co. 11 v. U.S. Dist. Court for N. Dist. of Cal., 779 F.2d 517, 521 (9th Cir. 1985) (“ERISA creates a 12 federal cause of action, with concurrent state and federal jurisdiction, over claims by an employee 13 ‘to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of 14 the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan.’” (quoting 29 U.S.C. 15 § 1132(a)(1)). 16 3. “ERISA represents a careful balancing between ensuring fair and prompt 17 enforcement of rights under a plan and the encouragement of the creation of such 18 plans.” Conkright v. Frommert, 559 U.S. 506, 517 (2010) (internal citations and quotation marks 19 omitted). “Congress enacted ERISA to ensure that employees would receive the benefits they 20 had earned, but Congress did not require employers to establish benefit plans in the first 21 place.” Id. at 516–17 (citing Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882, 887 (1996)). 22 4. The parties agree that the long-term disability plan at issue in this case is an 23 “employee welfare benefit plan” subject to ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1) (defining “employee 24 welfare benefit plan” and “welfare plan” to include “any plan, fund, or program . . . established or 25 maintained by an employer or by an employee organization, or by both, to the extent that such 26 plan, fund, or program was established or is maintained for the purpose of providing for its 27 participants or their beneficiaries, through the purchase of insurance or otherwise[ ] . . . benefits 28 in the event of sickness, accident, disability, death or unemployment.”). 1 5. “[A] denial of benefits challenged under [ERISA] is to be reviewed under a de 2 novo standard unless the benefit plan gives the administrator . . . discretionary authority to 3 determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.” Firestone Tire & Rubber 4 Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989). “[F]or a plan to alter the standard of review from the 5 default of de novo to the more lenient abuse of discretion, the plan must unambiguously provide 6 discretion to the administrator.” Abatie v. Alta Health & Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d 955, 963 (9th 7 Cir. 2006) (italics added). 8 6. Because the parties have not pointed to a provision in the policy vesting the 9 administrator with discretionary authority, the Court finds de novo review to be the applicable 10 standard of review in the instant case. 11 7. De novo review “can best be understood as essentially a bench trial ‘on the papers’ 12 with the District Court acting as the finder of fact.” Kollar v. Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada, 13 No. C20-5278-JCC, 2021 WL 2949801, at *2 (W.D. Wash. July 14, 2021) (citing Muller v. First 14 Unum Life Ins. Co., 341 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2003)). “When conducting a de novo review of 15 the record, the court does not give deference to the claim administrator’s decision, but rather 16 determines in the first instance if the claimant has adequately established that he or she is disabled 17 under the terms of the plan.” Muniz v. Amec Const. Mgmt., Inc., 623 F.3d 1290, 1295–96 (9th 18 Cir. 2010) (italics added); see also Kearney v. Standard Ins. Co., 175 F.3d 1084, 1095 (9th Cir. 19 1999) (explaining that in a trial on the administrative record, “[the] district judge will be 20 asking . . . as he reads the evidence, . . . whether [the plaintiff] is disabled within the terms of the 21 policy” and may “evaluate the persuasiveness of conflicting testimony and decide which is more 22 likely true”). 23 8. This Court therefore does not examine whether Unum’s actions were 24 reasonable. See Montour v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 588 F.3d 623, 629–30 (9th Cir. 2009), 25 (holding that, under abuse of discretion standard, the plan administrator’s decision can be upheld 26 if it is “grounded on any reasonable basis.” (internal citation omitted)); see also Conkright, 559 27 U.S. at 521 (“Applying a deferential standard of review . . . means only that the plan 28 administrator’s interpretation of the plan ‘will not be disturbed if reasonable.’” 1 (quoting Firestone, 489 U.S. at 111)). Rather, the Court will examine the facts in the first 2 instance to determine whether Plaintiff is disabled. 3 9. In an ERISA action, the plaintiff carries the burden of showing, by a 4 preponderance of the evidence, that he or she was disabled under the terms of the Plan during the 5 claim period. Oster v. Standard Ins. Co., 759 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1185 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2011). 6 B. Analysis 7 1. Plaintiff’s singular claim is for the recovery of benefits under the Policy pursuant 8 to ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B). (See ECF No. 1.) Accordingly, the sole issue in the instant cross- 9 motions for judgment is whether Plaintiff was disabled from performing the duties of any gainful 10 occupation as of January 14, 2019. 11 2. The parties dispute whether Unum should have reevaluated Plaintiff as of January 12 14, 2019, or the date of the Court’s February 15, 2022 Order.10 (ECF No. 36 at 23–24; ECF No. 13 39 at 9–11.) As stated previously in section A of the Findings of Fact, after an insured individual 14 completes a 180-day Elimination Period, the individual is considered disabled when Unum 15 determines that the individual “is limited from performing the material and substantial duties of 16 [the individual’s] regular occupation due to [the individual’s] sickness or injury.” (POL 19.) The 17 Policy provides payments will stop “after 24 months of payments, when you are able to work in 18 any gainful occupation on a part-time basis but you choose not to.” (POL 17.) As noted in the 19 prior Order, the initial Elimination Period covered from July 18, 2016 through January 13, 2017. 20 (ECF No. 41 at 20.) Plaintiff was therefore entitled to 24 months of payments after the 21 Elimination Period, from January 13, 2017 through January 13, 2019. Accordingly, a direct 22 application of the Policy requires Unum to reevaluate Plaintiff as of January 14, 2019.11 23 10 Of note, Plaintiff suffered additional substantial injuries in another MVA on September 6, 24 2021. (ECF No. 36 at 15.) Plaintiff asserts Unum evaluated whether he was disabled as of January 14, 2019 “to avoid the impact” of this accident. (Id. at 5.) 25

11 Plaintiff asserts three additional arguments as to why Plaintiff should be evaluated as of 26 the date of the Court’s February 15, 2022 Order. (ECF No. 38 at 21–25.) The Court finds each 27 of these arguments to be unpersuasive. First, the Court is sympathetic to Plaintiff’s argument that it should not allow Unum to 28 benefit from any lack of contemporaneous evidence of disability in January 2019, as this was 1 3. Therefore, the Court must determine whether Plaintiff was unable to perform the 2 duties of any gainful occupation for which he is “reasonably fitted by education, training or 3 experience” as of January 14, 2019. (POL 19.) Although it is a very close call, the Court finds 4 the preponderance of the evidence ultimately supports the conclusion that Plaintiff was disabled 5 from any gainful occupation starting January 14, 2019. 6 4. Medical records from approximately January 2019 through September 9, 2021, 7 demonstrate that Plaintiff continued to struggle with respect to his physical and mental health and 8 abilities during this period. None of Plaintiff’s medical providers outlined clear R/Ls during this 9 period. Nevertheless, objective imaging, physical tests, and scans, combined with Plaintiff’s self- 10 reports of pain, establish that Plaintiff continued to experience chronic lower back pain. These 11 images, tests, scans, and reports ensured Plaintiff could not perform “the duties of any gainful 12 occupation” for which Plaintiff was “reasonably fitted by education, training or experience.” 13 solely due to its wrongful denial of benefits. (ECF No. 38 at 21–23.) However, the case law that 14 Plaintiff cites is factually inapposite to the instant matter. None of the cases speak to the issue of 15 whether an evaluation or reevaluation date consistent with the insurance company’s policy should be moved due to an insurance company defendant’s otherwise wrongful denial of benefits to a 16 plaintiff. Second, the Court also finds unpersuasive Plaintiff’s argument that Unum’s decision to 17 evaluate Plaintiff as of January 2019 is improper under state insurance law. (Id. at 23–24.) California Insurance Code § 662(a), which Plaintiff cites for the proposition that a cancellation 18 notice be provided to the insured prior to the cancellation taking effect, primarily governs 19 automobile insurance policies. This code section is cited in 22 cases on Westlaw, the vast majority of which relate to automobile insurance policies. Only one of these cases pertain to 20 disability insurance, and it is an unreported case is about health insurers challenging temporary regulations issued by the California Department of Insurance to implement legislation regarding 21 rescission, cancellation, and non-renewal of health benefit plans issued by disability insurers. Ass’n of Cal. Life & Health Ins. Cos. v. Dep’t of Ins., No. C073105, 2017 WL 541927 (Cal. App. 22 Feb. 10, 2017). The court noted another case, Mackey v. Bristol W. Ins. Servs. of Cal., Inc., 105 23 Cal. App. 4th 1247 (2003), which cites Insurance Code § 662 in the context of cancellation of automobile insurance, is unpersuasive. Id. at *11. Further, California Insurance Code § 10369.6, 24 which Plaintiff acknowledges is a model provision for insurers to use in setting cancellation procedures, is not mandatory. Finally, California Insurance Code § 10199.44(a), which requires 25 an insurer to provide prompt notification upon cancellation of a group disability policy is not applicable because there has been no group disability policy that has been cancelled in this case. 26 Third, with respect to Plaintiff’s argument that case law across jurisdictions establishes 27 that, under well-established insurance law, cancellation of coverage is prospective only (ECF No. 38 at 25), the Court notes that Plaintiff only cites to out-of-circuit case law and no binding 28 authority upon this Court. 1 (POL 19.) Namely, as identified by Unum, Plaintiff was unable to perform the duties of 2 “Coordinator Preventative Maintenance” or “Safety Technician,” which would have required 3 “lifting, carrying, pushing, and pulling 20 Lbs. occasionally, frequently up to 10 Lbs. or 4 negligible amount constantly; and walking and[/]or standing frequently even though weight is 5 negligible.” (Id. at 5726.) 6 5. Plaintiff’s back pain: As noted in the Court’s prior Order, the record reflects 7 Plaintiff sustained a fracture in his L1 vertebrae after a MVA in February 2014. His condition 8 persisted despite physical therapy, acupuncture, and spinal injections. As a result, Plaintiff 9 stopped work because of his pain after July 18, 2016. Between January 2019 and September 9, 10 2021, Plaintiff was examined by his own primary treating physician, an orthopedic consulting 11 surgeon, a pain management specialist, and a physical therapist. The objective tests and 12 observations of these doctors, as well as Plaintiff’s self-reports of pain, confirm Plaintiff’s 13 diagnosis of chronic low back pain. Plaintiff’s medical records support a finding, by a 14 preponderance of the evidence, that he could not perform “the duties of any gainful occupation” 15 as of January 14, 2019. 16 6. Plaintiff’s mental health: Between January 2019 and September 9, 2021, Plaintiff 17 had a number of visits with his therapist, LCSW Jamie Hundley. During those visits, Hundley 18 noted that multiple mental status exams showed depression, impaired memory, and a restricted 19 affect. However, neither Hundley nor any other mental health professional issued any R/Ls based 20 on these symptoms. Further, an SSA determination by ALJ Thomasson on August 5, 2020, found 21 that Plaintiff “is limited to work with a reasoning level of 2. He is limited to performing simple 22 routine repetitive tasks. He can make simple work related decisions. He is limited to occasional 23 interaction with the public, coworkers, and supervisors.” (AR 2339.) The Court notes that Unum 24 failed to take this well-reasoned conclusion into consideration when it denied Plaintiff’s claim for 25 benefits, in part due to its finding that Plaintiff would have had transferable skills to the gainful 26 occupations of “Coordinator Preventative Maintenance” and “Safety Technician,” both of which 27 require a reasoning level of 4. 28 /// 1 7. SSA Determinations: “Although governed by different standards . . . SSA rulings 2 are highly relevant to an ERISA disability determination.” Stratton v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 589 3 F. Supp. 3d 1145, 1175 (S.D. Cal. 2022) (citing Montour, 588 F.3d at 635–36; Bilyeu v. Morgan 4 Stanley Long Term Disability Plan, 711 F. App’x 380, 383 (9th Cir. 2017); Perryman v. 5 Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 690 F. Supp. 2d 917, 946–47 (D. Ariz. 2010)). In some 6 cases, as in the instant case, “the SSA deploys a more stringent standard for determining disability 7 than does the governing ERISA plan.” Montour, 588 F.3d at 636. While Unum is not bound by 8 the SSA’s determination, “complete disregard for a contrary conclusion without so much as an 9 explanation raises questions about whether an adverse benefits determination was the product of a 10 principled and deliberative reasoning process.” Id. at 635 (internal quotations and citation 11 omitted). “In fact, not distinguishing the SSA’s contrary conclusion may indicate a failure to 12 consider relevant evidence.” Id. 13 8. Here, ALJ Thomasson held a video hearing on January 9, 2020, and a telephonic 14 hearing June 5, 2020. (AR 2333.) At the first hearing, Plaintiff and Tom Hunt, an impartial 15 vocational expert, appeared and testified. (Id.) The hearing was continued to allow time for a 16 medical expert to review the record and testify at a hearing. (Id.) At the second hearing, 17 Plaintiff, K. Diane Kramer, an impartial vocational expert, and Dr. Allan Levine, M.D., an 18 impartial medical expert, appeared and testified. 12 (Id.) Plaintiff’s attorney was present at both 19 hearings. (Id.) Plaintiff submitted additional written evidence before the scheduled hearing 20 dates, which the ALJ admitted into the record. (Id. at 2334.) Further, as previously stated, ALJ 21 Thomasson reviewed Plaintiff’s subjective reports of his pain, as well as the reports of Plaintiff’s 22 numerous doctors, care team members, and examiners, Unum’s medical examiners and file 23 reviewers, SSA’s own impartial medical expert, state agency medical consultants, and Plaintiff’s 24 spouse. (Id. at 2340–46.) ALJ Thomasson also carefully examined what she identified as 25 Plaintiff’s severe impairments (spine disorder, left elbow disorder, depression, PTSD, and 26 anxiety). (Id. at 2336–39.) Given ALJ Thomasson’s greater access to witness and expert 27 12 Due to the poor quality of the copy of the SSA decision in the administrative record, the 28 Court makes an educated guess as to the names of the impartial experts. 1 testimony and thorough review of the record, the Court finds her conclusions well-supported and 2 persuasive. 3 9. Weight afforded various doctors: Treating physicians are not accorded any 4 special deference in ERISA cases, but the Court may still evaluate the relative weight of 5 reviewing physicians based on their opportunity to evaluate a plaintiff. Salomaa v. Honda Long 6 Term Disability Plan, 642 F.3d 666, 676 (9th Cir. 2011) (determining that medical opinions 7 rendered after in-person examination are more persuasive than contrary opinions following paper- 8 only reviews of records); Filarsky v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 391 F. Supp. 3d 928, 942 (N.D. Cal. 9 2019) (“While deference is not necessarily owed to treating physicians in ERISA cases, 10 conclusions drawn at the end of in-person medical examinations are inherently more helpful 11 because the treating physician observes and interacts with the patient for several minutes at a 12 time”). “A treating physician’s opinion may merit less weight where, for example, the 13 relationship between the claimant and the physician has been of short duration or where a non- 14 treating specialist has pertinent expertise that the treating physician lacks.” Filarsky, 391 F. 15 Supp. 3d at 939 (internal quotation marks omitted). The weight given to an examining doctor’s 16 conclusions and diagnosis is based upon: “(i) the extent of the patient’s treatment history; (ii) 17 whether the examining physician specializes in the condition at issue; and (iii) how much detail 18 the examining physician provides to support his conclusions.” Id. at 940. 19 10. Plaintiff’s primary treating physician, Dr. Minerva Saqui: Plaintiff’s primary 20 treating physician, Dr. Minerva Saqui, has a long history of treating Plaintiff for his spine-related 21 health conditions since they first arose after the MVA in February 2014. As the Court noted in its 22 prior Order, Plaintiff has been seeing her with respect to his back pain since July 22, 2015, he has 23 received many referrals from her to spine specialists and pain management assistance, and she has 24 assisted him through the process of seeking disability benefits. (ECF No. 41 at 22.) Dr. Saqui 25 interacted with Plaintiff for many years prior to her retirement in 2021 and made in-person 26 observations as to his functionality, pain levels, and ability to work. As the Court stated 27 previously, even though Dr. Saqui is not a qualified disability examiner, because she treated 28 Plaintiff for a significant length of time, the Court finds that her opinions are entitled to fairly 1 significant weight. 2 11. With respect to Plaintiff’s physical health, Dr. Saqui noted on January 2, 2019 3 office visit that Plaintiff reported continued pain: 4 Mid back pain at a level of L1, constant, daily, intensity varies from 7 to 8, worse when standing 10 minutes or more, when leaning 5 forward while standing, when walking downhill 6 Associated tingling sensation in both lower legs, no weakness 7 (AR 3573.) Further, Dr. Saqui’s physical examination of Plaintiff also showed that he had a 8 “tender upper lumbar spine and lumbar muscles, pain bending and extending 15 degrees[,]” and 9 “[s]ensation tingly and numb past the knees both lower extremities.” (Id. at 3575.) Further, the 10 results of the MRI Dr. Saqui ordered on January 2, 2019 showed an “asymmetric disc bulge,” 11 “mild bilateral facet hypertrophy,” and [m]oderate bilateral neuroforaminal narrowing” at L2-L3 12 and L3-L4. (Id. at 3011–12.) The overall impression (compared to the prior MRI on August 3, 13 2015) is “[u]nchanged multilevel bilateral neuroforaminal narrowing” and “[c]hronic L1 burst 14 fracture.” (Id.) At Plaintiff’s October 30, 2019 office visit, Dr. Saqui saw him for numbness to 15 both hands, and he reported that it affected his writing, driving, and gripping. (Id. at 3672.) Dr. 16 Saqui reported a positive Phalen’s test in both hands and a decreased sensation to touch in both 17 hands, with the right more than the left, from fingertips to wrist level. (Id. at 3673.) However, as 18 noted previously, a follow-up nerve conduction study showed no abnormalities and Dr. Saqui 19 concluded Plaintiff might have osteoarthritis. (Id. at 3430–33, 3446–47, 3699.) 20 12. With respect to Plaintiff’s mental health, Plaintiff seemed to manage his PTSD, 21 depression, and anxiety with Zoloft prescribed by Dr. Saqui (id. at 3573) until the end of 2020, at 22 which point he showed “severe distress.” Dr. Saqui reported at the January 2, 2019 visit that he 23 was “stable on Zoloft.” (Id. at 3576.) But after completing a questionnaire on his mental health 24 that Dr. Saqui messaged him on December 29, 2020 to state his “score shows severe distress 25 despite Zoloft” and that she would follow up with a psychiatrist for next steps. (Id. at 3489–92, 26 3496.) Dr. Saqui then referred Plaintiff to neurology in July 2021 for his reported memory 27 problems. (Id. at 2728–29.) 28 /// 1 13. Plaintiff’s therapist, LCSW Jamie Hundley: It appears to the Court that Plaintiff 2 has seen Hundley on numerous occasions over several years, starting first with an initial 3 assessment on August 26, 2016. (Id. at 813.) At this visit, Plaintiff reported symptoms of 4 anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and adjustment problems. (Id. at 813–14.) On October 5 30, 2019,13 Plaintiff saw Hundley for a follow-up appointment and expressed concerns about his 6 depression, trauma, chronic pain, concentration, and memory. (Id. at 3418.) Hundley noted his 7 mental status exam was normal but showed a depressed and irritable mood and a restricted affect. 8 (Id. at 3418–19.) Plaintiff spoke with Hundley again on September 9, 2020, in which she noted 9 Plaintiff “is concerned about his memory loss” as well as “his back pain and lack of sleep.” (Id. 10 at 3474.) Hundley noted that she instructed Plaintiff to contact his doctor for assistance with 11 these issues, that his mental status exam was normal except for a depressed and irritable mood. 12 (Id.) On July 27, 2021, Plaintiff saw Hundley for another follow-up appointment and expressed 13 continued concerns about depression, anxiety, panic, PTSD, chronic pain, relationship problems, 14 occupational problems, anger/emotion regulation, and mood instability. (Id. at 3832.) Hundley 15 noted that his mental status exam was within normal limits except for a depressed, anxious, 16 irritable and sad mood. (Id. at 3833.) She did not recommend any additional interventions at that 17 time. (Id. at 3834.) Hundley did not mention any R/Ls due to behavioral conditions in any of 18 these visits. The Court finds Hundley’s opinions are entitled to a little weight. 19 14. Dr. Kaho Wong, Plaintiff’s neurologist: The parties have noted that Plaintiff only 20 saw Dr. Wong on two occasions — for a video visit on July 30, 2021 and for an office visit on 21 September 2, 2021. (Id. at 3845, 3163.) In the first video visit, Dr. Wong largely summarized 22 Plaintiff’s self-reported concerns and noted that he was being evaluated for dementia, but 23 otherwise had no treatment notes other than stating Plaintiff is “to return to clinic for a cognitive 24 eval, possibly neuropsychiatry referral if the screening is abnormal.” (Id. at 3845, 3849.) In the 25 second office visit, Dr. Wong gave Plaintiff the MOCA and noted the following results: 26

27 13 It is possible that Plaintiff saw Hundley on other occasions between August 26, 2016 and October 30, 2019, but neither Plaintiff nor Unum cite any such visit and the Court declines to 28 comb through the 5,000+ page administrative record to search for such visits. 1 Visuospatial/Executive: 5/5 2 Naming: 3/3 3 Attention (Numbers): 2/2 4 Attention (Letters): 1/1 5 Attention (Serial 7s): 3/3 6 Language (Repeat): 0/2 7 Language (Fluency): 0/1 (6 words) 8 Abstraction: ½ 9 Delayed Recall: 1/5 (improve 1 with cueing) 10 Orientation: 5/6 11 Score: 21/30 12 The patient has normal speech. No neglect. Behaviors are appropriate. 13 Neck: supple 14 CN: Pupil equal and rounds, reactive to light bilaterally, extraocular 15 eye movements intact, visual field full to confrontation, face symmetric, tongue midline 16 Motor: 5/5 strength upper and lower extremities, normal tone with 17 no atrophy, rapid hand movements intact, no pronator drift 18 Coordination: no tremors, no dysmetria 19 Gait: normal narrow base with back brace, no bradykinesia, normal[] arm swings, 2 steps to turn 20 21 (Id. at 3163.) Dr. Wong noted that Plaintiff’s last head CT scan on March 2, 2021 was normal 22 and finally noted the following: 23 MEMORY LOSS (primary encounter diagnosis) 24 Note: memory loss since 2016 mostly with focus and attention, but also forgetful. He thought initially medication related but no 25 improvement after psych medication changes. He still ha[s] PTSD symptoms and difficulties with sleep. Not significant issues for self 26 care and IADL dependent possibly related to physical conditions (chronic back pain unable to put short[s] on). 27 Cognitive eval noted for deficits in language and recall but improved 28 with cueing. FTD language variant? Given age gp [sic], complicated 1 by underlying PTSD and chronic pain history affecting sleep chronically. 2 Neuropsychiatry eval referral sent. 3 4 (Id. at 3166.) The parties only cite to two visits Plaintiff had with Dr. Wong, meaning Plaintiff’s 5 relationship with Dr. Wong appears to have been only of a short duration. However, the record 6 reflects that Dr. Wong is a doctor in neurology, and he was able to examine Plaintiff in-person 7 and complete an objective assessment of Plaintiff’s abilities. The Court therefore finds that his 8 opinions are entitled to some weight. 9 15. Unum physician, Dr. Donna Kim: As previously noted, Unum sought an opinion 10 from its physician, Dr. Donna Kim, a family medicine physician, who stated in her June 22, 2022 11 report that exam findings, diagnostic testing, and intensity of management around the time of 12 January 14, 2019 does not support that Plaintiff is precluded from performing light occupational 13 demands. (Id. at 5439–41.) However, the Court finds persuasive Plaintiff’s argument that Dr. 14 Kim disregarded the March 2018 Jurado FCE because it was “10 months old” but does not 15 provide citation to evidence or explanation as to how Plaintiff’s work capacity had somehow 16 improved since this FCE. (ECF No. 36 at 18.) Further, Dr. Kim never conducted an in-person 17 evaluation of Plaintiff, never spoke to Plaintiff, and only completed a file review. In light of this, 18 the Court finds Dr. Kim’s opinions are entitled to little weight. 19 16. Unum’s hired independent medical examiner, Dr. Howard Grattan: Because there 20 was disagreement between Dr. Kim and Dr. Brendel (Plaintiff’s new primary treating physician), 21 Unum obtained an independent opinion from Dr. Grattan, whose findings are noted above. (Id. at 22 5454–57.) Plaintiff argues Dr. Grattan has made an appearance in no less than 37 federal court 23 opinions (including one litigated by Plaintiff’s counsel) and judges in these opinions “are critical 24 of Dr. Grattan’s bias in favor of whatever insurer is paying him as well as his practice of 25 dismissing the insured’s evidence of disability with unexplained and conclusory statements that it 26 was ‘inconsistent with the physical examination findings and diagnostic studies in the record.” 27 (ECF No. 36 at 19 (citing Brainard v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Bos., 173 F. Supp. 3d 482, 28 492 (E.D. Ky. 2016)).) Plaintiff contends that, similar to Brainard, Dr. Grattan discounts 1 Plaintiff’s evidence of disability based on conclusory and unexplained statements. (Id.) 2 17. The Court notes that Dr. Grattan’s report is approximately three pages in length, 3 the majority of which is a summary describing the records that he reviewed. (AR 5454–57.) The 4 last page is entitled “DMO Conclusion,” but this section provides scant analysis and is still 5 largely a summary describing the records he has reviewed. (Id. at 5456.) Further, the little 6 analysis that Dr. Grattan provides is conclusory and provides hardly any explanation. Dr. Grattan 7 states: “The claimant’s self-reported complaints are considered, however, based on the physical 8 and diagnostic findings in the medical records available for my review, these complaints are not 9 of a severity to preclude the outlined light occupational demands.” (Id.) But Dr. Grattan does not 10 explain which physical and diagnostic findings in the medical records allow for Plaintiff to 11 complete the light outlined occupational demands. Dr. Grattan further states regarding the Jurado 12 FCE in March 2018: “[T]here is medical data that occurred after the FCE that has been reviewed 13 and considered regarding the claimant’s conditions, symptoms and functionality including but not 14 limited to, updated diagnostic imaging studies from January of 2019 and orthopedic follow up.” 15 (Id.) Even if Unum were correct that Dr. Grattan’s opinion was based on a more comprehensive 16 review and included records not available to PT Jurado (ECF No. 39 at 19), the Court finds 17 persuasive Plaintiff’s assertion that Dr. Grattan does not explain how these updated diagnostic 18 imaging studies and orthopedic follow up necessarily contradict the findings of the FCE (ECF 19 No. 36 at 19). Dr. Grattan also notes in a summary-type fashion: “It was stated that the claimant 20 had some deficits in language and recall but this was improved with cueing and would not be 21 expected to impact the claimant’s ability to function overall.” (AR at 5456.) This excerpt refers 22 to the MOCA and the Court does not find anywhere in Dr. Wong’s summary or findings a 23 statement that the deficits in language “would not be expected to impact [Plaintiff’s] ability to 24 function overall.” (Id. at 3163–66.) Dr. Grattan also provides no explanation as to why this 25 would not be expected to impact Plaintiff’s ability to function overall. 26 18. The Court further finds persuasive Plaintiff’s argument that Dr. Grattan failed to 27 consider Hundley’s mental status exams. (ECF No. 38 at 10.) Dr. Grattan concludes “while the 28 documentation notes that the claimant has PTSD, depression, and anxiety, the mental status 1 exams are within normal limits.” (AR 5456.) However, Hundley noted in a mental status exam 2 on October 30, 2019 that Plaintiff had a “guarded” demeanor, a “depressed and irritable” mood, a 3 restricted affect, and that he was “experiencing impairments” in memory. (Id. at 3677.) In a 4 mental status exam on September 20, 2020, Hundley noted Plaintiff was “depressed and 5 irritable.” (Id. at 3733.) Finally, in a mental status exam on July 27, 2021, Hunley noted Plaintiff 6 was “depressed, anxious, irritable and sad.” (Id. at 3833.) The Court also agrees with Plaintiff 7 that Dr. Grattan does not appear to know the difference between a mental status exam and a 8 MOCA. (ECF No. 38 at 10.) Dr. Grattan notes of Plaintiff’s September 2, 2021 consult with Dr. 9 Wong that “The mental status exam is a 21/30.” (AR 3161–66.) As Plaintiff correctly notes, a 10 mental status exam does not receive a numerical score. (ECF No. 38 at 10.) 11 19. The Court also notes that Dr. Grattan never physically examined Plaintiff. Unum 12 also does not provide clear information on how long Dr. Grattan has been reviewing medical 13 records in claims for LTD benefits.14 (Id.) Based on the foregoing, the Court is largely 14 unpersuaded by Dr. Grattan’s report and finds that it is entitled to little to no weight. See Delaney 15 v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 68 F. Supp. 3d 1214, 1229 (D. Or. 2014) (finding ERISA claims 16 administrator was not free to refuse to credit beneficiary’s reliable evidence, including opinions 17 of her treating doctors, when denying her claim for LTD benefits, even though it was not required 18 to give the treating doctor’s opinion special weight); see also Oldoerp v. Wells Fargo & Co. Long 19 Term Disability Plan, 12 F. Supp. 3d 1237, 1255 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (“when an in-person medical 20 examination credibly contradicts a paper-only review conducted by a professional who has never 21 examined the claimant, the in-person review may render more credible conclusions”). 22 /// 23

24 14 The Court notes that Unum attempts to introduce the curriculum vitae (“CV”) for Drs. Kim, Grattan, and Green through the declaration of its counsel Nicole Y. Blohm. (ECF Nos. 39- 25 2–39-5.) Plaintiff objects to the introduction of these CVs on the grounds that there is inadequate foundation and Unum makes no showing as to why these extrinsic records are necessary for the 26 Court’s review. (ECF No. 42 at 1–2.) The Court declines to consider the CVs as they are 27 unnecessary to resolve the issue before it, but notes that even if it were to consider Dr. Grattan’s CV, it still does not provide clear information on how long Dr. Grattan has been reviewing 28 medical records in claims for LTD benefits. 1 20. Plaintiff’s hired independent medical examiner, Dr. Mechel Henry: As noted, Dr. 2 Henry conducted an in-person examination on October 12, 2022, upon Plaintiff’s appeal of 3 Unum’s denial. (AR 5639–79.) The Court notes that Dr. Henry’s in-person evaluation of 4 Plaintiff is of limited use, however, as it occurred after his September 2021 MVA and was less of 5 an accurate reflection of what Plaintiff’s abilities were around January 14, 2019. Nevertheless, 6 Dr. Henry concludes: “In addition to the low back pain and PTSD, anxiety and depression related 7 to MVA in 02/2014, the history, exam and medical records today support multiple diagnos[e]s 8 and injuries, which contributed to [Plaintiff’s] inability to work in any sedentary occupation from 9 January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, and forward.” (Id. at 5653.) Specifically, Dr. Henry 10 noted the following issues in Plaintiff’s medical history led to her conclusion: 11 [Plaintiff] had chronic low back pain since his MVA on 2/23/2014, where he sustained an L1 burst fracture and was also diagnosed with 12 lumbar facet arthropathy, thoracic spine pain and cervical strain with facet arthropathy. 13 [Plaintiff] had multiple complex issues with his upper extremities 14 which support that he could not work in any sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, and forward. [Plaintiff] 15 had left lateral epicondylitis, numbness in both hands, likely CTS or early peripheral neuropa[th]y, left wrist arthritis, and right shoulder 16 pain/arthritis with tendonitis, all since or before 2017. [Plaintiff] was treated conservatively, but these upper extremity issues contributed 17 to his inability to work in any sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, and forward. 18 [Plaintiff] had multiple complex issues with his lower extremities 19 which support that he could not work in any sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, and forward. [Plaintiff] 20 had bilateral plantar fasciitis, arthritis right hip, and right knee OA, all since or before 2017. [Plaintiff] was treated conservatively, but 21 these lower extremity issues contributed to his inability to work in any sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 22 2021, and forward. 23 [Plaintiff] had a pulmonary embolism in 2014, requiring anticoagulation, which supports that he could not work in any 24 sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, and forward. 25 [Plaintiff] had severe [PTSD] after his 2014 accident, with 26 depression and anxiety, which supports that he could not work in any sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, 27 and forward. 28 Any one of the above conditions could have alone led to [Plaintiff] 1 not being able to work in any sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, and forward. However, the synergistic 2 overlap confirm [Plaintiff] could not work in any sedentary occupation from January 14, 2019 to September 6, 2021, and 3 forward. 4 (Id. at 5653–54.) 5 21. It is also unclear from Dr. Henry’s CV how long she has been reviewing medical 6 records in claims for LTD benefits. (Id. at 5680–82.) However, her CV shows that from 2006 to 7 the present, she has been working as a private practice physician in sports, spine, TBI, and 8 trauma, and from 2004 to 2006, she was a partner at a sports and spine orthopedic clinic. (Id. at 9 5680.) The Court notes that, unlike Drs. Kim and Grattan, Dr. Henry obtained a full medical 10 history starting from Plaintiff’s childhood through a direct interview (id. at 5640–45) and 11 provides a full and comprehensive list of all the records from doctors and medical practitioners 12 that she reviewed (totaling 3,732 pages), as well as a thorough summary of the highlights of her 13 medical record review and radiologic review (id. at 5656–79). It is clear to the Court the exact 14 records that Dr. Henry relied on to make her findings. Nevertheless, Unum’s point that Dr. Henry 15 did not clearly explain how this clinical evidence is connected to the aforementioned findings is 16 well-taken. (ECF No. 39 at 22.) Accordingly, the Court finds her opinion is entitled to little 17 weight. 18 22. Unum’s hired independent medical examiner, Dr. Arlen Green: On Unum’s review 19 of Plaintiff’s appeal, Unum obtained an independent opinion from Dr. Arlen Green. (Id. at 5703– 20 08.) After reviewing “all the medical conditions and the treating providers’ opinions individually 21 and in aggregate,” Dr. Green concluded “the medical and file evidence does not support [R/Ls] 22 precluding the claimant from performing the occupational demands defined above as of 1/13/19, 23 including the information provided by the IME.” (Id. at 5703.) In relevant part, Dr. Green also 24 concluded the following: 25 In reference to Behavioral health concerns, [t]he insured had a diagnosis of [PTSD], major depressive disorder, marital problems, 26 and chronic pain. These comorbid diagnoses of mental health conditions are not impacting his ability to function within the 27 occupational demands described. Although there were cognitive deficits in language and recall, this was improved with cueing. His 28 1 mental status examinations were intact when evaluated by behavioral health clinicians. There was no evidence of psychomotor slowing 2 documented by Dr. Wong. Given intact mental status examinations, these reported symptoms and behavioral health conditions are not 3 resulting in the inability to function within the occupational demands described. 4 As of 01/4/19 through 9/2021, physical examination findings were 5 within functional limits. In reference to the chronic pain and L1 burst fracture, [h]e previously did have an L1 burst fracture however, this 6 dates back to 2016, and further fractures are not noted as such, he is not precluded from the occupational demands described. It was 7 stated on 01/12/19 that the MRI showed multilevel bilateral neural foraminal narrowing in the chronic L1 burst fracture however, on a 8 bone scan there was no significant radiotracer uptake at the L1 compression fracture. The L1 burst fracture is chronic and does not 9 preclude sedentary activities. Recovery time for burst fractures is 4- 12 weeks in order to promote bone healing. On 08/05/19, 10 examination reveals full strength 5/5, and sensation was intact. Gait was also normal, and reflexes were symmetrical. The examination 11 findings noted above are not consistent with the reported level of pain or severity of functional impairment to preclude the insured from 12 performing the outlined occupational demands as of 1/13/19. 13 Electrodiagnostic studies were performed on 11/12/19, showing no evidence of ulnar or median neuropathy to support functional [R/Ls] 14 regarding the upper extremities. Further x-rays of the left wrist on 03/02/21 showed no significant pathology, and x-rays of the right hip 15 were normal. This is consistent with the capability of the claimant functioning within the occupational demands described. 16 17 (Id. at 5707.) Unum is correct that Dr. Green noted that Dr. Henry’s exam (“most recent 18 independent medical evaluation”) found some mild weakness at 4/5 and some grip weakness, and 19 that this was inconsistent with some of PT Jurado’s findings in the 2018 FCE. (ECF No. 39 at 23 20 (citing AR 5707).) 21 23. However, Dr. Green appears to repeat Dr. Grattan’s mistake in confusing a mental 22 status exam for a MOCA, noting that “On 09/02/21, he was assessed by Dr. Wong, who stated 23 that he had some reports of memory loss. His mental status exam was 21/30.” (AR 5704.) As 24 previously stated, a MOCA does not receive a numerical score. Like Dr. Grattan, Dr. Green also 25 reports Plaintiff’s mental status exams were “intact when evaluated by behavioral health 26 clinicians.” (Id. at 5714.) As summarized previously, however, Plaintiff’s multiple mental status 27 exams with Hundley show depression, impaired memory, and a restricted affect. Additionally, 28 Dr. Green never conducted an in-person evaluation of Plaintiff, never spoke to Plaintiff, and only 1 completed a file review. In light of this, the Court finds Dr. Green’s opinions are entitled to little 2 weight. 3 24. Weight of vocational experts: “The opinion of a vocational expert cannot support 4 a denial of benefits unless the hypothetical used by the vocational expert includes all of the 5 claimant’s functional limitations.” Bruce v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., No. C 00-1516 MMC, 2003 WL 6 21005313, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2003) (finding vocational expert’s report improperly 7 assumed plaintiff had ability to change postures without any limitations as to this ability and did 8 not account for plaintiff’s limited ability to perform word processing for any significant period of 9 time); see also Thomas v. Barnhart, 287 F.3d 947, 956 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding, in social security 10 action, opinion of vocational expert was unreliable where expert did not include in hypothetical 11 claimant’s limited ability to concentrate); Lambert v. CWC Castings Div., 255 F. Supp. 2d 739, 12 742 (W.D. Mich. 2003) (holding, in ERISA action, vocational expert’s report did not support 13 denial of benefits where hypothetical was based on functional limitations provided in unreliable 14 medical opinion). 15 25. Here, as noted above, on July 20, 2022, Unum’s vocational expert Marziali 16 identified the following light work occupations Plaintiff could perform: (1) Coordination 17 Preventative Maintenance; and (2) Safety Technician. (Id. at 5461–64.) Marziali relied, it 18 appears solely, on Dr. Kim’s June 22, 2022 report and Dr. Grattan’s July 5, 2022 report that 19 Plaintiff was not precluded as of January 14, 2019 through September 6, 2021 from: “Light 20 occupational demands on a full-time basis which consist of[:] lifting, carrying, pushing, and 21 pulling 20 Lbs. occasionally, frequently up to 10 Lbs. or negligible amount constantly; walking 22 and or standing frequently even though weight is negligible.” (Id. at 5462.) When conducting 23 this vocational analysis, Marziali noted that Plaintiff’s “GED levels are Reasoning 5, Math 4 and 24 Language 5.” (Id. at 5463.) In the notation for “SSDI File Received” it appears Gentry or 25 Marziali (unclear which) entered “N/A.” (Id. at 5461.) 26 26. In denying Plaintiff’s claim for benefits and notifying him that his LTD coverage 27 ended as of January 14, 2019, Unum noted that its decision is based in part on Marziali’s review 28 of Plaintiff’s file and conclusion that his functional capacity “supported in the physician reviews 1 is compatible with” the occupations of Coordinator Preventative Maintenance and Safety 2 Technician. (Id. at 5478.) However, as stated previously, ALJ Thomasson concluded that 3 Plaintiff “is limited to work with a reasoning level of 2.”15 (Id. at 2339.) Appendix C to the 4 Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”), a reference manual published for ALJs by the U.S. 5 Department of Labor, explain that “level 2” reasoning jobs require a worker to: “Apply 6 commonsense understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions. 7 Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or from standardized situations.”16 8 (ECF No. 38-1 at 8.) The DOT classifies the two jobs that Marziali identified — Coordinator 9 Preventative Maintenance and Safety Technician — as requiring a reasoning level of 4.17 (Id. at 10 13, 15.) Based on this, it is clear that Marziali’s report did not consider ALJ Thomasson’s 11 decision. Marziali’s opinion cannot support Unum’s denial of benefits to Plaintiff because 12 Marziali did not consider all of Plaintiff’s functional limitations. See Bruce, 2003 WL 21005313, 13 at *4. Accordingly, the Court finds Marziali’s opinion is entitled to no weight. 14 27. Weight of subjective reports of pain: It would be an abuse of discretion for the 15 Court to fail to consider Plaintiff's subjective account of pain. Kibel v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 725 F. 16 App’x 475, 477 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Demer v. IBM Corp. LTD Plan, 835 F.3d 893, 904–07 (9th 17 Cir. 2016)). As previously stated, during Plaintiff’s January 2, 2019 physical exam appointment 18 Dr. Saqui noted Plaintiff’s self-reports of the severity of his pain as follows: 19 20 15 As noted previously, the Court finds ALJ Thomasson’s conclusions are well-supported. 21

22 16 As will be explained further in this Order, the Court grants Plaintiff’s request for judicial notice of sections of Exhibits C, D, and E, the Department of Labor’s (“DOL”) Dictionary of 23 Occupational Titles (“DOT”) Appendix C, the DOT definition of “Safety Inspector,” and the DOT definition of “Preventative Maintenance Coordinator,” respectively. (ECF No. 38-1.) 24 17 As Plaintiff notes, occupational descriptions “are followed by what is known as a 25 ‘Trailer,’ which is a listing of the qualifications, such as language development (‘L’), strength (‘STRENGTH’), education level (‘GED’), and reasoning level (‘R’) required by that occupation.” 26 (ECF No. 38-1 at 2.) These qualifications are represented by a number. (Id.) The DOL 27 definitions for Safety Inspector and Preventative Maintenance Coordinator list “R4” in the trailer. (Id. at 13, 15.) 28 1 [C]hronic axial back pain and PTSD after MVA 2-23-2014, L118 burst fracture 2 Mid back pain at a level of L1, constant, daily, intensity varies from 3 7 to 8, worse when standing 10 minutes or more, when leaning forward while standing, when walking downhill 4 Associated tingling sensation in both lower legs, no weakness 5 Does back stretching, walking as exercise 10 to 15 minutes at [a] 6 time, total one hour 5 times a week 7 (AR 3573.) Further, Dr. Bueff, his orthopedic consulting surgeon, noted on January 28, 2019 that 8 Plaintiff’s back exam revealed “pain in the upper lumbar spine in flexion” and “[d]ecreased 9 [range of motion] due to pain.” (Id. at 3356.) Plaintiff also reported at that appointment that his 10 pain in his lower back was “6-8” and the pain in his arm was “5.” (Id. at 3362.) In another visit 11 with Dr. Saqui on October 30, 2019, Plaintiff reported numbness to both hands “worse when 12 gripping and during cold weather” and that this impacted his ability to write, drive, and grip. (Id. 13 at 3672.) Finally, during Plaintiff’s appointment with PT Roa for physical therapy on September 14 1, 2021, Roa noted that Plaintiff presented “with significant activity intolerance” and “per 15 subjective examination he has limited and painful active range of motion.” (Id. at 3136.) In a list 16 of goals, Noa noted “be able to tolerate standing for 60 minutes within 20 weeks” and “be able to 17 lift 20 lbs to waist within 12 weeks.” (Id.) Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s reports of pain 18 are entitled to some weight. 19 28. The Court acknowledges the difficult task of administrators who must weigh 20 evidence as they receive it and determine the credibility of disability claimants. Despite this 21 difficulty for administrators, the Court finds Plaintiff to be a credible witness. Plaintiff worked 22 for years with back pain and only ceased working after multiple attempts at pain management 23 (namely, spinal injections and acupuncture) failed and his pain continued. On balance, the Court 24 finds Plaintiff adequately establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that he was disabled 25 from any gainful occupation as of January 14, 2019. 26 18 The spine is divided into three sections: the cervical spine, which is the neck area; the 27 thoracic spine, which is mid-back; and the lumbar spine, which is the lower back. A fracture at “L1” indicates that the fracture occurred in the uppermost vertebrae of the lumbar spine. 28 1 III. REQUESTS FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE19 2 A. Defendant’s Request for Judicial Notice 3 Unum requests judicial notice of Exhibit A, copies of the website and Volunteer 4 Requirements and Selection Criteria for a volunteer firefighter in California. (ECF No. 37-1.) 5 Unum argues this information is “highly relevant because the crux of this case depends on 6 Plaintiff’s functionality as of January 14, 2019 and beyond” and the “information shows the 7 requirements and criteria that Plaintiff satisfied to be a volunteer firefighter.” (Id. at 2.) 8 In response, Plaintiff filed a motion to admit his declaration, Exhibit F, as it addresses a 9 new issue Unum raises. (ECF No. 38-2.) Plaintiff notes that he disclosed to two of his treating 10 practitioners that in July 2021 he went out on a single call as volunteer firefighter. (Id. at 2.) 11 Plaintiff argues that under Collier v. Lincoln Life Assurance Co. of Bos., 53 F.4th 1180, 1182 (9th 12 Cir. 2022), it is improper for Unum to raise new issues in litigation the insured has not had an 13 opportunity to address.20 (Id. at 3.) 14 Unum filed an opposition to this motion, arguing it is not raising a new issue and it is not 15 contending Plaintiff’s volunteer firefighting and credibility were rationales communicated to 16 Plaintiff in its decision letters. (ECF No. 41 at 6.) Unum argues referencing record evidence 17 regarding Plaintiff’s reported volunteer firefighting does not create a new issue but adding 18 Plaintiff’s declaration could constitute adopting a new litigation rationale in violation of Collier. 19 (Id. at 6–7.) 20 In response, Plaintiff asserts that Unum failed to raise this issue during the administrative 21 appeal, raised a new issue in litigation, and supported the issue with non-record evidence to create 22 the false impression of Plaintiff’s health and activities as a firefighter. (ECF No. 45 at 1–2.) 23

24 19 The Court notes Plaintiff filed an additional request for judicial notice. (ECF No. 36-1.) However, the Court declines to rule on this request as it does not rely on any of the documents 25 Plaintiff attempted to judicially notice in this Order.

26 20 The parties raise additional arguments in their briefing on the issue of Unum’s request for 27 judicial notice of Exhibit A and Plaintiff’s motion to admit his declaration. (See ECF No. 38-2 at 3; ECF No. 41 at 5–6; ECF No. 45 at 1–3.) However, because Exhibit A is barred from 28 introduction by Collier, the Court declines to consider these additional arguments. 1 Plaintiff argues Unum’s objection to his declaration is misleading because it attempts to obscure 2 the fact that he only submitted new evidence in response to Unum’s new evidence. (Id. at 2.) 3 When a district court reviews a plan administrator’s denial of benefits de novo, it “must 4 base its decision on the administrative record and may supplement the record ‘only when 5 circumstances clearly establish that additional evidence is necessary to conduct an adequate de 6 novo review of the benefit decision.’” Collier, 53 F.4th at 1186 (citing Opeta v. Nw. Airlines 7 Pension Plan for Cont. Emps., 484 F.3d 1211, 1217 (9th Cir. 2007)). The Ninth Circuit has 8 strongly emphasized that “a plan administrator undermines ERISA and its implementing 9 regulations when it presents a new rationale to the district court that was not presented to the 10 claimant as a specific reason for denying benefits during the administrative process.” Id. at 1186– 11 87 (citing cases). In Collier, the Ninth Circuit agreed with the plaintiff that the district court erred 12 “when it relied on rationales that [the plaintiff] did not raise as grounds for denying her claim for 13 benefits,” as the plan administrator did not cite the plaintiff’s “lack of credibility or the lack of 14 objective evidence when it denied her claim initially and on review.” Id. at 1187. The Ninth 15 Circuit found that because the plaintiff did not waive these arguments and the plan administrator 16 failed to raise them during the administrative process, the plan administrator “effectively 17 sandbagged” the plaintiff with new rationales at the trial briefs stage “where she could not 18 meaningfully respond.” Id. at 1188 (internal quotations and citation removed). 19 Here, similarly, had Unum cited Plaintiff’s physical abilities and meeting the requirements 20 and criteria to be a volunteer firefighter as a reason for denying benefits in the administrative 21 process, then the Court “would have been within its province to review the administrative record 22 and determine whether the evidence supported that decision.” Id. at 1188. In the process of de 23 novo review, this Court “must examine only the rationales [Unum] relied on in denying benefits 24 and cannot adopt new rationales that [Plaintiff] had no opportunity to respond to during the 25 administrative process.” Id. Unum does not cite Plaintiff’s physical abilities for volunteer 26 firefighting in its denial of Plaintiff’s claim on August 5, 2022 (id. at 5471, 5473–83) or in its 27 upholding of the denial of Plaintiff’s claim on appeal on March 10, 2023 (id. at 5725 – 32). 28 Plaintiff is further correct that this issue is not raised by any of Unum’s physicians or independent 1 medical examiners at any point throughout the administrative process or any of Unum’s briefs on 2 the issue of long-term benefits in the first case. (ECF No. 45 at 4.) Accordingly, Unum’s request 3 for judicial notice of Exhibit A is DENIED and Plaintiff’s motion to admit Exhibit F, his 4 declaration, is DENIED. 5 B. Plaintiff’s Request for Judicial Notice 6 Plaintiff requests the Court take judicial notice of sections of Exhibits C, D, and E, the 7 Department of Labor’s (“DOL”) Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”) Appendix C, the 8 DOT definition of “Safety Inspector,” and the DOT definition of “Preventative Maintenance 9 Coordinator,” respectively. (ECF No. 38-1 at 1, 4.) Plaintiff asserts the DOT pages do not add to 10 the administrative record but serve as a technical aid to explain what is already in the record — 11 namely, ALJ Thomasson’s restriction to work involving reasoning level 2 and the DOT 12 definitions for Unum’s two proffered occupations, Safety Inspector and Preventative Maintenance 13 Coordinator. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff notes that both jobs are in the record and show the number “4” 14 but without the letter “R” and there is no further explanation. (Id.) 15 Unum objects, opposes, and moves to strike Plaintiff’s request for judicial notice of 16 Exhibits C, D, and E. (ECF No. 40 at 4, 19.) Unum asserts the Court does not need an aid to 17 interpret the detailed ALJ denial of benefits. (Id. at 4–5.) Unum further asserts Plaintiff did not 18 raise this issue or any vocational issues during the administrative process or in this case even 19 though he had opportunities to do so during the claim and appeals process. (Id. at 5, 14–16.) 20 Unum contends the framework outlined in Mongeluzo v. Baxter Travenol Long Term Disability 21 Benefit Plan, 46 F.3d 938 (9th Cir. 1995) and Opeta v. Nw. Airlines Pension Plan for Cont. 22 Emps., 484 F.3d 1211, 1217 (9th Cir. 2007) can be used to deny a judicial notice request for 23 portions of the DOT that are not in the administrative record. (Id. at 16.) 24 In response, Plaintiff contends Unum’s supposed objection is a disguised merits brief to 25 reargue the merits of its denial and is not allowed by this Court’s orders, as pages 3 through 13 26 detail the ALJ’s rationale for finding Plaintiff physically capable of light work, which has nothing 27 to do with Plaintiff’s request. (ECF No. 44 at 1–2.) Plaintiff contends Unum does not dispute the 28 factual predicates involved with his request or that the two jobs identified by its denial letter as 1 occupations with Plaintiff’s capacity (Safety Inspector and Preventative Maintenance 2 Coordinator) require a level 4 reasoning ability. (Id. at 2–3.) Plaintiff maintains that the jobs 3 identified by SSA are not relevant and under Collier, 53 F.4th at 1180, if the Court finds Plaintiff 4 cannot do the Safety Inspector and Preventative Maintenance Coordinator jobs on which Unum 5 based its denial, it cannot then approve the denial based on different jobs. (Id. at 3.) 6 “Under de novo review, the district court considers only evidence in the administrative 7 record and other evidence as might be admissible under the restrictive rule of Mongeluzo[.]” 8 Sund v. Hartford Life and Accident Ins. Co., No. 21-cv-05218-JST, 2023 WL 5181624, at *13 9 (N.D Cal. Aug. 11, 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Opeta, 484 F.3d at 1217). 10 Pursuant to this approach, “the district court can consider extrinsic evidence only under certain 11 limited circumstances, and only when circumstances clearly establish that additional evidence is 12 necessary to conduct an adequate de novo review of the benefit decision.” Id. (quoting Opeta, 13 484 F.3d at 1217; Mongeluzo, 46 F.3d at 944). There is a split in the Ninth Circuit as to whether 14 to apply the Mongeluzo-Opeta framework when presented with the question of whether to 15 consider portions of the DOT not in the administrative record. Id. (citing cases). This Court, 16 however, like many others, is not persuaded that it needs to adopt the Mongeluzo-Opeta 17 framework to consider DOT excerpts, as the “DOT has been recognized as a widely used and 18 reasonable reference for administrators and courts to use under ERISA in order to conduct a 19 vocational analysis.”21 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing cases). Further, reference to 20 the DOT pertains to a legal issue, not a factual one. Id. 21 Further, the Court disagrees with Unum that this case “does not involve any vocational 22 issues.” (ECF No. 40 at 19.) Plaintiff correctly notes the two jobs Unum identifies have specific 23 requirements and it is an issue in this case as to whether Plaintiff could have met those 24 requirements on January 14, 2019. (ECF No. 44 at 4.) Accordingly, the Court may consider 25

21 Even under the application of the Opeta-Mongeluzo standard, however, the Court would 26 conclude that the “circumstances clearly establish that” consideration of Appendix C and the 27 vocational definitions are “necessary to conduct an adequate de novo review of the benefit decision.” Opeta, 484 F.3d at 1217 (emphasis omitted). 28 1 DOT excerpts not in the administrative record. Therefore, Plaintiff’s supplemental request for 2 judicial notice is GRANTED and Unum’s motion to strike is DENIED. 3 IV. CONCLUSION 4 For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff was disabled within the meaning 5 of the Policy as of January 14, 2019, and is entitled to long-term disability benefits as of January 6 14, 2019, without prejudice to Unum’s future exercise of its rights under the Policy. Accordingly, 7 Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment (ECF No. 36) is GRANTED, Unum’s Motion for Judgment 8 (ECF No. 37) is DENIED, and Unum’s Motion to Strike (ECF No. 40) is DENIED. The Clerk of 9 the Court shall enter judgment in favor of Plaintiff and against Unum and close the case. 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. 11 Date: June 16, 2025 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28