I. Background

2 A. Factual Background1 3 Prior to March 2024, Plaintiff Poghos Ghuyumjyan maintained a checking account with 4 Defendant Bank of America N.A. (“Bank of America”). Compl. ¶ 20. In February of 2024, 5 Ghuyumjyan received a check from an auto body repair shop in exchange for selling several 6 automobile parts. Id. ¶ 21. Around March 6, 2024, Ghuyumjyan deposited this check into his 7 account at an ATM and received a receipt indicating that the funds would be available on March 12, 8 2024. Id. ¶ 22–23. However, by March 18, 2024, the funds were still unavailable, prompting 9 Ghuyumjyan to visit a Bank of America branch in person to follow up. Id. ¶ 24. He presented his 10 ATM receipt to the teller, who reviewed Ghuyumjyan’s account, appeared to reprocess the deposit, 11 and informed Ghuyumjyan that the funds should be available shortly. Id. Some time after this, 12 Ghuyumjyan received a notification from Bank of America informing him that the check was 13 returned unpaid. Id. ¶ 25. He immediately contacted the repair shop, and it issued an alternative 14 payment to Ghuyumjyan to resolve the matter. Id. The repair shop was unaware of any issues with 15 the check. Id. On or about March 25, 2024, Ghuyumjyan received a letter from Bank of America 16 informing him that his account had been closed without explanation. Id. ¶ 26. 17 Ghuyumjyan was then denied by multiple other financial institutions in his attempts to open a 18 new checking account, leading him to discover that Bank of America had reported him to 19 Defendants ChexSystems, Inc. (“ChexSystems”) and Early Warning Services, LLC (“EWS”), two 20 consumer reporting agencies, for alleged checking account fraud. Id. ¶¶ 18, 27–28. In his 21 CheckSystems report, his Bank of America account indicated a status of “suspected fraud activity,” 22 while his EWS report indicated a status of “checking account fraud.” Id. ¶ 29. Ghuyumjyan did not 23 participate in any fraudulent activity and had no knowledge or reason to believe that he had done 24 anything that could be considered fraudulent. Id. ¶ 30. 25 26

27 1 Unless otherwise indicated, the following factual background is derived from the allegations in Plaintiff’s Complaint. ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”). For the purposes of this Motion, the Court treats these factual allegations 28 as true, but at this stage of the litigation, the Court makes no finding on the truth of these allegations, and is On or about October 15, 2024, Ghuyumjyan sent both agencies written disputes with relevant 2 documentation to his account and the check, including a detailed narrative concerning the 3 circumstances of the inaccurate reporting. Id. ¶ 33. In a letter dated November 12, 2024, EWS 4 responded to the dispute, stating its investigation was complete and finding the information EWS 5 had on file regarding Ghuyumjyan “accurate and complete” as of the date it was “furnished to 6 [EWS’s] database.” Id. ¶ 36–37. As of December 13, 2024, Ghuyumjyan believes that the Bank of 7 America account is being reported as checking account fraud by at least one of the CRAs and was 8 not promptly deleted in response to his disputes submitted in October of 2024. Id. ¶ 40. 9 B. Procedural History 10 On December 13, 2024, Ghuyumjyan filed a complaint against Defendants asserting 11 violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681, et seq. and the California Consumer 12 Credit Reporting Agencies Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 1785.1, et seq. See generally Compl. As to EWS 13 and ChexSystems specifically, Ghuyumjyan alleges: (1) failure to establish or follow reasonable 14 procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy in violation of FCRA § 1681e(b); (2) failure to 15 conduct a reasonable reinvestigation in violation of FCRA § 1681i(a)(1); (3) failure to review and 16 consider all relevant information in violation of FCRA § 1681i(a)(4); and (4) failure to promptly 17 delete the disputed inaccurate item of information in violation of FCRA § 1681i(a)(5)(A).2 Id. 18 On March 28, 2025, EWS filed the instant Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings against 19 Ghuyumjyan. ECF Nos. 31, 32 (the “Motion”). On April 25, 2025, Ghuyumjyan filed an opposition. 20 ECF No. 43 (“Opposition”). EWS filed a reply on May 9, 2025. ECF No. 47 (“Reply”). On June 10, 21 2025, the Court deemed this matter appropriate for resolution without oral argument and vacated the 22 hearing. ECF No. 53; see also C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. 23 II. Applicable Law 24 Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[a]fter the pleadings are 25 closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. 26 R. Civ. P. 12(c). “Judgment on the pleadings is properly granted when . . . there is no issue of 27

28 material fact in dispute, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Chavez v. 2 United States, 683 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A] plaintiff 3 is not entitled to judgment on the pleadings when the answer raises issues of fact that, if proved, 4 would defeat recovery.” General Conference Corp. of Seventh-Day Adventists v. Seventh-Day 5 Adventist Congregational Church, 887 F.2d 228, 230 (9th Cir. 1989). A court must construe all 6 factual allegations in the pleadings in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Fleming v. 7 Pickard, 581 F.3d 922, 925 (9th Cir. 2009). 8 III. Discussion 9 EWS moves for judgment on the pleadings on Ghuyumjyan’s claims against it—namely, the 10 § 1681e(b) claim as well as the three claims under subsections of § 1681i—on the grounds that the 11 claims are not sufficiently alleged. For the reasons discussed below, the Court finds that 12 Ghuyumjyan’s claims against EWS are sufficiently alleged at this time. 13 A. Ghuyumjyan has properly alleged sufficient facts to support a claim for relief 14 under § 1681e(b). 15 “15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b) defines the FCRA’s requisite compliance procedures, and provides 16 that: ‘Whenever a consumer reporting agency prepares a consumer report, it shall follow reasonable 17 procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of the information concerning the individual about 18 whom the report relates.” Shaw v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 891 F.3d 749, 755 (9th Cir. 2018). “To 19 sustain either a § 1681e or a §1681i claim, a consumer must first ‘make a prima facie showing of 20 inaccurate reporting’ by the CRA.” Id. at 756. Information is inaccurate “where it either is ‘patently 21 incorrect’ or is ‘misleading in such a way and to such an extent that it can be expected to adversely 22 affect credit decisions.’” Id. EWS contends that the allegations do not show that EWS’s reporting 23 was inaccurate, that the alleged inaccurate information is not of the type that is objectively 24 verifiable, and that the allegations concerning its reasonable procedure are insufficient. As discussed 25 next, the Court finds the allegations sufficient to satisfy the requirements of inaccuracy and 26 reasonableness under § 1681e(b), and that the objective and verifiable standard is not applicable to 27 the § 1681e(b) claim. 28 / / / i. Ghuyumjyan has properly alleged that EWS’s reporting was inaccurate. 2 EWS first argues that its report indicating “Checking Account Fraud” was not inaccurate 3 because the matter it reported properly falls under EWS’s definition of “Checking Account Fraud” 4 as disclosed in Ghuyumjyan’s consumer disclosure file. ECF No. 32-1 (the “Disclosure File”). The 5 Court first addresses whether it is proper to consider the Disclosure File on this Motion. 6 EWS seeks judicial notice of the Disclosure File under the incorporation by reference 7 doctrine. See Davis v. HSBC Bank Nev., N.A., 691 F.3d 1152, 1160 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Under the 8 ‘incorporation by reference’ doctrine in this Circuit, ‘a court may look beyond the pleadings without 9 converting a Rule 12(b)(6) motion into one for summary judgment.’”). Incorporation by reference 10 applies to “documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party 11 questions . . .” Id. Ghuyumjyan contests that the Disclosure File is inappropriate to reference because 12 the complaint does not “depend on the language or interpretation of EWS’s internal definitions.” 13 Opposition at 10. However, this is not the standard—the question is whether or not the contents of 14 the document were alleged in the complaint. Here, the contents of the Disclosure File—namely, 15 EWS’s reporting of “Checking Account Fraud”—is specifically alleged in the complaint as the basis 16 of Ghuyumjyan’s claims. See Compl. ¶ 29. Thus, as Ghuyumjyan does not otherwise contest the 17 authenticity of the Disclosure File, the Court finds that the Disclosure File is proper to incorporate 18 by reference.3 19 Nevertheless, the Court does not find that the reporting of “Checking Account Fraud” is 20 factually accurate based on the Disclosure File’s definition of the term. Drawing all inferences in 21 favor of Ghuyumjyan, he deposited a check and had no reason to believe there were insufficient 22 funds or anything else at issue with the check. However, the Disclosure File reported “Checking 23 Account Fraud” and defined that term as follows: 24 25 26 3 EWS submits, for the first time on reply, what appears to be the documentation submitted by Ghuyumjyan to EWS which includes the returned check. ECF No. 48. Although this appears to be proper to incorporate by 27 reference given that it is referenced in the allegations, the Court declines to consider it since there is no reason EWS could not have included it in its moving papers. Moreover, to the extent that EWS is attempting to use 28 the exhibit to show that Ghuyumjyan was acting fraudulently, the Court finds that this is a factual dispute Cwhitehc aknin Ag/cTcroaunnsta cinti oan f rAauccdouulennt tF mraaundn e–r T, irnacnlsuadcitningg, bour ta nttoetm lipmtiintegd t oto t,r athnes apcats, sing 2 of forged, altered, closed account, or stolen checks, or kiting (including drawing on): (a) a counterfeit or insufficient check deposit; (b) an empty ATM envelope 3 deposit; (c) non-negotiable items; and/or (d) willful misrepresentation of the transaction amount. 4 Disclosure File at 5 (emphasis added). EWS argues that “[a] check that is returned unpaid is 5 a form of an ‘insufficient check deposit,’” Motion at 5, and under its definition of “Checking 6 Account Fraud,” any drawing on an insufficient check deposit constitutes “transacting or attempting 7 to transact with an Account in a fraudulent manner.” But this is only one possible inference. Another 8 possible inference—and a more reasonable one in this Court’s view—is that the definition of 9 “Checking Account Fraud” contemplates an act of fraud by the consumer—not an innocent instance 10 in which an individual deposits a check without knowledge of any issues with it, and later finds out 11 that it was returned unpaid.4 This Court is required, at this stage, to adopt this definition given that 12 the Court must draw all inferences in favor of Ghuyumjyan. 13 Utilizing this definition, to qualify as “Checking Account Fraud” even under EWS’s 14 definition, the insufficient check deposit must have been transacted “in a fraudulent manner.” 15 Ghuyumjyan explicitly alleges that he “did not participate in any fraudulent activity,” Compl. ¶ 30, 16 an allegation that this Court must treat as true at this stage. EWS also does not provide any authority 17 or rationale as to why Ghuyumjyan would need to plead any additional facts to support this factual 18 allegation. Therefore, Ghuyumjyan has properly alleged that EWS’s reporting of “Checking Account 19 Fraud” was incorrect. 20 EWS also argues that the phrase “Checking Account Fraud” is not misleading. As discussed 21 above, the Court finds that Ghuyumjyan has properly alleged that the phrase was incorrect, it need 22 not reach the question of whether it was also misleading. See Shaw, 891 F.3d at 756 (information is 23 inaccurate where “patently incorrect or misleading”) (emphasis added, internal quotations omitted). 24 25 26 4 The Court understands that EWS’s interpretation of this definition is that all of the listed things amount to a transaction conducted in a “fraudulent manner.” To the extent there appears to be ambiguity in how the 27 definition is to be interpreted, the Court finds that it is not appropriate to resolve the ambiguity at this stage as no other argument or evidence has been presented on this point. The Court merely notes that a reasonable 28 interpretation of the definition is that the manner in which the insufficient check deposit was transacted must Accordingly, the Court finds that Ghuyumjyan has properly alleged that EWS’s report was 2 inaccurate under 15 U.S.C. §1681e(b). 3 ii. The Court declines to adopt EWS’s assertion that properly alleging a § 1681e 4 claim requires alleging that the allegedly inaccurate information is 5 “objectively verifiable.” 6 Next, EWS contends that the § 1681e claim is not actionable because the alleged inaccurate 7 information is not “objectively and readily verifiable.” Motion at 7. EWS solely cites non-binding 8 law on this issue, including for the “objectively and readily verifiable” standard itself. Id. (citing 9 Holden v. Holiday Inn Club Vacations Inc., 98 F.4th 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 2024)). The Court first 10 notes that Holden discusses this requirement with regards to § 1681s and § 1681i and the obligation 11 to conduct a reasonable investigation, not § 1681e claims, and, moreover, the discussion applies to 12 what is required of furnishers, not CRAs. Holden, 98 F.4th at 1366–68. Notably, Holden cites the 13 Ninth Circuit in Gorman, where the Ninth Circuit held that furnishers were required to conduct a 14 reasonable investigation, also in the context of § 1681s and §1681i. Gorman v. Wolpoff & 15 Abramson, LLP, 584 F.3d 1147, 1155 (9th Cir. 2009). Thus, the Court will consider this argument 16 for purposes of the § 1681i claims, but finds that whether the information was objectively or readily 17 verifiable is not a bar to the § 1681e(b) claim. 18 iii. Ghuyumjyan has properly alleged that EWS did not follow reasonable 19 procedures. 20 A CRA is required “follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of 21 the information concerning the individual about whom the report relates. 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b). 22 EWS contends that Ghuyumjyan has made only conclusory allegations as to EWS’s alleged failure 23 to follow reasonable procedures. Motion at 9 (citing Compl. ¶ 70 (alleging that EWS failed “to 24 establish or to follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy in the 25 preparation” of Ghuyumjyan’s consumer reports). However, as Ghuyumjyan notes, it is not clear 26 what more he can plead at this stage without the benefit of discovery into EWS’s procedures. EWS 27 does not cite any binding authority that any heightened pleading standard applies beyond Rule 8’s 28 notice requirement. Here, Ghuyumjyan has alleged that any individual who unknowingly deposits a check without sufficient funds may be flagged by EWS as someone who is involved with fraudulent 2 activities and has detailed the factual circumstances under which he alleges it happened to him. EWS 3 is therefore properly on notice of the “nature of the claim and the grounds on which the claim rests.” 4 See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 n.3 (internal quotations omitted). 5 Turning to the Rule 12(b)(6) standard, and drawing all inferences in favor of Ghuyumjyan , 6 he has plausibly alleged that EWS’s policies allow this to happen and that these policies are not 7 reasonable as there could be numerous individuals who innocently deposit checks with insufficient 8 funds who are being report as having engaged in fraud. 9 Thus, the Court finds that Ghuyumjyan has sufficiently and properly alleged that EWS failed 10 to follow reasonable procedures. 11 B. Ghuyumjyan has properly alleged sufficient facts to support a claim for relief 12 under § 1681i. 13 15 U.S.C. § 1681i requires a CRA to “conduct a reasonable reinvestigation to determine 14 whether the disputed information is inaccurate.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(1). Moreover, in conducting 15 such reinvestigation, the CRA “shall review and consider all relevant information submitted by the 16 consumer.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(4). If after a reinvestigation, “an item of the information is found to 17 be inaccurate or incomplete or cannot be verified,” the CRA must promptly delete the information or 18 modify it based on the results of the reinvestigation. 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(5). As to the § 1681i 19 claims generally, EWS contends, as with the § 1681e(b) claim, that there is no inaccuracy. As 20 explained above, the Court finds otherwise.5 EWS also argues that the § 1681i(a)(1) claim fails 21 because there are no facts showing how or why EWS’s reinvestigation was unreasonable and that the 22 § 1681i(a)(4) claim fails because the allegations are conclusory. 23 The Court first addresses EWS’s argument on the § 1681i(a)(1) claim. As with the 24 reasonableness of the procedures on the § 1681e(b) claim, the Court does not find that Ghuyumjyan 25 need allege anything more. Ghuyumjyan has alleged that the report from EWS was inaccurate and 26 why; he has also alleged that he notified EWS that the report was inaccurate and why; he has alleged 27

28 5 EWS’s arguments on the § 1681i(a)(1) claim in part and the § 1681i(a)(5) claim also rely on a finding that that he did not engage in fraud; and he has alleged that despite all this EWS still determined that 2 there was no inaccuracy after its investigation. Given Ghuyumjyan’s allegations of the facts 3 underlying the return of the check, and drawing all inferences in his favor, Ghuyumjyan has properly 4 alleged that EWS’s procedures were not reasonable—either because its application of the “Checking 5 Account Fraud” definition was unreasonable or because it failed to conduct a reasonable 6 investigation which would have revealed that Ghuyumjyan had not engaged in fraudulent conduct. 7 As explained with regards to EWS’s § 1681e argument, the Court finds that EWS’s argument 8 as to whether the alleged inaccurate report was objectively or readily verifiable more appropriately 9 analyzed with regards to the § 1681i claims. Although EWS has not cited any binding authority 10 applying this “objective or readily verifiable” standard directly, the Ninth Circuit has noted that a 11 CRA is not required “to provide a legal opinion on the merits” of a dispute between a consumer and 12 the creditor, because “determining whether the consumer has a valid defense ‘is a question for a 13 court to resolve . . .’” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 892 (9th Cir. 2010). The 14 Court construes EWS’s argument to be that its investigation was reasonable because it was not 15 required to resolve the issue of whether Ghuyumjyan did act fraudulently because such a 16 determination requires “making legal findings and conclusions.” Motion at 8. In other words, to the 17 extent that Bank of America reported something indicating the grounds for something that may 18 qualify as “Checking Account Fraud,” EWS’s contention is that it was reasonable for it to simply 19 rely on that report without doing its own verification into the issue. 20 Here, the Court finds that it is plausible that the report could have been verified through 21 simple facts—including what Bank of America reported to EWS and what the grounds were for its 22 report. Moreover, while EWS was not obligated to make an ultimate determination on whether 23 Ghuyumjyan did act fraudulently, it would have been reasonable to ascertain the factual background 24 from which Bank of America made its report and compare it to the detailed narrative provided by 25 Ghuyumjyan. Drawing all inferences in favor of the allegations, it would be plain from 26 Ghuyumjyan’s explanation that there was no fraudulent activity and that either there was an error or 27 inaccuracy from either Bank of America or EWS’s end. For the same reason, the Court finds the § 28 168 11(a)(4) claim supported because the consideration of the information provided by Ghuyumyyan, 2 | drawing all inferences in his favor, would have reflected that there was no fraudulent activity. 3 Accordingly, the Court finds the §16811 claims supported. 4 IV. Conclusion 5 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby DENIES the Motion for Judgment on the 6 | Pleadings. ECF No. 31. 7 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 if 10 Dated: June 24, 2025 1] MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG 12 United States District Judge 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28