NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 18 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

TRAVERSE THERAPY SERVICES, No. 24-3931 PLLC, D.C. No. 2:23-cv-01239-MJP Plaintiff - Appellant,

v. MEMORANDUM*

SADLER-BRIDGES WELLNESS GROUP,

PLLC; JAMES BOULDING-BRIDGES;

HALEY CAMPBELL,

Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Marsha J. Pechman, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 8, 2025 Seattle, Washington

Before: HAWKINS, CLIFTON, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.

Appellant Traverse Therapy Services, PLLC (“Traverse”) appeals the denial

of its motion for partial summary judgment and sua sponte grant of summary

judgment to Appellees Sadler-Bridges Wellness Group, PLLC, James Boulding-

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Bridges, and Haley Campbell (“Sadler-Bridges”) under the Defend Trade Secrets

Act of 2016 (“DTSA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1836, and Washington’s Uniform Trade Secrets

Act (“UTSA”), Wash. Rev. Code §§ 19.108.010-.940. Traverse also appeals several

discovery rulings and a denial of a motion for sanctions and requests sanctions for

defending against Sadler-Bridges’ motion to dismiss this appeal for untimeliness.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm in part, reverse in part, and

remand for further proceedings.

Traverse’s appeal was timely. Final judgment was entered on June 3, 2024.

Traverse filed its notice of appeal on June 26, 2024. This was within thirty days of

the entry of judgment, as required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure

4(a)(1)(A). We decline to award Traverse attorneys’ fees under Federal Rule of

Appellate Procedure 38 or 28 U.S.C § 1927 for defending against Sadler-Bridges’

motion. Sadler-Bridges raised a possible ambiguity in the record in good faith, and

thus its argument was not wholly lacking “foundation in fact or law.” Glanzman v.

Uniroyal, Inc., 892 F.2d 58, 61 (9th Cir. 1989).

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Los Padres ForestWatch

v. United States Forest Serv., 25 F.4th 649, 654 (9th Cir. 2022). In doing so, and

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Traverse, we find that genuine

issues of material fact exist for each element of the DTSA and UTSA claims.

Traverse presented evidence that its client list was “a compilation of information,”

2 24-3931 that was potentially “valuable because [it was] unknown to others,” and that

Traverse “made reasonable attempts to keep the information secret.” Ed Nowogroski

Ins., Inc. v. Rucker, 971 P.2d 936, 944 (Wash. 1999); see InteliClear, LLC v. ETC

Glob. Holdings, Inc., 978 F.3d 653, 657 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1839(3),

(5)). That Traverse may have had an additional legal obligation under HIPAA to

keep the client list confidential, while perhaps worthy of consideration by a trier of

fact, is not dispositive as to whether the client list was a trade secret. See Ed

Nowogroski Ins., 971 P.2d at 941 (“[T]he determination in a given case whether

specific information is a trade secret [under Washington’s UTSA] is a factual

question.”); see InteliClear, 978 F.3d at 660 (holding that there was a genuine

dispute of fact as to whether a trade secret existed under the DTSA). Disputes of

fact also exist as to whether Campbell’s email was sent “without express or implied

consent,” 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5)(B); Wash. Rev. Code § 19.108.010(2)(b), or whether

Appellees “knew or had reason to know” that the client list was a trade secret given

the language of their employment agreements, 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5)(B); Wash. Rev.

Code § 19.108.010(2)(b). Accordingly, summary judgment for Sadler-Bridges was

inappropriate. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).

To the extent that Sadler-Bridges did not respond to Traverse’s various

Requests for Admission, they are deemed admitted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(a)(3).

The district court is instructed to re-evaluate the remainder of the challenged

3 24-3931 discovery in light of these admitted facts and our ruling on the merits of summary

judgment. See Conlon v. United States, 474 F.3d 616, 621 (9th Cir. 2007).

We review discovery sanction orders under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

37 for an abuse of discretion, Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. New Images of Beverly

Hills, 482 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2007), and should “not reverse absent a definite

and firm conviction that the district court made a clear error of judgment,” Allen v.

Exxon Corp. (In re The Exxon Valdez), 102 F.3d 429, 432 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation

omitted). There was no abuse of discretion in declining to award sanctions pursuant

to Rule 37 in light of Traverse’s failure to point to any direct evidence of spoliation

or bad faith by Sadler-Bridges.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

4 24-3931