1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9

MIKHAIL GERSHZON,

10 Case No. 24-cv-04142-RS Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 12 COMPEL ARBITRATION

EVENT TICKETS CENTER, INC.,

13 Defendant. 14

15 I. INTRODUCTION 16 Plaintiff Mikhail Gershzon brings this suit against Defendant Event Tickets Center, Inc. 17 (“ETC”), asserting claims on behalf of a proposed nationwide class of United States residents and 18 a proposed subclass of California residents who purchased tickets from Defendant’s website. 19 Defendant now moves to compel arbitration, contending Plaintiff and members of the proposed 20 class and subclass are bound by ETC’s arbitration agreement. Plaintiff concedes that the 21 agreement is valid and enforceable as to his claims but argues that Defendant has waived its right 22 to compel arbitration. Defendant’s actions, taken as a whole, were consistent with the intent to 23 arbitrate, and therefore it has not waived its right to enforce the agreement. For the reasons set 24 forth below, Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration is granted. 25 II. BACKGROUND 26 This dispute arises out of a ticket purchase Plaintiff made via Defendant’s site. Plaintiff alleges 27 ETC’s business is essentially a scam, overcharging consumers for tickets and sometimes selling 1 which displayed a notice informing the user that by placing an order, he was agreeing to ETC’s 2 terms and policies. The terms included ETC’s privacy policy, which contained a binding 3 arbitration agreement and class action waiver. 4 Plaintiff filed his class action complaint against Defendant on July 9, 2024. Defendant filed 5 its answer on September 30, 2024, asserting multiple affirmative defenses, but omitting any claim 6 of arbitrability. In October, the parties filed a Joint Case Management Statement where Defendant 7 shared it would oppose any motion for class certification and might file a motion for summary 8 judgment after responding to Plaintiff’s discovery requests. Defendant also requested a jury trial. 9 Separately, Defendant requested a court in the Eastern District transfer a potentially related case to 10 this forum. See Hernandez v. Event Tickets Centers, Inc., No. 2:24-cv-1983-DAD-AC, 2025 WL 11 1067714 (E.D. Cal. 2025). 12 Defendant produced 24 responsive documents in response to two sets of requests from 13 Plaintiff. In March of this year, parties met and conferred about alleged deficiencies in 14 Defendant’s productions. Defense counsel did not mention arbitration at that point. Defendant, 15 with the Court’s permission, substituted counsel on March 20, 2025. Following the meet and 16 confer, Plaintiff sent a deficiency letter to Defendant and set another call for the end of April. 17 During that subsequent meet and confer, Defendant declared its intention to compel arbitration and 18 subsequently filed this Motion on May 23, 2025. 19 III. LEGAL STANDARD 20 A court’s role in determining whether to compel arbitration is limited to determining the 21 issues of “(1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists, and, if it does, (2) whether the 22 agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 23 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (relying on 9 U.S.C. § 4). There must be an “express, unequivocal 24 agreement to that effect.” Three Valleys Mun. Water Dist. v. E.F. Hutton Co., 925 F.2d 1136, 1141 25 (9th Cir. 1991). If the party seeking to compel arbitration demonstrates a valid agreement 26 encompassing the dispute, a court must hold the parties to that arbitration agreement. See, e.g., 27 Armstrong v. Michaels Stores, Inc., 59 F.4th 1011, 1014. 1 Because arbitration agreements are as enforceable as other contracts, but not more so, a 2 party can waive its right to enforce arbitration. See id. at 1015 (relying on Morgan, 142 S. Ct. at 3 1714). The party asserting waiver bears the burden of demonstrating “(1) knowledge of an existing 4 right to compel arbitration; and (2) intentional acts inconsistent with that existing right.” Hill v. Xerox Bus. Serv., LLC, 59 F.4th 457, 468 (9th Cir. 2023). 5

IV. DISCUSSION

6 The crux of this motion is Plaintiff’s assertion that Defendant waived the right to enforce 7 the arbitration agreement. In his opposition to Defendant’s motion to compel arbitration, Plaintiff 8 does not contest the validity or scope of the agreement. In brief, Plaintiff does not oppose the 9 conclusion that ETC’s checkout page provided reasonable notice of the terms of service, and that 10 Plaintiff clicked a button unambiguously manifesting assent to those terms. Therefore, Defendant 11 has demonstrated a binding agreement to arbitrate. See Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, 30 F.4th 12 849, 856–57 (9th Cir. 2022). The language of the arbitration agreement is broad enough to clearly 13 encompass Plaintiff’s putative class claims. Accordingly, Defendant has met its initial burden to 14 compel arbitration. Plaintiff must therefore meet his burden to establish waiver. 15 A. Jurisdiction 16 As a threshold matter, the Court has authority to rule on whether Defendant has waived the 17 right to arbitrate. “The issue of waiver is a ‘question of arbitrability’ that is presumptively for a 18 court to decide.” Slaten v. Experian Information Solutions, Inc., 2023 WL 6890757, at *2 (C.D. 19 Cal. Sept. 6, 2023) (quoting Martin v. Yasuda, 829 F.3d 1118, 1123 (9th Cir. 2016)). “But the 20 parties may choose to have an arbitrator decide that issue by including ‘clear and unmistakable 21 language to that effect’ in the arbitration agreement.” Slaten, 2023 WL 6890757, at *2 (quoting 22 Martin, 829 F.3d at 1124). The language of ETC’s clause reads as follows: 23 Any controversy, claim, dispute, or other action, arising out of or relating to the use of 24 SITE, any order placed on SITE, or these policies including any dispute over the validity, 25 enforceability, or scope of this arbitration provision (a 'CLAIM' or 'CLAIMS') shall be resolved through binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association. 26 Dkt. No. 32-1. 27 1 This language is no broader than that in Martin and Slaten, where the agreements did not 2 delegate the issue of waiver. For example, the Slaten agreement delegated decisions on the 3 “scope and enforceability of this arbitration provision,” but this was not enough to encompass the 4 issue of waiver. Slaten, 2023 WL 6890757, at *3. Equally, the language in Martin encompassed 5 “all determinations as to the scope, enforceability, and effect of this arbitration agreement,” yet did 6 not clearly delegate the issue of waiver. Martin, 829 F.3d at 1124. 7 The parties agree that because the agreement does not contain the clear and unmistakable 8 language necessary to delegate the question, the Court is responsible for deciding whether ETC 9 has waived its right to enforce arbitration. 10 B. Waiver 11 Defendant admits its awareness of the arbitration provision. Therefore, the only question 12 remaining is whether ETC committed intentional acts inconsistent with its rights under that 13 agreement. Although Defendant has waited nearly a year to file a motion to compel, its actions, in 14 totality, do not merit waiver. 15 “There is no concrete test to determine whether a party has engaged in acts that are 16 inconsistent with its right to arbitrate.” Banq, Inc. v. Purcell, 2024 WL 4164126, at *1 (9th Cir. 17 Sept. 10, 2024) (quoting Martin, 829 F.3d at 1125). Instead, courts consider “the totality of the 18 parties’ actions.” Hill, 59 F.4th at 471 (citation and quotation omitted). Generally, a party acts 19 inconsistently with this right where he “chooses to delay his right to compel arbitration by actively 20 litigating his case to take advantage of being in federal court.” Martin, 829 F.3d at 1125. 21 Here, Plaintiff contends Defendant engaged in such intentional acts because Defendant 22 waited for ten months after the filing of the complaint to compel arbitration. Additionally, Plaintiff 23 asserts Defendant has actively participated in the early stages of litigation. Since Plaintiff filed his 24 complaint in July 2024, Defendant (1) answered the complaint with no mention of the arbitration 25 clause, (2) stipulated to a protective order to facilitate class-wide discovery, (3) answered 26 discovery requests, (4) filed a joint Rule 26(f) report, which included a request for a jury trial and 27 Defendant’s intent to file a summary judgment motion, (5) sought the transfer of a related matter 1 to this Court, and (6) did not, throughout a CMC and several meet and confers, raise its intent to 2 compel arbitration with either Plaintiff or the Court. Defendant contests the weight of these 3 actions. It argues waiver is inappropriate because it filed its motion to compel arbitration in a 4 timely manner and sought no merits-based rulings from the Court. On the whole, while Defendant 5 has not been prompt, ETC has not purposefully delayed this motion in favor of actively litigating 6 the matter. Defendant’s actions have been relatively routine, merely preserving some of its rights 7 and defenses without seeking adjudication in this forum. Defendants did not seek a decision on the 8 merits, provided minimal discovery, and declined the use of court resources such as mediation. 9 Accordingly, Defendant’s actions do not amount to waiver. 10 First, Defendant’s ten months of delay, while not dispositive, do not support a finding of 11 waiver. The Ninth Circuit has found that “a party’s extended silence and delay in moving for 12 arbitration may indicate a ‘conscious decision to continue to seek judicial judgment on the merits 13 of [the] arbitrable claims,’ which would be inconsistent with a right to arbitrate.’” See Martin, 829 14 F.3d at 1125 (quoting Van Ness Townhouses v. Mar Indus. Corp., 862 F.2d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 15 1988)) (emphasis added). Courts in this circuit generally view an extended delay as one year or 16 greater. See, e.g., Martin, 829 F.3d (finding prolonged delay where the defendant moved to 17 compel arbitration 17 months after the plaintiff filed complaint); Armstrong, 59 F.4th at 1015 18 (finding no prolonged delay where the defendant moved to compel arbitration at 10 months but 19 never sought a ruling on the merits and did not “waffl[e] about whether the arbitrate or stay in 20 district court.”). However, this is not a bright-line rule. Therefore, Defendant overstates the law 21 when it argues its motion, filed within one year of the complaint, is entirely consistent with the 22 intent to enforce arbitration. 23 Because courts must consider the “totality of a party’s actions,” a defendant could still 24 waive its rights in less than a year. See, e.g., Banq, Inc. v. Purcell, No. 23-15229, 2024 WL 25 4164126, at *2 (9th Cir. Sep. 10, 2024) (“five months constitute[d] a prolonged delay . . . . 26 because Defendants actively litigated the merits of the case and engaged in discovery proceedings 27 during that period”); see also FBC Mortgage, LLC v. Skarg, 699 F. Supp. 3d 837 (N.D. Cal. 2023) 1 (finding “an eight-month delay and affirmative engage[ment] in other litigation procedure,” 2 including seeking dismissal two of plaintiff’s claims on the merits, constituted waiver). Therefore, 3 the analysis must turn to the actions Defendant took during the ten months of litigation. 4 Notably, Defendant never sought a decision on the merits of the case prior to moving to 5 compel arbitration. See Armstrong, 59 F.4th at 1015 (“[S]eeking a decision on the merits of a key 6 issue in a case [also] indicates an intentional and strategic decision to take advantage of the 7 judicial forum.” (quoting Newirth, 931 F.3d at 941)). Other courts have found the absence of such 8 a merits motion weighs heavily against a finding of waiver. See, e.g., Dardashty v. Hyundai Motor 9 Am., 745 F. Supp. 3d 986, 1000 (C.D. Cal. 2024). Defendant here has not attempted two bites at 10 the apple, as is the concern in other cases of waiver. See, e.g., Kelly v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of 11 Grant Cnty., 552 F. App'x 663, 664 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding inconsistent acts element satisfied 12 when the parties “conducted discovery and litigated motions, including a preliminary injunction 13 and a motion to dismiss”); Caccuri v. Sony Interactive Ent. LLC, No. 21-CV-03361-AMO, 735 14 F.Supp.3d 1139, 1151–52, (N.D. Cal. May 24, 2024) (finding waiver when defendants missed the 15 deadline to request arbitration and litigated two motions to dismiss). However, courts have still 16 found waiver even when a defendant has not sought a merits decision. See, e.g., Chan v. Panera, 17 LLC, No. 2:23-cv-04194-JLS-AJR, 2024 WL 4137332 (C.D. Cal. Sep. 3, 2024). 18 Second, Defendant’s actions beyond delay are insufficient to establish waiver. Plaintiffs 19 rely heavily on Defendant’s participation in discovery as evidence of active litigation. Defendants 20 point out they merely responded to, but never propounded, discovery requests. The Ninth Circuit 21 has declined to find waiver when participation in discovery is minimal, even when the defendant 22 has served its own requests. See, e.g., Armstrong, 59 F.4th at 1016 (finding “limited discovery 23 requests did not evince a decision to take advantage of the judicial forum”). 24 However, Amstrong is not dispositive in this case because the defendant there “pleaded 25 arbitration as an affirmative defense in its answers to both the original complaint and amended 26 complaint, and explicitly and repeatedly stated its intent to move to compel arbitration in both case 27 management statements and in the initial case management conference before the district 1 court.” Id. at 1015. Defendant here failed to do so, necessitating comparison to recent waiver cases 2 within this Circuit. 3 Plaintiff relies on comparable cases to argue the sum of Defendant’s actions constitute 4 waiver. However, Plaintiff’s cases are unpersuasive because at each point, the defendant waited 5 longer or litigated more vigorously than Defendant here. See, e.g., Chan, 2024 WL 4137332 at *1 6 (finding waiver where defendant waited fifteen months and engaged in discovery beyond the 7 scope of the arbitration agreement); Slaten, 2023 WL 6890757 at *1 (defendant waited eighteen 8 months); Earn Guild v. Crowdcreate, LLC, No. 2:23-09277 ADS, 2024 WL 5365055 (C.D. Cal. 9 Dec. 16, 2024) (defendant waited one year, propounded its own discovery requests, and took at 10 least four depositions). 11 Plaintiffs rely heavily on Chan, but in that case, the defendant’s delay in moving to compel 12 arbitration and its involvement in discovery and procedural litigation are both more significant 13 than here. See 2024 WL 4137332 at *1. The Chan defendant waited fifteen months, litigated a 14 motion to remand, stipulated to a nine-month long continuance, and exchanged at least 75 requests 15 for production, 19 interrogatories, and 24 requests for admission. Id. at *1. Notably, the 16 documents provided to the plaintiff in that case included information for 3,000 putative class 17 members, ranging far beyond the individual disputes imagined in the defendant’s arbitration 18 agreement. See id. Here, Plaintiff propounded 3 interrogatories and 17 requests for production. 19 Defendant produced 24 pages of documents concerning only Plaintiff’s transaction. 20 Defendant’s other actions, including its request for a jury trial and its potential intent to file 21 a motion for summary judgment, without more, are not inconsistent with the right to arbitrate. 22 Defendant notes these statements were mere precautionary measures, motivated by its intent to 23 comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as well as this district’s local rules. Such 24 statements are not equivalent to active litigation in this forum. 25 Taken as a whole, Defendant’s actions throughout the past ten months have not 26 demonstrated purposeful delay or intentional abandonment of the agreement. Therefore, 27 Defendant has not waived its right to compel arbitration. 1 V. CONCLUSION 2 Defendant has established a valid arbitration agreement, whose scope encompasses 3 Plaintiffs claims. Plaintiffs have not shown that Defendant waived its right to enforce the 4 || agreement. Therefore, Defendant’s motion to compel arbitration is granted. The action is hereby 5 stayed pending completion of the arbitration proceedings. For administrative purposes, the Clerk 6 || is directed to close the file. Any party may move to reopen upon completion of the arbitration or 7 for other good cause shown. 8 9 || ITISSO ORDERED. 10 11 Dated: August 12, 2025 a (12

RICHARD SEEBORG

13 Chief United States District Judge

15 16

= 17

Z 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ORDER ON MOTION TO COMPEL CASE No. 24-cv-04142-RS