1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 TAYLOR LEE, Case No. 25-cv-01169-EMC

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’

9 v. MOTION TO COMPEL

ARBITRATION

10 MARRIOTT INTERNATIONAL, INC., et al., 11 Docket No. 33 Defendants. 12 13 14 Plaintiff Taylor Lee has filed suit against several affiliated defendants: (1) Marriott 15 International, Inc. (“MII”); (2) Marriott International Administrative Services, Inc.; (3) Starwood 16 Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of MII that manages, inter alia, 17 the Westin Maui); and (4) Samuel Spurrier (an employee at the Westin Maui). Ms. Lee was an 18 employee at the Westin Maui until early January 2024 when she resigned. Ms. Lee maintains that 19 she was constructively discharged. Her main claims are that she was discriminated against her on 20 the basis of pregnancy, pregnancy disability, and gender and that she was retaliated against for 21 making complaints about the discrimination. 22 Now pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. Having 23 considered the parties’ briefs and accompanying submissions, the supplemental filings ordered by 24 the Court, and the oral argument of counsel, the Court hereby DENIES Defendants’ motion to 25 compel. 26 I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 27 In her complaint, Ms. Lee alleges as follows. 1 Compl. ¶ 13. Marriott is a hotel chain. MII is “the parent company of several hotel companies” 2 that fall under the Marriott umbrella, including the Ritz-Carlton and Westin hotels. Compl. ¶ 13. 3 Ms. Lee has a long history with Marriott (including entities that later became part of the 4 Marriott umbrella). Back in 2004, at the age of only seventeen, she worked for the Ritz-Carlton 5 Half Moon Bay (which later merged into Marriott). See Compl. ¶ 20. In the years that followed, 6 Ms. Lee worked off and on for different Marriott entities. See Compl. ¶¶ 21-22. In 2015, she 7 became the Director of Transient Sales at the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco. See Compl. ¶ 23. Then, 8 beginning in November 2020, she was the Director of Transient Sales at the Westin Maui.1 She 9 remained in that position until she resigned in early 2024. See Compl. ¶¶ 20-23. 10 According to Ms. Lee, while she was working at the Westin Maui, she suffered 11 employment discrimination – in particular, related to her pregnancy. Ms. Lee became pregnant in 12 2022. In late 2022, when Ms. Lee was about eight weeks into the pregnancy, she told her 13 supervisor at the time, Lana Uytterhagen, that she was pregnant, that she was expecting twins, and 14 that the pregnancy was a high-risk one. See Compl. ¶ 29. Thereafter, in the following weeks, 15 “[Ms.] Uytterhagen questioned whether [Ms. Lee] could continue in her role as a sales director 16 before or after taking maternity leave and giving birth.” Compl. ¶ 31. 17 Subsequently, Ms. Lee informed her manager and Human Resources that she would be 18 taking leave early because of the high-risk and complicated pregnancy. See Compl. ¶ 33. Libby 19 Child was hired as Ms. Lee’s temporary replacement for the time that Ms. Lee would be out on 20 pregnancy and maternity leave. See Compl. ¶ 35. Ms. Lee began pregnancy disability leave on 21 March 1, 2023, and gave birth to her twins in late March. See Compl. ¶¶ 34, 44. 22 In April 2023, Mr. Spurrier was hired, apparently to replace Ms. Uytterhagen who had 23 resigned. See Compl. ¶ 46. Thus, Mr. Spurrier became Ms. Lee’s supervisor. (As noted above, 24 Mr. Spurrier is one of the named defendants.) 25 Meanwhile, Ms. Lee was suffering pregnancy-related health complications following the 26

27 1 Although Ms. Lee worked at the Westin Maui, she was a remote employee and resided in 1 birth of the twins and thus her leave was extended. See Compl. ¶¶ 48-49, 51. Although she was 2 out on leave, Mr. Spurrier expected Ms. Lee to continue to work. See Compl. ¶ 53. When Ms. 3 Lee formally returned to work in late 2023, she suffered various adverse employment actions. For 4 example, Mr. Spurrier refused to return her to the role that she previously had: he reduced her 5 responsibilities, reduced her accounts, gave her clients to Ms. Child, and excluded her from 6 meetings. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 59, 68-70, 75. Mr. Spurrier also imposed new travel requirements 7 that Ms. Lee could not meet given her lactation and childcare needs and failed to input sales goals 8 and performance metrics that were necessary in order for Ms. Lee to be considered for merit 9 ratings and an annual increase in pay. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 60-65, 71-74. In addition to the above, 10 Mr. Spurrier made comments that were hostile to working mothers. See Compl. ¶ 79 (alleging that 11 Mr. Spurrier “repeatedly told [Ms.] Lee and the greater Sales Team at the hotel that he was 12 resentful of his past Manager for a long time because she was an ‘every[]day Mom,’ while he was 13 only able to be a ‘Saturday Dad’” because he had to “pick[] up the slack for her”). Ms. Lee made 14 complaints (e.g., to Mr. Spurrier himself and the hotel General Manager) about how she was being 15 treated, but to no avail. See Compl. ¶¶ 66, 88-89. 16 By November 2023, Ms. Lee went on unpaid medical leave because of the “discriminatory 17 workplace” and the failure to address such. Compl. ¶ 96. Ms. Lee formally resigned in 2024. See 18 Compl. ¶ 5. She maintains that she was constructively discharged. 19 Based on, inter alia, the above allegations, Ms. Lee has asserted the following causes of 20 action: 21 • Employment discrimination based on pregnancy, pregnancy disability, and gender, 22 in violation of FEHA and Title VII (Counts 1 and 2). 23 • Discrimination in violation of the federal Pregnant Workers Fairness Act 24 (“PWFA”) (Count 3). 25 • Retaliation and interference in violation of the PWFA (Count 4). 26 • Retaliation in violation of Title VII and FEHA (Counts 5 and 6). 27 • Retaliation in violation of California Labor Code § 1102.5 (whistleblower 1 • Failure to prevent discrimination and retaliation in violation of FEHA (Count 8). 2 • Denial of rights and interference in violation of the California Family Rights Act 3 (“CFRA”) and the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) (Counts 9 and 11). 4 • Retaliation in violation of the CFRA and FMLA (Counts 10 and 12). 5 Now pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. Defendants 6 move to compel arbitration based on an agreement that Ms. Lee signed while she was working at 7 the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco. 8 II. DISCUSSION 9 A. Legal Standard 10 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides in relevant part that “[a] written provision 11 in . . . a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a 12 controversy thereafter arising out of such contract . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, 13 save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract . . . .” 9 14 U.S.C. § 2. Defendants contend that the FAA is applicable to the instant case; Ms. Lee does not 15 disagree per se but does argue, as discussed below, that there was no agreement to arbitrate. 16 B. General Overview 17 Both parties have submitted evidence in conjunction with Defendants’ motion to compel 18 arbitration. The Court addresses such evidence, where necessary, in its analysis. As an initial 19 matter, however, the Court provides a general overview of the parties’ arguments because they 20 provide context for the evidence submitted. 21 The general overview is as follows. Ms. Lee has worked off and on for a Marriott entity 22 since 2004. In October 2015, she became the Director of Transient Sales for the Ritz-Carlton San 23 Francisco. While working at the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco, Ms. Lee allegedly entered into an 24 arbitration agreement. She left the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco in October 2020, and shortly 25 thereafter she began to work for the Westin Maui in Hawaii, also as the Director of Transient 26 Sales. Defendants have moved to compel the instant dispute with the Westin Maui based on the 27 prior arbitration agreement entered into with the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco. 1 employment discrimination at the Westin Maui, not the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco, and, even 2 though both hotels are Marriott entities, she had a break in employment between two. According 3 to Ms. Lee, her employment with the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco ended on October 30, 2020, and 4 she did not begin to work at the Westin Maui until about a week later – on November 7, 2020. 5 Ms. Lee maintains that, during that one-week period, she was not employed by any Marriott 6 entity. Thus, the arbitration agreement that she purportedly entered into while working at the Ritz- 7 Carlton San Francisco is irrelevant to her employment at the Westin Maui. 8 Defendants disagree. Defendants claim that Ms. Lee was never terminated from the Ritz- 9 Carlton San Francisco, and so there was no break in employment – i.e., she simply transferred 10 from one Marriott entity to another. 11 According to Ms. Lee, even if Defendants are right that there was simply a transfer, the 12 Court should still deny the motion to compel arbitration for independent reasons. For example: 13 • Although Defendants assert that Ms. Lee entered into an arbitration agreement 14 when she began working at the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco, she did not. Even 15 though she signed an Acknowledgment of the Employment Agreement, which 16 contains an arbitration provision, the Acknowledgment by itself is not a valid 17 agreement because it is missing material terms. The material terms are found in the 18 Employment Agreement, but Ms. Lee does not remember being given a copy of 19 that agreement. 20 • Even if the Acknowledgment were a sufficient stand-alone arbitration agreement, it 21 is not enforceable here because (1) it applies only to the Ritz-Carlton, not other 22 Marriott entities such as Westin hotels, and (2) it is unconscionable (both 23 procedurally and substantively). 24 Finally, Ms. Lee asserts that there are procedural and legal reasons to deny the motion to 25 compel arbitration. In particular, she argues that (1) Defendants waived the right to compel 26 arbitration and (2) there is a federal law that allows a plaintiff in a suit related to sexual harassment 27 to elect a judicial forum over an arbitral one. 1 C. Contract Formation – Existence of Arbitration Agreement 2 As noted above, Defendants assert that Ms. Lee is party to an arbitration agreement. The 3 evidence of record reflects that, in October 2015, Ms. Lee became the Director of Transient Sales 4 at the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco. About a year later, while she was still working at the hotel in 5 August 2016, she signed an “Acknowledgment of Agreement.” See Shapiro Decl., Ex. B (signed 6 Acknowledgment of Agreement). The Acknowledgment of Agreement is a part of a broader 7 agreement, titled “The Ritz-Carlton Employee Agreement.” Shapiro Decl., Ex. A (Employee 8 Agreement, which has the Acknowledgment of Agreement at the very end). The 9 Acknowledgment of Agreement is an acknowledgment of the Employee Agreement specifically. 10 The Employee Agreement states that it is “an agreement between The Ritz-Carlton Hotel 11 Company, L.L.C. or a related entity (‘The Ritz-Carlton’ or ‘the Company’) and me.” Shapiro 12 Decl., Ex. A (Employee Agreement at 1). Page 3 of the Employee Agreement has a section on the 13 company’s “Internal Resolution Process,” of which arbitration is one component. “Arbitration . . . 14 is mandatory as to Covered Claims (as defined).” Shapiro Decl., Ex. A (Employee Agreement at 15 3). The subsection on arbitration begins on page 11. The Employee Agreement states that

16 [m]ost employment-related claims are covered by this Agreement, including: wrongful termination claims; wage claims; contract 17 claims; personal injury claims; tort claims; invasion of privacy claims; defamation claims; claims for employment discrimination 18 based on age, sex, race, color, national origin, religion, disability (actual or perceived), gender identity, political affiliation or any 19 other characteristic protected by applicable law; claims for harassment, including sexual harassment; and claims for violation of 20 any federal, state, local or other governmental law, constitution, statute, regulation, or ordinance. In addition, questions related to 21 procedure (including venue and choice of arbitrator), and arbitrability (that is whether an issue is subject to arbitration under 22 this agreement) shall also be decided by the arbitrator. Essentially, this agreement to arbitrate covers any claim that a current or former 23 employee has against The Ritz-Carlton ("Covered Claims") and any claim that The Ritz-Carlton has against a current or former 24 employee. 25 Shapiro Decl., Ex. A (Employee Agreement at 12). 26 As indicated above, the Acknowledgment of Agreement comes at the end of the Employee 27 Agreement. The Acknowledgment is a one-page document and states as follows: to submit to final and binding arbitration all legal and/or equitable 1 claims one may have against the other, including claims related in any way to my employment or the separation of my employment 2 with The Ritz-Carlton, except those claims that are expressly excluded from the scope of this Agreement. 3 This Agreement means that, instead of filing a complaint with a 4 court, I must pursue arbitration if I wish to assert a Covered Claim based on any violation of statutory or common law, including but 5 not limited to: wrongful termination claims; wage claims; contract claims; personal injury claims; tort claims; invasion of privacy 6 claims; defamation claims; claims for employment discrimination based on age, sex, race, color, national origin, religion, disability 7 (actual or perceived), gender identity, political affiliation or any other characteristic protected by applicable law; claims for 8 harassment, including sexual harassment; and claims for violation of any federal, state, local or other governmental law, constitution, 9 statute, regulation, or ordinance including without limitation claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age 10 Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, or the Family & 11 Medical Leave Act.

12 This Agreement also means that The Ritz-Carlton must pursue arbitration to assert Covered Claims against me, including but not 13 limited to: misappropriation; theft; damage to property; defamation; contract claims; and tort claims. The terms of the arbitration 14 component of this Agreement are severable. Accordingly enforceability of any provision shall not affect the application of any 15 other provision.

16 I agree that to the fullest extent allowed by applicable law, no court or arbitrator shall determine any Covered Claim on a class, 17 collective, representative, and/or joint basis under any federal, state or local law. I waive any right I may otherwise have to bring 18 Covered Claims on a class, collective, representative, and/or joint basis. 19 I understand that arbitration under this Agreement is governed by 20 the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 et seq.

21 I represent that I have read this Agreement and that I understand it and have had the opportunity to ask questions about it and to seek 22 legal advice regarding it. I hereby agree to the terms of this Agreement, and agree to uphold The Ritz-Carlton standards. In 23 return, The Ritz-Carlton promises to treat me with dignity and respect. Upon the successful completion of my Introductory Period, 24 I will receive the rights and benefits in this Agreement.

25 I understand that by signing this Agreement, I am agreeing to arbitrate most employment-related claims and am waiving the 26 right to a jury trial, the ability to bring a class or other aggregated claim, and the ability to file a lawsuit based on any claim that is 27 covered by the Arbitration provision in this Agreement. 1 Ms. Lee signed the Acknowledgment of Agreement in August 2016. The 2 Acknowledgment she signed was also signed by Louie Shapiro, then then-Area Director of 3 Human Resources for the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco. See Shapiro Decl. ¶¶ 2, 8. According to 4 Mr. Shapiro: 5 • “While working at the Hotel from approximately December 2015 to January 2018, 6 I provided an orientation and training program on the Employee Agreement, which 7 included an arbitration agreement therein, to newly-transferred personnel, newly- 8 hired personnel, or personnel at the Hotel that had not yet been given the 9 orientation and training program and/or did not have a signed Acknowledgment of 10 the Employee Agreement in their personal file.” Shapiro Decl. ¶ 4. “As a matter of 11 the Hotel’s practice, the Employee Agreement was typically given to the subject 12 personnel during the orientation and training program; however, copies of the 13 Employee Agreement were maintained and held by the Hotel as a matter of 14 practice.” Shapiro Decl. ¶ 5. 15 • In August 2016, the Employee Agreement and Acknowledgment were given to 16 such personnel during an orientation and training program, and personnel were 17 instructed to sign the Acknowledgment. See Shapiro Decl. ¶ 6. 18 • Ms. Lee “was working at the Hotel in August 2016. As such, Ms. Lee was 19 provided the April 2016 Employee Agreement and the Acknowledgement to the 20 April 2016 Employee Agreement during the orientation and training program and 21 was instructed to sign the Acknowledgement to the April 2016 Employee 22 Agreement.” Shapiro Decl. ¶ 7. 23 Ms. Lee does not dispute that she signed the Acknowledgment of Agreement. However, 24 she asserts she “has no recollection of being presented with or reviewing a complete arbitration 25 agreement in 2016. . . . I have no recollection of ever being shown [the Employee Agreement] or 26 of anyone ever explaining the terms of an arbitration agreement to me.” Lee Decl. ¶ 5 (emphasis 27 added). Notwithstanding such, Ms. Lee admits to the following: Human Resources Manager – and went quickly office to office with 1 a clipboard requesting signatures. Generally speaking, Louie did not typically handle human resources paperwork so it did stick out to me 2 as unusual. It was a quick process with Louie and Liz getting signatures. I remember Louie giving a quick elevator pitch 3 overview of said document when they came to my office, and then requesting my signature on the spot. To my best memory, it was 4 less than two minutes in total and I remember feeling rushed and caught off guard while in the middle of work at the time. Typically, 5 when important HR matters were addressed, there would be calendared meetings and discussions about the issue. This was 6 different. I had no idea what I was signing. I remember feeling uncomfortable not knowing what I was signing and not having 7 enough time to read anything because they were both standing in front of my office waiting for me to sign their clipboard. I do not 8 recall that either Louie or Liz gave me a copy of what I signed or that they gave me anything to read to help me understand what I was 9 signing. To my knowledge, I was never given the full terms of an arbitration agreement. Whatever was said was general and not 10 detailed. 11 Lee Decl. ¶ 6. 12 Because Ms. Lee purports not to remember being given the Employee Agreement, she 13 maintains that, at most, she is subject to only the Acknowledgment, and not the broader Employee 14 Agreement. 15 Whether Ms. Lee is subject to the Employee Agreement is a matter of contract formation. 16 See Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble Inc., 763 F.3d 1171, 1175 (9th Cir. 2014) (“In determining 17 whether a valid arbitration agreement exists, federal courts ‘apply ordinary state-law principles 18 that govern the formation of contracts.’”). Contract formation is an issue for a court to decide. 19 See Ahlstrom v. DHI Mortg. Co., L.P., 21 F.4th 631, 635 (9th Cir. 2021) (“[P]arties cannot 20 delegate issues of formation to the arbitrator.”). 21 The Court rejects Ms. Lee’s contention that she is not subject to the Employee Agreement. 22 Defendants have provided substantial evidence that Ms. Lee knew about and agreed to the 23 Employee Agreement – i.e., the Shapiro Declaration. Ms. Lee contends that the Shapiro 24 Declaration should be given no consideration because “Mr. Shapiro provides no testimony that he 25 personally witnessed Ms. Lee receiving the Employee Agreement or being instructed to sign it. 26 Instead, he improperly infers a factual conclusion based on general office practices rather than his 27 direct observation of specific events involving Ms. Lee.” Opp’n at 6. But there is no requirement 1 contract formation. That would certainly be direct evidence of contract formation, but nothing 2 prevents a party from relying on circumstantial evidence of contract formation – i.e., a signature 3 on a contract that is not claimed to be forged. Indeed, one can imagine that a party will often have 4 to rely on indirect evidence of contract formation, for example, because an employee who did 5 witness the signing no longer works at the company. Parties may also rely on common pattern or 6 practice (e.g., on the on-boarding process) to provide circumstantial evidence of happened on a 7 particular occasion if there is evidence that the practice was followed on that occasion. 8 The authority on which Ms. Lee relies is not to the contrary. For instance, in Burgess v. 9 Qwest Corp., 546 F. Supp. 2d 1117 (D. Or. 2008), the plaintiff and the defendant had entered into 10 agreements under which the defendant would provide the plaintiff with telephone, cellular, and 11 internet services. The defendant moved to compel arbitration on the basis that the agreements 12 each contained an arbitration provision. The court did not compel arbitration because (1) there 13 was “no evidence, such as a signed agreement or documented communications with plaintiff, to 14 establish that plaintiff was aware of the terms of the [relevant] Agreement and agreed to them,” id. 15 at 1120 (emphasis added), and (2) although the defendant submitted a declaration stating that, 16 “‘[b]ased upon [the defendant’s] standard business practices, plaintiff would have been required to 17 accept [the] terms [of the relevant contract] when she subscribed to this service,’” it did not 18 provide evidence to show that the “standard business practices were followed” with respect to the 19 plaintiff. Id. at 1121 (noting that “[d]efendant provides no evidence specific to the [phone] call 20 between plaintiff and defendant or the material actually provided to plaintiff so as to establish a 21 ‘meeting of the minds’ between the parties”); see also Campos v. Bluestem Brands, Inc., No. 3:15- 22 CV-00629-SI, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132538, at *21-22 (D. Or. Sept. 30, 2015) (agreeing with 23 Burgess that “evidence of standard business practices [is] insufficient to establish mutual assent to 24 [an] arbitration agreement”). 25 The instant case is distinguishable from Burgess because Marriott has provided a signed 26 Acknowledgment and Ms. Lee does not make any assertion that the signature on the 27 Acknowledgment is not hers or is forged. Furthermore, the Shapiro Declaration does provide 1 To the extent Ms. Lee relies on Campos, that decision actually weighs in Defendants’ 2 favor. In Campos, the court noted that the plaintiff had expressly testified she did not receive the 3 agreement with the arbitration provision – i.e., the plaintiff “offer[ed] more than an unsupported 4 assertion that she does not remember getting the agreement in the mail.” Id. at *323 (emphasis 5 added). That is not the case here. In the case at bar, Ms. Lee has not unequivocally stated that she 6 did not get a copy of the Employee Agreement. Instead, she has simply offered an unsupported 7 assertion that she does not remember getting a copy of the Employee Agreement. See Lee Decl. ¶ 8 5 (“I have no recollection of being presented with or reviewing a complete arbitration agreement 9 in 2016. I reviewed “The Ritz-Carlton Employee Agreement” labeled Exhibit A to the Shapiro 10 Declaration in preparing this declaration. It appears to be a 15- to 16-page document. I have no 11 recollection of ever being shown this document or of anyone ever explaining the terms of an 12 arbitration agreement to me.”). If anything, Ms. Lee’s declaration indicates that she was given a 13 copy of the Employee Agreement; she was simply (as claimed) rushed through the process of 14 signing it. In short, Ms. Lee does not squarely contradict Defendants’ assertion, along with the 15 circumstantial evidence, that she was given the Employment Agreement. 16 To the extent Ms. Lee asserts she was rushed into signing, that might suggest procedural 17 unconscionability of the agreement. But in her papers, Ms. Lee does not argue that, even if she 18 were given a copy of the Employee Agreement, that agreement is unconscionable and therefore 19 the arbitration agreement contained therein should not be enforced. Indeed, Ms. Lee has made no 20 contention that the Employee Agreement is substantively unconscionable which would be 21 necessary in order to render it invalid. See Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 22 24 Cal. 4th 83, 99 (2000) (noting that, under California law, both substantive and procedural 23 unconscionability must be present). Instead, Ms. Lee’s arguments of unconscionability are 24 focused on the Acknowledgment of Agreement – that is, if it were a stand-alone agreement 25 independent of the Employee Agreement. See Opp’n at 13-14. 26 Accordingly, the Court finds that Ms. Lee was subject to the Employee Agreement. 27 D. Interpretation of Employee Agreement 1 agreement clearly contains an arbitration provision – that does not thereby mean Ms. Lee must be 2 compelled to arbitration. This is because the Employee Agreement states that it is “an agreement 3 between The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. or a related entity (‘The Ritz-Carlton’ or ‘the 4 Company’) and me.” Shapiro Decl., Ex. A (Employee Agreement at 1) (emphasis added). 5 Defendants here are not the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. Thus, in order for them 6 to be able to invoke the arbitration provision in the Employee Agreement, they must be able to 7 establish that they are a “related entity.” Whether Defendants are a “related entity” of the Ritz- 8 Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. is a matter of contract interpretation. 9 At the hearing on the motion to compel, the Court asked the parties to provide 10 supplemental briefing and/or evidence about the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco and the Westin Maui 11 in order to assess whether Defendants are a “related entity” for purposes of the Employee 12 Agreement. The parties’ filings indicate that the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco and the Westin Maui 13 are not franchises, see Grygo Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 5, 7; Ladd Supp. Decl. ¶ 4, and that a Marriott entity 14 manages each hotel. Specifically, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. manages the Ritz- 15 Carlton San Francisco (and generally the Ritz-Carlton brand), see Grygo Supp. Decl. ¶ 5, and the 16 Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, L.L.C. (one of the named defendants) manages the Westin 17 Maui (and generally the Westin brand). See Grygo Supp. Decl. ¶ 7. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel 18 Company, L.L.C. paid Ms. Lee’s wages when she worked at the Ritz-Carlton San Francisco, see 19 Wells Supp. Decl. ¶ 4, and the Starwood Hotel & Resorts Worldwide, L.L.C. paid her wages when 20 she worked at the Westin Maui. See Ladd Supp. Decl. ¶ 4. Thus, separate entities manage the two 21 hotels, and paychecks come from the two separate entities. On the other hand, both the Ritz- 22 Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C and Starwood Hotel & Resorts Worldwide, L.L.C. are wholly 23 owned subsidiaries of MII (another named defendant), see Grygo Supp. Decl. ¶ 4, and MII 24 provides policies to be used in managed properties such as, but not limited to, the Ritz-Carlton 25 Hotel Company, L.L.C and Starwood Hotel & Resorts Worldwide, L.L.C. See Grygo Supp. Decl. 26 ¶¶ 5, 7.2 In addition, managed properties such as, but not limited to, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel 27 1 Company, L.L.C and Starwood Hotel & Resorts Worldwide, L.L.C. offer common benefits. See 2 Grygo Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 5, 7. 3 While the evidence above demonstrates that there is an affiliation between the Ritz-Carlton 4 Hotel Company, L.L.C. and Defendants, that does not thereby mean that Defendants are a “related 5 entity” within the meaning of the Employee Agreement. The term “related entity” appears 6 ambiguous on its face. Ms. Lee suggests it means a Marriott entity related to the Ritz-Carlton 7 brand. Defendants suggest it means any Marriott entity regardless of brand. Other than the 8 evidence noted above, neither party has provided extrinsic evidence to interpret the agreement. 9 See Wolf v. Walt Disney Pictures & Television, 162 Cal. App. 4th 1107, 1126 (2008) (noting that 10 extrinsic evidence is admissible to interpret an agreement when a material term is ambiguous). 11 That evidence is not particularly probative to the contract interpretation question. However, there 12 is intrinsic evidence which favors Ms. Lee’s construction. First, the agreement is titled “The Ritz- 13 Carlton Employee Agreement.” It is not entitled a “Marriott” of “MII” Employment Agreement. 14 Moreover, as a facial matter, it is highly questionable that agreeing to one Employee Agreement 15 means that arbitration would extend to the multitude of worldwide entities that fall under the 16 Marriott umbrella, particularly if those other properties had their own employment documents, 17 policies, or processes. See Saw v. Avago Techs. Ltd., 51 Cal. App. 5th 1102, 1110 (2020) (“Courts 18 must examine the contract as a whole and should avoid ‘a construction which leads to very 19 unreasonable results … unless it is required by clear words and there is no other tenable 20 construction.’”). Hence, the evidence supports Ms. Lee’s interpretation more than Marriott’s. 21 Finally, under California law, any ambiguity in the term of a contract should be construed against 22 the drafter of the agreement – in this case, against the company and not Ms. Lee. See Breathe S. 23 Cal. v. American Lung Assn., 88 Cal. App. 5th 1172, 1182 (2023) (stating that “‘any ambiguities 24 must be construed against’ the drafter, where the uncertainty cannot be resolved by other rules of 25

26 Grygo implicitly educated herself on the practices of the entities prior to her start date. See Grygo Supp. Decl. ¶ 3 (testifying that her job responsibilities include “overall supervision of human 27 resources matters and employment-related policies and benefits common to all managed properties 1 contract interpretation”). 2 Defendants are not a “related entity” for purposes of “The Ritz-Carlton Employee 3 Agreement.” They cannot claim the benefit of the arbitration provision contained therein. The 4 Court therefore denies Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration.3 5 E. EFAA 6 Even if, as Defendants argue, Ms. Lee were subject to the arbitration provision in the 7 Employee Agreement, the Court would still deny Defendants’ motion to compel because there is 8 an independent basis for rejecting arbitration. Specifically, there is a federal law that allows a 9 plaintiff in a suit related to sexual harassment to elect a judicial forum over an arbitral one. 10 The federal law at issue is the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual 11 Harassment Act of 2021 (“EFAA”). The relevant text of the EFAA is as follows:

12 Notwithstanding any other provision of this title [i.e., Title 9 governing arbitration], at the election of the person alleging conduct 13 constituting a sexual harassment dispute or sexual assault dispute, . . . no predispute arbitration agreement . . . shall be valid or 14 enforceable with respect to a case which is filed under Federal, Tribal, or State law and relates to the sexual assault dispute or the 15 sexual harassment dispute.

16 9 U.S.C. § 402(a) (emphasis added). “The term ‘predispute arbitration agreement’ means any 17 agreement to arbitrate a dispute that had not yet arisen at the time of the making of the 18 agreement.” Id. § 401(1). “The term ‘sexual harassment dispute’ means a dispute relating to 19 conduct that is alleged to constitute sexual harassment under applicable Federal, Tribal, or State 20 law.” Id. § 401(4). The parties do not dispute that harassment based on sex includes harassment 21 based on pregnancy. Cf., e.g., Tysinger v. Police Dep't of City of Zanesville, 463 F.3d 569, 572 22 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting that, “[u]nder the Pregnancy Discrimination Act provisions of Title VII, 23 discrimination because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions is 24 defined as a kind of sex discrimination and is prohibited”; citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k)). 25 As an initial matter, the Court acknowledges that Ms. Lee has not asserted a cause of 26

27 3 Given the Court’s ruling here, it need not address the issue of whether there was a break in 1 action for sexual harassment or hostile work environment (under Title VII or FEHA) in her 2 complaint. That fact, however, does not bar her from relying on the EFAA – and Defendants do 3 fundamentally dispute such. See Reply at 14 (but arguing that the Court “should [still] draw an 4 inference that Plaintiff herself did not believe that she was subject to sexual harassment sufficient 5 to state a claim because she did not include such a claim”). This is because the EFAA does not 6 refer to a “sexual harassment claim” or “sexual harassment cause of action,” but rather a “sexual 7 harassment dispute.” Moreover, several courts have rejected the argument that a plaintiff is barred 8 from invoking the EFAA simply “because none of her claims are styled as ‘sexual harassment’ 9 claims.” Delo v. Paul Taylor Dance Found., 685 F. Supp. 3d 173, 181 (S.D.N.Y. 2023). (In Delo, 10 the plaintiff in the case had asserted claims for retaliation, gender discrimination, and familial 11 status discrimination.) The Delo court noted:

12 It is a well-established principle that, when evaluating the viability of a complaint, courts focus on the substance of the factual 13 allegations and not how the causes of action are labeled. And there is nothing in the text of the EFAA that suggests its applicability 14 hinges on how a claim is labeled. To the contrary, § 401 appears to define "sexual harassment dispute" broadly, requiring only that the 15 claim "relates to" conduct that, as alleged, "constitutes" sexual harassment under applicable law. 16 17 Id.; see also Doe v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., No. 25-CV-21035-RAR, 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18 139046, at *11-13 (S.D. Fla. July 21, 2025) (emphasizing that “Congress wrote the EFAA to 19 apply when a plaintiff alleges a sexual assault dispute, not . . . when a plaintiff pleads a specific 20 sexual assault claim” (emphasis in original); Newton v. LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton Inc., 21 746 F. Supp. 3d 135, 150 (S.D.N.Y. 2024) (agreeing with Delo that “a plaintiff need not ‘style[]’ 22 or ‘label[]’ a cause of action as one for sexual harassment to invoke the EFAA”); cf. Diaz-Roa v. 23 Hermes Law PC, 757 F. Supp. 3d 498, 534 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (stating that, “[f]rom a textual 24 perspective, the statutory language does not require the person seeking to avoid the effect of an 25 otherwise applicable arbitration clause to plead a claim for sexual assault or sexual harassment”). 26 Defendants do argue, however, that the EFAA is not applicable to the instant case because 27 1 Ms. Lee has not plausibly alleged that sexual harassment took place.4 In her papers, Ms. Lee 2 contends that she has plausibly alleged sexual harassment because she has made allegations about

3 a systematic campaign of harassment specifically targeting her pregnancy, childbirth, and status as a working mother that began 4 with her prior manager Lana Uytterhagen’s attempts to force her resignation before maternity leave and continued with Defendant 5 Spurrier’s repeated statements expressing resentment toward “everyday Mom” employees,[5] his demands that she work during 6 maternity leave while interviewing her as if for a new position, the immediate imposition of discriminatory travel requirements upon 7 her return from maternity leave, and the systematic exclusion and marginalization designed to force her resignation. 8 9 Opp’n at 19-20. 10 In response, Defendants contend that Ms. Lee has collapsed the distinction between 11 harassment and discrimination. According to Defendants, the alleged misconduct identified by 12 Ms. Lee are largely personnel decisions and therefore – as alleged – constitute discrimination, not 13 harassment (which is about a social environment). See Reply at 11-12. See, e.g., Roby v. 14 McKesson Corp., 47 Cal. 4th 686, 708 (2009) (stating that “harassment is generally concerned 15 with the message conveyed to an employee, and therefore with the social environment of the 16 workplace, whereas discrimination is concerned with the explicit changes in the terms or 17 conditions of employment”) (emphasis in original). Defendants maintain that the only conduct 18

19 4 Some courts have disagreed that the proper benchmark is plausibility, applying instead a more lenient standard of nonfrivolous allegations of sexual harassment. Compare, e.g., Diaz-Roa, 757 20 F. Supp. 3d at 533 (holding that “a plaintiff need only plead nonfrivolous claims relating to sexual assault or to conduct alleged to constitute sexual harassment, with the sufficiency of those claims 21 to be reserved for proper merits adjudication, be it a motion to dismiss, motion for judgment on the pleadings, motion for summary judgment, or trial”); Solis v. Prime Comms Retail, LLC, No. 22 5:24-cv-02389-AH-(SHKx), 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66307, at *5-6 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 7, 2025) (agreeing with Diaz-Roa), with Van De Hey v. EPAM Sys., No. 24-cv-08800-RFL, 2025 U.S. Dist. 23 LEXIS 48775, at *8-9 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 28, 2025) (applying plausibility standard because, e.g., “reading the EFAA to void arbitration agreements even where a plaintiff cannot plausibly plead a 24 claim for sexual harassment could incentivize the bringing of ‘facially unsustainable’ claims as a mechanism to evade otherwise binding arbitration agreements”). 25

In the instant case, however, both parties have applied the plausibility standard. See, e.g., 26 Opp’n at 19 (“Plaintiff’s Allegations Plausibly State Sexual Harassment Under California Law.”).

27 5 See Compl. ¶ 79 (alleging that Mr. Spurrier “repeatedly told [Ms.] Lee and the greater Sales 1 that could arguably relate a hostile work environment is Mr. Spurrier’s comments about “everyday 2 Moms” and “Saturday Dads”; but such comments, Defendants argue, do not constitute severe or 3 pervasive misconduct that gives rise to a hostile work environment. 4 Defendants’ position is problematic for two reasons. First, in Roby, the California 5 Supreme Court expressly acknowledged that, “in some cases the hostile message that constitutes 6 the harassment is conveyed through official employment actions, and therefore evidence that 7 would otherwise be associated with a discrimination claim can form the basis of a harassment 8 claim.” Id. (emphasis added; also stating that, “in analyzing the sufficiency of evidence in support 9 of a harassment claim, there is no basis for excluding evidence of biased personnel management 10 actions so long as that evidence is relevant to prove the communication of a hostile message”). 11 Defendants suggest that Roby “did not relieve Plaintiff or her duty to allege severe and pervasive 12 harassment, separate and apart from the personnel issues about which she also complains.” 13 Reply at 14 (emphasis added). But they do not cite to any part of Roby to support this proposition. 14 Although the harassment in Roby did include harassing conduct apart from official employment 15 actions, see Roby, 47 Cal. 4th at 709 (noting, e.g., that comments were made about plaintiff’s body 16 odor and arm sores), the California Supreme Court did not hold that such conduct is essential to 17 support a harassment claim,6 let alone that such conduct be severe or pervasive in and of itself 18 before official employment actions may be considered. In any event, as noted above, Ms. Lee 19 does cite comments which did not constitute employment actions but did arguably contain a 20 harassing message. To the extent Defendants contend that personnel decisions convey a hostile 21 message only when there is “a widespread pattern of bias,” id., Ms. Lee has plausibly alleged 22 such, especially given the conduct of both Ms. Uytterhagen and Mr. Spurrier. Cf. Kovalenko v. 23 Kirkland & Ellis LLP, No. No. 22-cv-05990-HSG, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 148503, at *21-22 24 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2023) (“[Plaintiff] essentially alleges that Defendants consistently gave male 25 associates preferential treatment at her own expense. . . . Whether these allegations will ultimately 26

27 6 Defendants have cited additional authorities in their supplemental brief, but none is binding or 1 support a hostile work environment claim is a factual question properly answered at a later 2 stage.”). 3 Second, even if Defendants were correct in their analysis, their analysis is focused on what 4 constitutes sexual harassment under California law only. They have not cited to any authorities 5 suggesting that there is such a hard line between what constitutes harassment and discrimination 6 under federal law. Cf. O'Rourke v. City of Providence, 235 F.3d 713, 730 (1st Cir. 2001) 7 (cautioning that "courts should avoid disaggregating a hostile work environment claim, dividing 8 conduct into instances of sexually oriented conduct and instances of unequal treatment, then 9 discounting the latter category of conduct"); John v. Wal-Mart Store 2585, No. 3:21-cv-01285 10 (MPS), 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38969, at *30-31 (D. Conn. Mar. 6, 2024) (taking note of evidence 11 that defendant treated white employees more favorably than black employees – e.g., assigning 12 work with more resources and making scheduling accommodations; “[t]hough these incidents are 13 not suggestive of ‘discrimination, intimidation, ridicule, [or] insult,’ they do evidence disparate 14 treatment, which may, together with other evidence, contribute to a hostile work environment 15 claim”). As indicated above, the EFAA contemplates that a sexual harassment dispute can be 16 predicated on federal law, not just state law. See 9 U.S.C. § 401(4) (“The term ‘sexual harassment 17 dispute’ means a dispute relating to conduct that is alleged to constitute sexual harassment under 18 applicable Federal, Tribal, or State law.”). Admittedly, Ms. Lee’s opposition brief did focus on 19 what constitutes sexual harassment under California law. See Opp’n at 19. But Ms. Lee’s case is 20 predicated on Title VII and not just FEHA. 21 As a final contention, Defendants assert that, “[e]ven if the Court can find a sexual 22 harassment dispute somewhere in the Complaint, that claim should remain in court while 23 Plaintiff’s core claims of discrimination . . . and making complaints about the same are arbitrated. . 24 . . [I]f anything, harassment is a side claim, and should not be permitted to drag her entire 25 Complaint about other claims out of arbitration.” Reply at 14-15. But Defendants do not explain 26 how this could be done given that (1) Ms. Lee has not asserted a specific cause of action for 27 harassment and (2) the harassment alleged is predicated in part on the discrimination. Moreover, 1 arbitration agreement . . . shall be valid or enforceable with respect to a case which is filed under 2 Federal, Tribal, or State law and relates to the sexual assault dispute or the sexual harassment 3 || dispute.” 9 U.S.C. § 402(a) (emphasis added). The use of the word “case” instead of “claim” or 4 || “cause of action” weighs against Defendants’ position. See Ding v. Structure Therapeutics, Inc., 5 || 755 F. Supp. 3d 1200, 1218-19 (N.D. Cal. 2024) (noting that text of statute refers to “case” and 6 || not “claim”). In Ding, Judge Corley noted that, “when a complaint includes at least one EFAA 7 covered claim, and the plaintiff elects to invalidate the arbitration agreement, the agreement is 8 || invalid as to the whole ‘case’ to the extent the claims relate to the EFAA-covered dispute.” □□□□ 9 see also Johnson vy. Everyrealm, Inc., 657 F. Supp. 3d 535, 559 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (stating that "the 10 || text of § 402(a) makes clear that its invalidation of an arbitration agreement extends to the entirety 11 of the case relating to the sexual harassment dispute, not merely the discrete claims in that case 12 || that themselves either allege such harassment or relate to a sexual harassment dispute (for 5 13 example, a claim of unlawful retaliation for a report of sexual harassment)"). 14 Accordingly, because of the EFAA, the Court also denies Defendants’ motion to compel 15 arbitration, even if the arbitration agreement were applied to Ms. Lee. 16 I. | CONCLUSION 3 17 Although Ms. Lee entered into an agreement to arbitrate with the Ritz-Carlton Hotel S 18 Company, L.L.C. or a related entity, Defendants are not a related entity for purposes of the 19 Employee Agreement. Thus, there was no agreement to arbitrate with respect to Ms. Lee’s 20 || employment at the Westin Maui. Furthermore, even if Ms. Lee’s employment at the Westin Maui 21 were covered by the arbitration agreement, the EFAA allows her to elect a judicial forum. The 22 || Court therefore denies Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. 23 This order disposes of Docket No. 33. 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. 25 Dated: September 21, 2025 26 27 ¢ 4

E .

28 United States District Judge