NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 24 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

VITUS GROUP, LLC; VITUS No. 24-7062 DEVELOPMENT IV, LLC; RIVERWOOD D.C. No. HOUSING PARTNERS, LP; GREEN 2:24-cv-00282-RAJ

MEADOWS HOUSING MANAGEMENT,

LLC; GREEN MEADOWS HOUSING

PARTNERS, LP; WESTLAKE LINWOOD MEMORANDUM*

HOUSING PARTNERS, LP; WESTLAKE

LINWOOD HOUSING MANAGEMENT,

LLC; PINES HOUSING PARTNERS, LP;

HILTON HEAD HOUSING PARTNERS,

LP,

Plaintiffs - Appellants,

and

RIVERWOOD TOWNHOMES, INC.,

HOLLYWOOD SHAWNEE HOUSING

PARTNERS, LP,

Plaintiffs,

v.

ADMIRAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant - Appellee,

and

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

JAMES RIVER INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted September 18, 2025 ** Seattle, Washington

Before: GOULD and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges, and PITMAN, District Judge. ***

This cases arises out of an insurance dispute stemming from shootings that

occurred at apartment complexes owned or managed by Plaintiffs-Appellants Vitus

Group, LLC; Vitus Development IV, LLC; Riverwood Houstin Partners, LP;

Green Meadows Housing Management, LLC; Green Meadows Housing Partners,

LP; Westlake Linwood Housing Partners, LP; Westlake Linwood Housing

Management, LLC; Pines Housing Partners, LP; Hilton Head Housing Partners,

LP; and Hollywood Shawnee Housing Partners, LP (the “Vitus Parties”).

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Robert Pitman, United States District Judge for the Western District of Texas, sitting by designation.

2 24-7062 Defendant-Appellee Admiral Insurance Company (“Admiral”), 1 a Delaware

corporation, had issued liability policies to the Vitus Parties for their properties,

including the properties where the shootings took place.

After Admiral removed the case from Washington state court to the Western

District of Washington, the Vitus Parties filed a motion to remand to state court,

which the district court granted. Pertinent to this appeal, the Vitus Parties also

sought attorney’s fees and costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The district court

denied their request for attorney’s fees and costs. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291 to review the district court’s denial of attorney’s fees. Jordan v.

Nationstar Mortg. LLC, 781 F.3d 1178, 1181 (9th Cir. 2015).

We review the district court’s denial of attorney’s fees and costs under

§ 1447(c) for abuse of discretion. Id. Upon remand, a district court “may require

payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as

a result of the removal.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Absent unusual circumstances,

courts may award attorney’s fees “only where the removing party lacked an

objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal.” Martin v. Franklin Cap. Corp.,

546 U.S. 132, 141 (2005). “[R]emoval is not objectively unreasonable solely

because the removing party’s arguments lack merit.” Lussier v. Dollar Tree Stores,

1 James River Insurance Company also provided insurance coverage to the Vitus Parties for their properties. The Vitus Parties have dropped their claims against James River Insurance Company.

3 24-7062 Inc., 518 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2008). To determine whether an objectively

reasonable basis for seeking removal exists, we consider whether “at the time the

notice of removal was filed” the basis was “clearly foreclosed.” Id. at 1066.

Per state court pleading rules, the state court complaint identified the Vitus

Parties’ states of organization and principal places of business, not the citizenship

of any limited partnership partners or limited liability company members for the

purposes of establishing diversity jurisdiction in federal court. 2 When Admiral

filed its notice of removal, Admiral identified the citizenship for the various

partners and members comprising the Vitus Parties entities, correctly identifying

most, but not all, of them. It was not until the Vitus Parties filed their motion to

remand that Admiral learned diversity jurisdiction might not be complete. The

Vitus Parties’ complicated structure of limited partnerships and limited liability

companies with different members and partners created a jurisdictional puzzle that

even the Vitus Parties could not solve. Indeed, the Vitus Parties’ Corporate and

Diversity Disclosure Statement did not contain complete citizenship information

for four of their entities. Given the uncertainty and its burden to establish complete

diversity jurisdiction, Admiral requested jurisdictional discovery in response to the

motion to remand.

2 To determine citizenship of unincorporated entities, courts look to the citizenship of every owner/member of an LLC or LP. Johnson v. Columbia Props. Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 2006).

4 24-7062 While Admiral’s removal ultimately did not succeed, Admiral’s removal

was objectively reasonable and was not clearly foreclosed at the time of removal.

Lussier, 518 F.3d at 1065 (removal “not objectively unreasonable solely because”

the arguments “lack merit” in hindsight). The district court applied the correct legal

standard under Martin and considered Admiral’s knowledge at the time of the

removal. “[N]otice of removability under § 1446(b) is determined through

examination of the four corners of the applicable pleadings, not through subjective

knowledge or a duty to make further inquiry.” Harris v. Bankers Life & Cas. Co.,

425 F.3d 689, 694 (9th Cir. 2005). The district court focused on the four corners of

the state court complaint which formed the genesis of Admiral’s removal and

found that nothing in the complaint foreclosed diversity. The district court did not

abuse its discretion in concluding that Admiral, having relied on the information in

the state court complaint, had a reasonable basis to remove the case.

The district did not err in noting the Vitus Parties’ inability to identify the

citizenship of all members and partners. It is not impermissible for a court to

consider a plaintiff’s failure to disclose jurisdictional facts as a factor in fee

decisions. See Martin, 546 U.S. at 141 (“[A] plaintiff’s delay in seeking remand or

failure to disclose facts necessary to determine jurisdiction may affect the decision

to award attorney’s fees”). The district court could have permissibly weighed the

5 24-7062 lack of citizenship information against the Vitus Parties’ fee request while still

remanding for lack of jurisdiction.

Finally, the Vitus Parties’ characterization of Admiral’s notice of removal as

a fabrication and a misrepresentation of facts is a bridge too far. Admiral properly

relied on the Vitus Parties’ state court pleading allegations and any of its own

research to provide the basis for removing the case. After the Vitus Parties raised

concerns in their motion to remand, Admiral sought jurisdictional discovery. There

is no evidence that Admiral knew diversity was incomplete at the time of removal.

Indeed, Admiral continued to actively seek relevant jurisdictional facts to

determine whether complete diversity existed among the Vitus Parties. No

misrepresentations resulted in a clearly erroneous factual finding of

reasonableness, and the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying fees

and costs.

AFFIRMED.

6 24-7062