1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 RON LOMBOY, Case No. 24-cv-04168-HSG

8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S

MOTION FOR SUMMARY

9 v. JUDGMENT AND DENYING

PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO

10 WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL CONSIDER WHETHER MATERIAL

ASSOCIATION, SHOULD BE SEALED

11 Defendant. Re: Dkt. Nos. 45, 52 12 13 Pending before the Court are Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Dkt. No. 45 14 (“Mot.”), 53 (“Opp.”), 55 (“Reply”), and Plaintiff’s motion to consider whether another party’s 15 material should be sealed, Dkt. No. 52. The Court finds these matters appropriate for disposition 16 without oral argument and the matters are deemed submitted. See Civil L.R. 7-1(b). Having 17 carefully considered the parties’ arguments, the Court (1) DENIES Defendant’s motion for 18 summary judgment, Dkt. No. 45; (2) DISMISSES Plaintiff’s UCL claim without prejudice; and 19 (3) DENIES Plaintiff’s motion to consider whether another party’s material should be sealed, Dkt. 20 No. 52. 21 I. BACKGROUND1 22 Plaintiff Ron Lomboy worked at Wells Fargo from 2007 until his termination in January 23 2024. Dkt. No. 53-3, Ex. B (“PMK Dep.”) 92:9–93:13, 156:17–157:5. Plaintiff began 24 experiencing vision loss, headaches, and hearing loss in late 2020. Id. 119:6–120:8; Dkt. No. 53- 25 3, Ex. A (“Lomboy Dep.”) 165:6–166:8. Plaintiff took medical leave between April 2022 and 26 May 2022. PMK Dep. 138:22–139:7. Plaintiff contends that he asked to take leave until June 27 1 2022, but his supervisor, Regina Gentry, told him that she would hire someone to fill his role if he 2 did not come back to work in May 2022. Lomboy Dep. 194:2–195:11; Dkt. No. 52-4, Ex. 7 at 3 WFB006354. After returning, Plaintiff contends that he received his first ever performance 4 review with a rating below “meets expectations.” See PMK Dep. 94:15–100:11; Dkt. No. 52-4, 5 Ex. 1 at 3. He also contends that he was pressured to transfer to a smaller branch in Walnut Creek 6 around this time. Lomboy Dep. 68:15–70:20. Plaintiff then took a second medical leave between 7 June 2023 and August 2023. PMK Dep. 149:2–11. Shortly after his return, Wells Fargo began an 8 investigation into an incident where he opened a bank account for a minor who Wells Fargo 9 claims was unemancipated, allegedly in violation of Wells Fargo’s policies. See Dkt. No. 53-3, 10 Ex. D (“Hitchcock Dep.”) 185:4–22; Dkt. No. 53-3, Ex. E (“Valdez-Hernandez Dep.”) 192:2–14; 11 see also Mot. at 19. Following an investigation, Plaintiff was terminated in January 2024. PMK 12 Dep. 156:17–157:5. 13 In June 2024, Plaintiff filed the operative Complaint, Dkt. No. 1-1 (“Compl.”), which 14 asserts eleven claims against Defendant, including harassment, various discrimination and 15 retaliation claims in violation of FEHA and the FMLA/CFRA, and a violation of California’s 16 Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code section 17200, et seq. Defendant 17 removed. Dkt. No 1. Following discovery, Defendant filed this motion for summary judgment. 18 Dkt. No. 45. 19 II. DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 20 A. Legal Standard 21 Summary judgment is proper when a “movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to 22 any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 23 A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson 24 v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). And a dispute is “genuine” if there is evidence 25 in the record sufficient for a reasonable trier of fact to decide in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. 26 But in deciding if a dispute is genuine, the court must view the inferences reasonably drawn from 27 the materials in the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Matsushita Elec. 1 or make credibility determinations,” Freeman v. Arpaio, 125 F.3d 732, 735 (9th Cir. 1997), 2 overruled on other grounds by Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 884–85 (9th Cir. 2008). “If, 3 however, a moving party carries its burden of production, the nonmoving party must produce 4 evidence to support its claim or defense.” Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 5 1099, 1103 (9th Cir. 2000). In doing so, the nonmoving party “must do more than simply show 6 that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 7 U.S. at 586. A nonmoving party must also “identify with reasonable particularity the evidence 8 that precludes summary judgment.” Keenan v. Allan, 91 F.3d 1275, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996) 9 (quotation omitted). If a nonmoving party fails to produce evidence that supports its claim or 10 defense, courts enter summary judgment in favor of the movant. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 11 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). 12 B. Discussion 13 Defendant moves for summary judgment on each of Plaintiff’s claims. First, Defendant 14 argues that Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims fail because Defendant dismissed 15 Plaintiff for the legitimate business reason of violating Wells Fargo’s policies. Mot. at 20–24. 16 Second, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claims for failure to engage in the interactive process, 17 failure to accommodate, and CFRA/FMLA interference fail because Defendant provided Plaintiff 18 with every accommodation and leave that he requested. Id. at 25–27. Third, Defendant argues 19 that Plaintiff has not shown “severe or pervasive” harassment. Id. at 27–29. Fourth, Defendant 20 argues that Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue injunctive relief under the UCL. Id. at 30. Fifth, 21 Defendant argues that Plaintiff is not entitled to punitive damages because nobody involved in the 22 lawsuit was Defendant’s officer, director, or managing agent, and the alleged conduct does not 23 constitute malice or oppression. Id. at 30–31. The Court agrees that Plaintiff lacks standing to 24 bring a UCL claim. But the Court finds that the remaining claims have at least one material issue 25 in dispute and are not appropriate for summary judgment. 26 1. Disability Discrimination (Count 1) 27 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant discriminated against him and terminated his employment 1 discriminating against employees because of a disability. Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(a). Under 2 FEHA, a plaintiff may “give rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination, either through the 3 framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green or with direct or circumstantial 4 evidence of discriminatory intent.” Vasquez v. Cnty. of L.A., 349 F.3d 634, 640 (9th Cir. 2003), as 5 amended (Jan. 2, 2004) (citations omitted) (cleaned up). Generally, the plaintiff bears the initial 6 burden to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. See Godwin v. Hunt Wesson, Inc., 150 7 F.3d 1217, 1220 (9th Cir. 1998). However, “[w]hen an employer moves for summary 8 judgment . . . ‘the burden is reversed . . . because the defendant who seeks summary judgment 9 bears the initial burden.’” Dep’t of Fair Emp. & Hous. v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 642 F.3d 728, 745 10 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Hanson v. Lucky Stores, Inc., 87 Cal. Rptr. 2d 487, 493 (1999)). 11 Therefore, “[t]o prevail on summary judgment, [the employer is] required to show either that (1) 12 plaintiff could not establish one of the elements of [the] FEHA claim or (2) there was a legitimate, 13 nondiscriminatory reason for its decision to terminate plaintiff’s employment.” Dep’t of Fair 14 Emp., 642 F.3d at 745 (quoting Avila v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 82 Cal. Rptr. 3d 440, 449 (2008)). 15 Here, Defendant adopts the latter approach, arguing that it terminated Plaintiff’s 16 employment for a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason.2 Mot. at 21–24. To establish a 17 legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision to terminate Plaintiff, Defendant must 18 demonstrate that “the procedure by which [Plaintiff] was terminated was validly and fairly devised 19 and administered to serve a legitimate business purpose.” Hanson, 87 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 492–93 20 (quotation omitted). The “burden then shifts to the employee to prove that ‘the proffered 21 justification is mere pretext.’” Id. (quotation omitted). Here, Defendant contends that it 22 terminated Plaintiff’s employment “for failing to comply with its policies and for obstructing 23 investigations.” Mot. at 21. Defendant argues that Plaintiff knowingly opened an account for an 24 unemancipated minor using a fabricated document and then lied about it. See id. at 21–22. 25 Plaintiff disputes this characterization, arguing that he followed the steps he was given by the 26 “Banker Connection” help service for guidance when opening the minor’s account, and that he 27 1 secured a signed agreement from the minor, in compliance with Wells Fargo’s policy allowing 2 non-court orders in certain circumstances. Opp. at 21–22. Plaintiff argues that he was terminated 3 because of his disability. Id. at 22–24. 4 As the Ninth Circuit has repeatedly instructed, “very little evidence is necessary to raise a 5 genuine issue of fact regarding an employer’s motive” and “any indication of discriminatory 6 motive may suffice to raise a question that can only be resolved by a fact-finder.” Nicholson v. 7 Hyannis Air Serv., Inc., 580 F.3d 1116, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted); see Chuang v. 8 Univ. of Cal. Davis, Bd. of Trustees, 225 F.3d 1115, 1124 (9th Cir. 2000) (“As a general matter, 9 the plaintiff in an employment discrimination action need produce very little evidence in order to 10 overcome an employer’s motion for summary judgment. This is because ‘the ultimate question is 11 one that can only be resolved through a searching inquiry—one that is most appropriately 12 conducted by a factfinder, upon a full record.’” (quoting Schnidrig v. Columbia Mach., Inc., 80 13 F.3d 1406, 1410 (9th Cir. 1996))). 14 Here, Plaintiff has met that low bar. A reasonable factfinder could conclude, for example, 15 that “[t]he close timing between Mr. Lomboy’s medical leaves and the adverse actions he suffered 16 after 17 years of employment with no history of discipline creates a strong inference” of a 17 discriminatory motive. Opp. at 23. Plaintiff has put forth evidence showing that the 18 investigations into his actions took place about a month after he took his 2023 medical leave, and 19 that his performance reviews were all positive from 2007 until he began experiencing symptoms 20 of his disability in 2020. See Valdez-Hernandez Dep. 192:2–14 (September 2023 start of 21 investigation); PMK Dep. 94:15–100:11, Dkt. No. 52-4, Ex. 1 at 3 (pre-2021 reviews); PMK Dep. 22 119:6–120:8 (2020 onset of symptoms).3 In addition, a reasonable factfinder could credit 23 Plaintiff’s evidence that Defendant’s investigation into his alleged breach of policy was deficient, 24 including because the investigator did not preserve the security footage that allegedly showed 25 Plaintiff forging documents and did not interview witnesses that Plaintiff had told her could prove 26

27 3 The Court cites to the record where appropriate to highlight evidence that, when viewed in the 1 he spoke with Banker Connection for guidance. See Valdez-Hernandez Dep. 106:18–109:19 2 (security footage); Lomboy Dep. 273:12–18, Valdez-Hernandez Dep. 120:13–18 (witnesses). 3 Together, the temporal proximity between Plaintiff’s leaves and the investigation, the sudden poor 4 performance reviews, and the limitations of the investigation establish the kind of weakness or 5 implausibility “in the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action [based on which] a 6 reasonable factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence.” Dep’t of Fair Emp., 642 7 F.3d at 746 (quotation omitted); see also Little v. Windermere Relocation, Inc., 265 F.3d 903, 915 8 (9th Cir. 2001), opinion amended and superseded on denial of reh’g, 301 F.3d 958 (9th Cir. 2002) 9 (reversing summary judgment and finding that proximity of events and history of performance 10 constituted sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of fact regarding pretext). 11 Defendant argues that the investigation that prompted Plaintiff’s termination was 12 adequately supported and that other evidence suggests the termination was not pretextual. Mot. at 13 22–24. The parties also dispute whether the investigator and various Wells Fargo employees had 14 knowledge of Plaintiff’s disability. Compare Reply at 7, with Opp. at 8 (citing Hitchcock Dep. 15 104:1–105:10). But these are all disputes of fact that are appropriately resolved at trial.4 Drawing 16 all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff, there is at least one genuine dispute of material fact 17 as to the reasons for Plaintiff’s termination that precludes the Court from resolving Plaintiff’s 18 FEHA discrimination claims at the summary judgment stage. See Gonzales v. Organogenesis, 19 Inc., 766 F. App’x 474, 476 (9th Cir. 2019) (“Summary judgment is ‘generally unsuitable’ for 20 employment discrimination cases . . . ‘because of the elusive factual question of intentional 21 discrimination.’” (quotation omitted)).5 Accordingly, the Court DENIES summary judgment with 22 respect to the discrimination claim. 23

24 4 The Court is not persuaded that Jameson v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 16 Cal. App. 5th 901, 912 (2017), requires summary judgment. That case involved several factual distinctions identified 25 by Plaintiff, see Opp. at 24, and the jury here would be considering the inadequacy of the investigation in conjunction with other evidence supporting an inference of pretext. This is more 26 than enough to establish a triable issue regarding pretext.

27 5 As an unpublished Ninth Circuit decision, Gonzalez is not precedent, but may be considered for 1 2. Retaliation Claims (Counts 5, 7) 2 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant retaliated against him for “taking multiple disability leaves, 3 including leave under FMLA/CFRA.” Opp. at 25. He brings one joint claim for retaliation in 4 violation of the CFRA and FLMA and one claim for retaliation in violation of FEHA. 5 The California Family Rights Act (CFRA) and Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) 6 provide employees a right to protected leave. See Cal. Gov’t Code § 12945.2(k)(1); 29 U.S.C. § 7 2615. A cause of action for CFRA retaliation requires “(1) the defendant was an employer 8 covered by CFRA; (2) the plaintiff was an employee eligible to take CFRA leave; (3) the plaintiff 9 exercised her right to take leave for a qualifying CFRA purpose; and (4) the plaintiff suffered an 10 adverse employment action, such as termination . . . because of her exercise of her right to CFRA 11 leave.” Avila, 165 Cal. App. 4th at 1254.6 Courts apply the same McDonnell Douglas framework 12 to CFRA/FLMA retaliation claims. Moore v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 248 Cal. App. 4th 216, 248 13 (2016). 14 FEHA prohibits an employer from terminating or discriminating against any employee 15 “because the person has opposed any practices forbidden” under FEHA or has “filed a complaint, 16 testified, or assisted in any proceeding” under FEHA. Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(h). A claim for 17 FEHA retaliation requires “(1) the employee’s engagement in a protected activity, i.e., ‘oppos[ing] 18 any practices forbidden under this part’; (2) retaliatory animus on the part of the employer; (3) an 19 adverse action by the employer; (4) a causal link between the retaliatory animus and the adverse 20 action; (5) damages; and (6) causation.” Mamou v. Trendwest Resorts, Inc., 165 Cal. App. 4th 21 686, 713 (2008). Courts also apply the McDonnell Douglas framework to FEHA retaliation 22 claims. Santillan v. USA Waste of Cal., Inc., 853 F.3d 1035, 1046 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Yanowitz 23 v. L’Oreal USA, Inc., 36 Cal. 4th 1028, 1042 (2005)). 24 Defendant has not met its burden for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s retaliation claims. 25

26 6 Plaintiff treats his CFRA and FMLA claims as single causes of action. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 113– 127. Neither party attempts to distinguish the CFRA and FMLA in the briefing here. Since courts 27 have “previously concluded that identical standards apply to the FMLA and to the CFRA,” the 1 Defendant’s motion does not distinguish between Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims, 2 and Defendant argues that the retaliation claims are barred because Plaintiff was terminated for 3 legitimate business reasons. Mot. at 21–24. Defendant does not dispute that Plaintiff took a 4 protected CFRA/FMLA medical leave in 2023. For the reasons stated above, there is a triable 5 issue of fact as to whether Wells Fargo’s stated business reason for terminating Plaintiff was a 6 pretext to fire him for taking his protected leaves. The highly fact-bound determination of the 7 reasons for Plaintiff’s termination is not appropriate for the Court to make at the summary 8 judgment stage. Accordingly, the Court DENIES summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s retaliation 9 claims. 10 3. Failure to Engage in the Interactive Process/Failure to Accommodate (Counts 2, 3) 11 Plaintiff argues that employers have an affirmative duty to reasonably accommodate 12 employees and engage in a timely, good faith interactive process when the employer knows or 13 should know about the employee’s disability. Opp. at 25–26. He argues that Wells Fargo knew 14 about his disabilities, did not discuss additional accommodations with him, forced him to work at 15 an extremely understaffed branch, denied him accommodations that could have supported his 16 recovery, denied him the opportunity to stay on disability leave through June 2022, and pressured 17 him to accept a demotion. Id. at 26. Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s failure to accommodate and 18 failure to engage in the interactive process claims are “not actionable” because Wells Fargo 19 provided multiple accommodations—including two leaves of absence and the option to go home 20 early or lay down as needed—and because Plaintiff never requested any additional 21 accommodation. Mot. at 25–26. Defendant argues that “it is axiomatic that Wells Fargo need not 22 provide an accommodation [Plaintiff] did not ask for.” Id. 23 It is unlawful for an employer to ”fail to make reasonable accommodation for the known 24 physical or mental disability of an . . . employee.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(m)(1). An employer 25 “cannot prevail on summary judgment on a claim of failure to reasonably accommodate unless it 26 establishes through undisputed facts” that (1) “reasonable accommodation was offered and 27 refused”; (2) “there simply was no vacant position within the employer’s organization for which 1 the disabled employee was qualified and which the disabled employee was capable of performing 2 with or without accommodation”; or (3) “the employer did everything in its power to find a 3 reasonable accommodation, but the informal interactive process broke down because the employee 4 failed to engage in discussions in good faith.” See Dep’t of Fair Emp’t, 642 F.3d at 745 (quoting 5 Jensen v. Wells Fargo Bank, 85 Cal. App. 4th 245, 263 (2000)) “[A] finite leave can be a 6 reasonable accommodation under FEHA, provided it is likely that at the end of the leave, the 7 employee would be able to perform his or her duties.” Hanson, 74 Cal. App. 4th at 226. “It is 8 clear that California law affords [plaintiff] a right to a reasonable accommodation, regardless of 9 whether he specifically sought it.” Dep’t of Fair Emp’t, 642 F.3d at 744 n.16. 10 The Court finds that there is at least one triable issue of fact as to Plaintiff’s failure to 11 reasonably accommodate claim. For example, Plaintiff has introduced evidence that he requested 12 medical leave from April 2022 to mid-June 2022, but Ms. Gentry told him that she would post his 13 position for other candidates if he did not return in May. Lomboy Dep. 194:2–195:11; Dkt. No. 14 52-4, Ex. 7 at WFB006354. A jury could find that this leave, even if not statutorily protected 15 under FMLA or CFRA, was a reasonable accommodation that Plaintiff was denied. See A.M. v. 16 Albertsons, LLC, 178 Cal. App. 4th 455, 465 (2009) (noting that a single failure to accommodate 17 can be actionable). 18 For similar reasons, the Court concludes there is at least one triable issue of fact as to 19 Plaintiff’s failure to engage in the interactive process claim. Section 12940(n) of FEHA makes it 20 unlawful for an employer to “fail to engage in a timely, good faith, interactive process with the 21 employee or applicant to determine effective reasonable accommodations, if any, in response to a 22 request for reasonable accommodation by an employee or applicant with a known physical or 23 mental disability.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(n). Defendant had an affirmative obligation to begin 24 the process, given that Plaintiff’s “disability and resulting limitations [were] obvious.” See Scotch 25 v. Art Inst. of Cal., 173 Cal. App. 4th 986, 1013 (2009). “[T]he fact that an employer took some 26 steps to work with an employee to identify reasonable accommodations does not absolve the 27 employer of liability under section 12940(n). If the employer is responsible for a later breakdown 1 1167, 1183 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2024) (quoting Nadaf-Rahrov v. Neiman Marcus Grp., Inc., 166 2 Cal. App. 4th 952, 985 (2008)). There is at least a triable issue of fact as to whether Ms. Gentry’s 3 decision to require Plaintiff to return in May 2022, allegedly without any corresponding efforts to 4 coordinate additional accommodations, gives rise to liability. Accordingly, the Court DENIES 5 summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s failure to accommodate and failure to engage claims. 6 4. CFRA/FMLA Interference (Count 6) 7 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant discouraged him from using his CFRA/FMLA leaves. 8 Opp. at 26–27. Employers may not “interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of, or the attempt 9 to exercise, any right” provided by the CFRA. Cal. Gov’t Code § 12945.2(q). “A CFRA 10 interference claim ‘consists of the following elements: (1) the employee’s entitlement to CFRA 11 leave rights; and (2) the employer’s interference with or denial of those rights.” Moore, 248 Cal. 12 App. 4th at 250 (quotation omitted). Similarly, a FMLA claim requires a plaintiff to show: “(1) he 13 was eligible for the FMLA’s protections, (2) his employer was covered by the FMLA, (3) he was 14 entitled to leave under the FMLA, (4) he provided sufficient notice of his intent to take leave, and 15 (5) his employer denied him FMLA benefits to which he was entitled.” Sanders v. City of 16 Newport, 657 F.3d 772, 778 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). 17 Defendant argues that Plaintiff requested only two leaves of absence, both of which it 18 granted. Mot. at 26–27. But “[i]nterfering with the exercise of an employee’s rights would 19 include, for example, not only refusing to authorize FMLA leave, but discouraging an employee 20 from using such leave.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.220(b); see also Xin Liu v. Amway Corp., 347 F.3d 1125, 21 1133 (9th Cir. 2003) (noting discouragement can constitute FMLA interference); Hurley v. 22 Pechiney Plastic Packaging, Inc., No. C 05-05028 JSW, 2006 WL 708656, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 23 16, 2006) (applying the FMLA standards to a CFRA interference claim). Plaintiff presents 24 evidence that Defendant discouraged him from exercising his right to take leaves in violation of 25 the CFRA and FMLA by threatening to replace him while on leave and giving him negative 26 performance evaluations when he returned. Lomboy Dep. 194:2–195:11; PMK Dep. 94:15– 27 100:11; Dkt. No. 52-4, Ex. 1 at 3. Defendant does not explain why a jury couldn’t find this 1 dispute, the Court DENIES summary judgment on Plaintiff’s interference claim. 2 5. Disability Harassment (Count 4) 3 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s disability harassment claim fails because there were no 4 “severe or pervasive” actions taken against him, and the alleged conduct does not constitute 5 harassment. Mot. at 27–28. Defendant emphasizes that Plaintiff agrees that no one at Wells Fargo 6 made any derogatory or inappropriate comments about his disabilities. Id. at 28. Plaintiff points 7 to four possible bases for his claim: (1) Ms. Gentry’s threat to replace him while he was on 8 protected disability leave; (2) ongoing criticism by Ms. Gentry after he returned, including in 9 performance reviews; (3) Ms. Gentry’s pressured demotion of Plaintiff to a smaller, less desirable 10 branch; and (4) false accusations of fraud made by Mr. Hitchcock and others in relation to 11 Lomboy’s termination. Opp. at 27–28 (citing Ms. Gentry and Mr. Lomboy’s depositions). 12 To establish a harassment claim, Plaintiff must show “(1) he was a member of a protected 13 class; (2) he was subjected to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on his 14 disability; (4) the harassment unreasonably interfered with his work performance by creating an 15 intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment; and (5) [Defendant] is liable for the 16 harassment.” Thompson v. City of Monrovia, 186 Cal. App. 4th 860, 876 (2010). Harassment 17 must be “sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [] employment and create an 18 abusive work environment.” Bailey v. S.F. Dist. Att’ys Off., 16 Cal. 5th 611, 627 (2024). 19 Harassment is distinct from discriminatory conduct. “Courts have employed the concept 20 of delegable authority as a test to distinguish conduct actionable as discrimination from conduct 21 actionable as harassment [and] find that the exercise of personnel management authority properly 22 delegated by an employer to a supervisory employee might result in discrimination, but not in 23 harassment.” Reno v. Baird, 18 Cal. 4th 640, 646 (1998) (quotation omitted). “Thus, harassment 24 focuses on situations in which the social environment of the workplace becomes intolerable 25 because the harassment (whether verbal, physical, or visual) communicates an offensive message 26 to the harassed employee.” Roby v. McKesson Corp., 47 Cal. 4th 686, 706 (2009), as 27 modified (Feb. 10, 2010) (emphasis in original). However, in some cases, “official employment 1 supervisor used those official actions as his means of conveying his offensive message. . . . This 2 occurs when the actions establish a widespread pattern of bias.” Id. at 708–09. 3 The Court finds that there is a triable issue of fact as to whether Ms. Gentry’s official 4 employment actions constituted harassment. It is true that all four of Plaintiff’s examples of 5 harassment involve the exercise of personnel management authority, including hiring and firing, 6 demotions and promotions, and performance reviews. But the Court is aware of no binding 7 authority that requires it to hold as a matter of law that no jury could reasonably conclude that this 8 pattern of official actions established a “widespread pattern of bias” that created a hostile or 9 offensive work environment. Roby, 47 Cal. 4th at 708–09; see also Rico v. Jones Lang LaSalle 10 Americas, Inc., No. CV 14-1322-GHK JEMX, 2014 WL 1512190, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 2014) 11 (declining to dismiss a harassment claim where supervisor attempted to demote plaintiff, 12 expressed frustration about leave, and gave an unwarranted negative performance review).7 For 13 these reasons, the Court DENIES summary judgment as to the harassment claim. 14 6. UCL (Count 11) 15 Defendant argues that Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue injunctive relief as a former 16 employee who is not alleging a claim for restitution. Mot. at 30. “A UCL action is equitable in 17 nature; damages cannot be recovered.” Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 29 Cal. 4th 18 1134, 1144 (2003). “[P]revailing parties are generally limited to injunctive relief and restitution.” 19 Id. (quotation omitted). Plaintiff does not dispute that he is not seeking restitution, and the Court 20 cannot find any reference to restitution in the pleadings. See Compl. ¶ 150 (alleging entitlement to 21 “damages”); Opp. at 29 (arguing only for injunctive relief). Instead, Plaintiff argues that “he is 22 entitled to pursue equitable remedies, including injunctive relief to prevent future violations and 23 7 Many courts confronting harassment claims deny summary judgment where official employment 24 actions are alleged in addition to some sort of derogatory comment, which is not the case here. See, e.g., Landucci v. State Farm Ins. Co., 65 F. Supp. 3d 694, 704–07 (N.D. Cal. 2014). But this 25 is not a legal requirement, and whether official actions create a hostile work environment absent other derogatory comments is a question for the jury. See Lee, v. Marriott Int’l, LLC., No. 25-CV- 26 01169-EMC, 2025 WL 2689263, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2025) (“Although the harassment in Roby did include harassing conduct apart from official employment actions . . . the California 27 Supreme Court did not hold that such conduct is essential to support a harassment claim, let alone 1 correct the systemic failures that led to his termination.” Opp. at 29. But to have standing to seek 2 injunctive relief, a plaintiff “must demonstrate that they are realistically threatened by a repetition 3 of the violation.” Gest v. Bradbury, 443 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted) 4 (emphasis in original). Courts routinely reject claims for injunctive relief brought by ex- 5 employees who do not allege any risk of future harm. See, e.g., Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 6 657 F.3d 970, 988 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[O]nly current employees have standing to seek injunctive 7 relief.”); Circle Click Media LLC v. Regus Mgmt. Grp. LLC, No. 12-CV-04000-EMC, 2016 WL 8 3879028, at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 18, 2016), aff’d, 743 F. App’x 883 (9th Cir. 2018) (rejecting 9 injunctive relief under UCL where plaintiff was no longer in contractual relationship with 10 defendant). 11 Because Plaintiff lacks standing for the injunctive relief apparently sought, the Court 12 DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to the UCL claim, but DISMISSES the 13 claim without prejudice. See Guzman v. Polaris Indus. Inc., 49 F.4th 1308, 1313 (9th Cir. 2022) 14 (“Because the district court lacked equitable jurisdiction . . . it should have denied [defendant’s] 15 motion for summary judgment and dismissed [plaintiff’s] UCL claim without prejudice for lack of 16 equitable jurisdiction.”).8 17 7. Failure to Prevent Discrimination, Harassment, and Retaliation, Wrongful Termination, and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (Counts 8, 9, 10) 18 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claims for (1) failure to prevent discrimination, 19 harassment, and retaliation; (2) wrongful termination; and (3) intentional infliction of emotional 20

21 8 The Court is in the unusual position of confronting a UCL claim for the first time on summary judgment when Defendant has not also argued that the Court lacks equitable jurisdiction. See 22 Guzman, 49 F.4th at 1313. While Guzman required dismissal because of a lack of equitable jurisdiction rather than a lack of standing, the Court finds Guzman’s reasoning for dismissal 23 persuasive here. Compare id. at 1315 (“But where federal law bars us from considering the merits of state-law claims, we also lack authority to prevent state courts from doing so.”), with Circle 24 Click, 2016 WL 3879028, at *4 (“[W]hile [plaintiff] may satisfy the standing requirements of section 17204, it lacks Article III standing to seek injunctive relief under the UCL because it has 25 not shown any threat of future injury.”). Moreover, the Court is skeptical given the record before it that Plaintiff lacks an adequate remedy at law, meaning that the Court may not have equitable 26 jurisdiction. See Crowder v. Shade Store, LLC, No. 23-CV-02331-NC, 2025 WL 754067, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 10, 2025) (collecting cases addressing whether monetary damages are an adequate 27 remedy in suits requesting injunctive relief from future harm). Absent any clear authority on 1 distress are all derivative of Plaintiff’s other claims and are necessarily entitled to summary 2 judgment. Mot. at 29 n.120; Reply at 18 n.34. Since the Court denies summary judgment as to 3 Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims and since Defendant offers no alternative 4 arguments in favor of summary judgment on these derivative claims, the Court DENIES 5 Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to these three claims. 6 8. Punitive Damages 7 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s “conduct constitutes oppression, fraud, and/or malice 8 under California Civil Code section 3294” and seeks punitive damages. Compl. ¶ 51; see also 9 Opp. at 29–30. Defendant moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for punitive 10 damages, arguing that (1) the alleged conduct does not rise to the level of malice or oppression 11 that warrants punitive damages ; and (2) the actors in the lawsuit are not officers, directors, or 12 managing agents who could trigger liability for punitive damages. Mot. at 30–31. 13 California Civil Code section 3294 allows for punitive damages only when “it is proven by 14 clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice” 15 and limits corporate employer liability to instances where an officer, director, or managing agent 16 has advance knowledge and consciously disregards, authorizes, or ratifies the wrongful conduct. 17 Id. § 3294(a)–(b). “‘Malice’ means conduct which is intended by the defendant to cause injury to 18 the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful and 19 conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others.” Id. § 3294(c)(1). “‘Oppression’ means 20 despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of 21 that person’s rights.” Id. § 3294(c)(2). And a “managing agent must be someone who exercises 22 substantial discretionary authority over decisions that ultimately determine corporate policy. 23 White v. Ultramar, Inc., 21 Cal. 4th 563, 573 (1999). Corporate policies “affect a substantial 24 portion of the company and . . . are the type likely to come to the attention of corporate 25 leadership.” Roby, 47 Cal. 4th at 715. “[I]n the usual case, the question of whether the 26 defendant’s conduct will support an award of punitive damages is for the trier of fact, ‘since the 27 degree of punishment depends on the peculiar circumstances of each case.’” Spinks v. Equity 1 Having reviewed the record, and considering the evidence above, the Court cannot 2 conclude as a matter of law at this stage that no reasonable jury could find clear and convincing 3 evidence that Defendant acted with “willful and conscious disregard” of Plaintiff’s rights (malice) 4 or inflicted “cruel and unjust hardship” upon him “in conscious disregard” of his rights 5 (oppression). See Cal. Civ. Code § 3294(c)(1)–(2). Likewise, the Court cannot determine as a 6 matter of law that Ms. Gentry and Mr. Hitchcock were not managing agents given their 7 discretionary disciplinary decisions and their broad management of branches. “The scope of an 8 employee’s discretion and authority is a question of fact.” Tilkey v. Allstate Ins. Co., 56 Cal. App. 9 5th 521, 554 (2020). Plaintiff presents evidence that Ms. Gentry and Mr. Hitchcock oversaw 10 hundreds of employees and dozens of branches. PMK Dep. 28:14–19, 31:10–13; Hitchcock Dep. 11 37:9–38:13, 132:16–18. He also presents evidence that they exercised broad authority over 12 personnel matters, including the power to hire, discipline, and terminate employees, and to 13 disregard or enforce Defendant’s progressive discipline policy. PMK Dep. 213:5–10; Dkt. No. 14 53-3, Ex. C (“Gentry Dep.”) 38:17–39:3, 137:7–21; Hitchcock Dep. 36:10–37:2, 53:12–21, 61:2– 15 5; cf. Tilkey, 56 Cal. App. 5th at 555 (finding that a supervisor “would make the decisions about 16 discipline” and “[i]n doing so, [] formulated operational corporate policy at least related to 17 discipline and attendance”). As a result, this is the “usual case” in which an assessment of 18 whether Plaintiff’s evidence can clear the high bar necessary to recover punitive damages must 19 await the presentation of a full factual record at trial. See Spinks, 171 Cal. App. 4th at 1053. The 20 Court DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to punitive damages. 21 III. ADMINISTRATIVE MOTION TO SEAL 22 Also pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s motion to consider whether another party’s 23 material should be sealed. Dkt. No. 52. Courts generally apply a “compelling reasons” standard 24 when considering motions to seal documents. Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 678 25 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Kamakana v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 26 2006)). “This standard derives from the common law right ‘to inspect and copy public records 27 and documents, including judicial records and documents.’” Id. (quoting Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1 another party or non-party, the party filing the sealing motion need not satisfy the showing 2 described above. See Civ. L-R 79-5(f)(1). Instead, within seven days of the motion’s filing, the 3 designating party must file a statement or declaration justifying the reasons for keeping the 4 document or information under seal. Id. 79-5(f)(3). A failure to file a statement or declaration 5 may result in the unsealing of the provisionally sealed material without further notice to the 6 designating party. Id. 7 Dkt. No. 52 pertains to materials filed in connection with Plaintiff’s opposition to 8 Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. The Court DENIES Dkt No. 52, as Defendant did 9 not file a declaration or response presenting a basis for sealing any other documents or 10 information. See Civ. L.R. 79-5(f)(3) (“A failure to file a statement or declaration may result in 11 the unsealing of the provisionally sealed document without further notice to the Designating 12 Party.”). The Court DIRECTS the Plaintiff to file unredacted versions of the exhibits in support 13 of his opposition brief on the public docket within 7 days of this order. 14 IV. CONCLUSION 15 The Court DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Dkt. No. 45, and the 16 Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s UCL claim WITHOUT PREJUDICE.9 The Court’s summary 17 judgment holdings here are based on the stringent standards for obtaining summary judgment in 18 employment cases, and the Court expresses no view as to whether a jury ultimately will find 19 Plaintiff’s case persuasive. See Yartzoff v. Thomas, 809 F.2d 1371, 1377–78 (9th Cir. 1987). 20 Additionally, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s motion to consider whether another party’s material 21 should be sealed, Dkt. No. 52. 22

23 9 Plaintiff also requests the Court take judicial notice of the complaint filed in Alvarado v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 24-CV-05638-VC (N.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2025), Dkt. No. 21. See Dkt. No. 53- 24 2. Defendant objects, and separately requests the Court take judicial notice of an order granting a motion to withdraw the complaint in that case. See Dkt. No. 55-2 (request); Dkt. No. 55-5 25 (objection). The parties’ requests for judicial notice are denied as moot because the Court did not rely on any of the attached (irrelevant) documents. 26

Additionally, to the extent Defendant filed separate evidentiary objections in reply to the motion 27 for summary judgment, Dkt. No. 55-3, this was improper. Under the Local Rules, “[a]ny ] The Court further SETS a case management conference on October 16, 2025 at 1:00 p.m. 2 || The hearing will be held by Public Zoom Webinar. All counsel, members of the public, and 3 media may access the webinar information at https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/hsg. All attorneys 4 || and pro se litigants appearing for the case management conference are required to join at least 15 5 || minutes before the hearing to check in with the courtroom deputy and test internet, video, and 6 || audio capabilities. 7 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 || Dated: 10/10/2025 10 Alayprerl 5 Sb _|.

HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR.

United States District Judge as 12

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