1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 PEOPLE CENTER, INC., Case No. 25-cv-02576-CRB (LJC)

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER RESOLVING DISCOVERY

9 v. LETTER BRIEF REGARDING PLAINTIFF'S INTERROGATORIES 10 DEEL, INC., et al., Re: Dkt. No. 146 Defendants. 11

12 13 I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 14 Plaintiff People Center, Inc., doing business as Rippling, asserts that Defendants Deel Inc. 15 and certain of its officers engaged in a criminal enterprise to steal trade secrets from Rippling and 16 other competitors. The most detailed allegations in Rippling’s First Amended Complaint (FAC, 17 ECF No. 57) concern the covert transfer of Rippling’s internal documents to Deel by Keith 18 O’Brien, who was employed by Rippling at the time, beginning in November 2024. Rippling also 19 alleges that two of its other former employees shared confidential information with Deel when 20 they began working for Deel in early 2024, FAC ¶¶ 49–50, and that Deel has undertaken other 21 efforts to gather information from Rippling like using misleading Gmail accounts to impersonate 22 potential customers, Id. ¶ 52. 23 The case is in its early stages, with multiple motions to dismiss or transfer the case pending 24 before the presiding district judge. This Court previously denied a request by Deel to limit 25 discovery to the subject matter of Deel’s Motion to Dismiss for forum non conveniens (ECF No. 26 88) until after that motion is resolved. The Court found Deel’s argument precluded by a 27 stipulation the parties had entered not to stay discovery in connection with motions to dismiss. 1 ECF No. 101 at 1.1 2 Rippling served nine interrogatories on Deel, as follows:

3 INTERROGATORY NO. 1: Identify each current or former Rippling employee whom Deel 4 (including anyone acting on Deel’s behalf) has contacted since September 1, 2022, and for each such Rippling employee, state: (i) the 5 date of each such communication; (ii) the communication medium(s) (e.g., telephone, email, text message, face-to-face, etc.); (iii) how 6 Deel obtained the contact Information for such Rippling employee; and (iv) the substance of each communication. 7

INTERROGATORY NO. 2:

8 Identify all Rippling Originated Information that Deel has obtained, used, and/or possessed (whether in electronic or physical form) during 9 the period of September 1, 2022 through the present, and for all such Information, state: (i) how Deel obtained or accessed the Information 10 and for what purpose; (ii) the date Deel first obtained or accessed the Information; (iii) the current location and disposition of the 11 Information; and (iv) how Deel has used the Information, including but not limited to all Persons to whom Deel has disclosed the 12 Information.

13 INTERROGATORY NO. 3: Identify and describe in full detail every effort that Deel has made to 14 gain Information about other companies from current or former employees of such other companies, including direct and indirect 15 efforts, and for each such effort the name of the individual, the company for whom the individual worked, the people at Deel who 16 were aware of the individual’s activities, and all Information passed to Deel by the individual. 17

INTERROGATORY NO. 4:

18 Identify and describe all storage devices and/or Cloud Account(s) belonging to Deel or any Deel employee that contain or have ever 19 contained Rippling Originated Information.

20 INTERROGATORY NO. 5: Identify all Persons who, before the filing date of Rippling’s 21 Complaint, had any knowledge that O’Brien provided information related to Rippling to Deel, including for each Person (i) their name, 22 (ii) the date of their first knowledge of O’Brien’s work for Deel, (iii) a complete explanation of the scope of the Person’s knowledge, and 23 (iv) a complete explanation of the extent to which the Person communicated with O’Brien, guided O’Brien, provided or 24 coordinated the provision of compensation to O’Brien, or in any way used or benefited from O’Brien’s work for Deel. 25

INTERROGATORY NO. 6:

26 Identify all Documents and Information provided by O’Brien to Deel, 27 including but not limited to Documents and Information about: 1 Rippling sales leads, prospects, and customers; Rippling competitive intelligence cards; Rippling customer support strategies; Rippling 2 churn-risk avoidance strategies; Rippling pricing strategies; Rippling partnership strategies; Rippling R&D efforts; Rippling’s go-to- 3 market plans, roadmap, strategy, and launch dates; Rippling personnel responsible for products and/or geographic regions; and all 4 other Documents and Information relating in any way to Rippling or to Deel’s efforts to compete with Rippling. 5

INTERROGATORY NO. 7:

6 Identify each actual or potential client or customer whom Deel (including anyone acting on Deel’s behalf) has contacted since 7 September 1, 2022, and for each such client or customer, state: (i) the date of each initial communication; (ii) the communication 8 medium(s) (e.g., telephone, email, text message, face-to-face, etc.); (iii) how Deel obtained the contact information for the potential client 9 or customer; and (iv) the substance of each such initial communication. 10

INTERROGATORY NO. 8:

11 For each of the parties identified in response to Interrogatory No. 7 for whom Deel knew or had reason to believe, at the time it contacted 12 them, that they were actual customers of Rippling or had been identified by Rippling as potential customers, state in detail how Deel 13 gained that information as to each such client or customer.

14 INTERROGATORY NO. 9: Identify all Persons with any knowledge of any facts alleged in 15 Rippling’s Complaint (or in any subsequent amended complaints filed by Rippling), including in your response each Person’s name, 16 current employer and title, contact information, and a description of that Person’s relevant knowledge. 17 18 See generally ECF No. 146-1 (Deel’s amended responses, which recite Rippling’s interrogatories). 19 The parties have filed a joint discovery letter raising three overarching disputes regarding 20 some or all of those interrogatories and two disputes regarding specific interrogatories (Nos. 1 and 21 3). The Court presumes the parties’ familiarity with record and with background law regarding 22 civil discovery in federal court, and resolves the parties’ disputes as follows. 23 The parties note that they resolved at least one dispute during the process of meeting and 24 conferring before filing their joint letter, but do not say what that was. See ECF No. 146 at 1. It is 25 therefore not entirely clear whether all nine of the interrogatories listed above are still pending, or 26 if Rippling as agreed to withdraw, defer, or limit any of them. Nothing in this Order is intended to 27 displace any agreement that the parties have reached regarding these interrogatories. 1 II. ANALYSIS 2 A. Date Range 3 Rippling originally sought responsive information dating to the beginning of 2022. Deel 4 contends that all interrogatories should be limited to the period in which O’Brien allegedly spied 5 on Rippling for Deel beginning in later 2024. ECF No. 146 at 1. Deel offered as a compromise to 6 set January 1 of that year as the starting bound for its answers. Id. at 2. Rippling proposed a 7 compromise date of September 2022. Id. at 1. 8 Rippling alleges that Deel obtained confidential information from another entity, a non- 9 party startup accelerator, from former employees that Deel hired beginning in 2022. FAC ¶¶ 29, 10 34, 166. Rippling also alleges that Deel’s head of sales threatened to “play dirty” in competing 11 with Rippling for employees and information in September of 2022. Id. ¶ 43 & Ex. 3. And 12 Rippling further alleges that the two companies began competing more directly in the fall of 2022 13 when Rippling launched global workforce management and payroll products. Id. ¶ 41. 14 Those allegations, in conjunction with allegations that Deel later obtained Rippling’s 15 confidential information from at least three former Rippling employees, support discovery into 16 potential efforts by Deel to obtain such information before the 2024 incidents that Rippling has 17 been able to document without discovery. The Court adopts Rippling’s compromise proposal of 18 September 2022 (specifically September 1, 2022) as the starting date for all interrogatory 19 responses. 20 B. “Rippling Originated Information” 21 The parties dispute whether Rippling has provided a sufficient definition of “Rippling 22 Originated Information,” a limiting term that appears in some of Rippling’s interrogatories (Nos. 2 23 and 4) and that Deel seeks to impose on its responses to others. ECF No. 146 at 2–4. In a 24 decision cited by both parties, this Court has previously addressed the need to identify trade 25 secrets at issue in litigation:

26 In trade secret cases defining the scope of discovery is widely recognized as being particularly difficult. See Uni-Sys., LLC v. U.S. 27 Tennis Ass’n, No. 17CV147KAMCLP, 2017 WL 4081904, *4 The quandary involved in identifying the trade secrets with the 1 appropriate level of specificity, while also protecting trade secrets throughout the litigation, “often requires the court to assist the parties 2 in customizing the discovery process to . . . facilitate[e] the exchange of sensitive information, often to competing business enterprise 3 defendants.” Menell et al., at Ch. 1.2.1. The Court in Social Apps, LLC v. Zynga, Inc. explained the sensitivities inherent in trade secret 4 litigation.

5 “The nature of a trade secrets claim is such that pleading is necessarily general. To require more detail would be to force 6 a plaintiff to disclose, in a publicly filed pleading, the very secrets it seeks to protect. However, the countervailing 7 concern is that discovery must be limited to those matters that the plaintiff truly contends are secret. Otherwise the discovery 8 mechanism, and the litigation itself, could become a tool to force a defendant to reveal its own trade secrets in defense 9 against unfounded or specious claims.”

10 No. 4:11-CV-04910 YGR, 2012 WL 2203063, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 14, 2012). 11 12 Auris Health, Inc. v. Noah Med. Corp., No. 22-cv-08073-AMO (LJC), 2023 WL 5959427, at *3 13 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 12, 2023). 14 Deel asserts that Rippling is required by law to identify its trade secrets with “reasonable 15 particularity” before “commencing discovery,” relying on dicta from Auris discussing section 16 2019.210 of the California Code of Civil Procedure.2 ECF No. 146 at 3 (citing Auris, 2023 WL 17 5959427, at *5). In Auris, this Court was faced with a contention interrogatory by the defendants 18 seeking a more specific definition than would be required by section 2019.210—a different 19 posture from this case, where only Plaintiff Rippling’s interrogatories are before the Court. The 20 state statute was not directly at issue, and the Court held that the contention interrogatory was 21 premature. The Court cited a footnote from the Ninth Circuit, which states that “[f]ederal courts 22 have applied the state provision in federal cases.” InteliClear, LLC v. ETC Glob. Holdings, Inc., 23 978 F.3d 653, 658 n.1 (9th Cir. 2020). But both InteliClear and the district court case it cites for 24 that proposition dealt with trade secret claims under both state and federal law, and the district 25 2 “In any action alleging the misappropriation of a trade secret under the Uniform Trade Secrets 26 Act (Title 5 (commencing with Section 3426) of Part 1 of Division 4 of the Civil Code), before commencing discovery relating to the trade secret, the party alleging the misappropriation shall 27 identify the trade secret with reasonable particularity subject to any orders that may be appropriate 1 court explained that it considered the statute appropriate under the Eerie doctrine as not in conflict 2 with any federal rule. Soc. Apps, 2012 WL 2203063, at *1–2. In context, InteliClear’s reference 3 to “federal cases” means cases in federal court that include claims under the state trade secrets law 4 to which section 2019.210 applies, not any case under the federal Defense of Trade Secrets Act 5 (DTSA). 6 This case does not involve a state claim under California’s implementation of the Uniform 7 Trade Secrets Act, but instead a DTSA claim, as well as other state law claims that are not 8 governed by section 2019.210. The Court therefore has no occasion to apply that provision under 9 the Eerie doctrine. That said, Rules 26 and 33 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure still require 10 Rippling to provide reasonable and proportional interrogatories, including with respect to any 11 defined terms included therein. 12 Rippling contends that Deel waived any objection to the term “Rippling Originated 13 Information” by not including such an objection in its original response, instead conceding that it 14 understood the term as referring to the allegations of Rippling’s First Amended Complaint. ECF 15 No. 146 at 2. Deel contends that it sufficiently objected to the definition. Id. at 3. Both parties’ 16 positions have some truth: Deel’s original response presented an objection to the definition, but 17 that objection specifically included an interpretation of the term that Deel would use:

18 Deel objects to the definition of “Rippling Originated Information” because it (i) requires Deel to reach a legal conclusion in order to 19 determine what falls within the definition; (ii) is vague and ambiguous regarding what falls within the definition; (iii) causes the 20 Interrogatories to seek information not relevant to claims or defenses at issue in this action; and (iv) seeks information from outside of 21 Deel’s possession, custody, or control. Deel interprets “Rippling Originated Information” to mean the “Corporate Strategy Trade 22 Secrets” and “Sales and Marketing Trade Secrets” alleged in Rippling’s FAC, which Deel does not concede are actually legally 23 protectible trade secrets in any event. 24 ECF No. 146-2 at 7, ¶ 6. 25 Addressing Interrogatory Nos. 2 and 4, which most directly seek responses pertaining to 26 “Ripping Originated Information,” Deel raised objections to the timing of the interrogatories with 27 respect to Deel’s pending motions, the burden of investigation and response, overbreadth, 1 to allow for a response. ECF No. 146-2 at 12–14, 17–19. To the extent Deel now argues that 2 Rippling’s interrogatories lack a sufficient definition of this term to provide any response, the 3 Court agrees with Rippling that such an objection has been waived. Deel’s objection to the 4 definition conceded that Deel was able to discern an interpretation of the term on which it based 5 its objections to specific interrogatories, and applying that interpretation, those objections to 6 interrogatories did not claim that the interrogatories were too vague for Deel to respond. 7 But live questions remain as to what that definition is, and whether it is overly broad or 8 burdensome. The record before the Court includes only Deel’s responses to the interrogatories, 9 not Rippling’s interrogatories as originally served, so it is not clear whether Rippling included a 10 definition of “Rippling Originated Information” in its set of interrogatories. During the meet-and- 11 confer process, however, Rippling offered the following lengthy definition:

12 “Rippling Originated Information” means the following information originating from Rippling obtained or used by Deel through improper 13 means: (a) information wrongly obtained by Deel through its access as a Rippling customer while developing competing products (FAC 14 ¶¶ 40-44), (b) the “pages of insights” on Rippling that Chris Lee claimed were gathered from Deel sales representatives posing as job 15 applicants and other information obtained through Deel’s “sustained and targeted” recruitment of Rippling personnel that served as “a 16 mechanism for misappropriating trade secrets and confidential business information” (FAC ¶¶ 43-47, 166), (c) information taken by 17 former Rippling employees recruited by Deel, including documents downloaded by Conspirator-1 before his termination by Rippling and 18 PEO-related confidential documents retained by Conspirator-2 (FAC ¶¶ 27-28, 49-52, 162), (d) information from Rippling gathered by 19 Deel employees falsely posing as legitimate customer prospects (FAC ¶¶ 52-53), (e) Rippling’s product roadmaps, core initiatives, launch 20 strategies, country-by-country pricing models, sales forecasts, customer lists, recruitment targets, go-to-market tactics, and 21 information about Rippling’s customers for particular products in particular countries (FAC ¶¶ 49, 69, 89, 91, 94-102, 105, 177), 22 (f) Rippling’s sales pipeline information, competitive intelligence cards, customer-specific information stolen by Keith O’Brien from 23 Rippling’s Slack channels and computer systems, and customer retention strategies (FAC ¶¶ 78-88, 103-104, 106-107), 24 (g) information about Rippling’s employees used by Deel to attempt to hire those employees away from Rippling (FAC ¶¶ 73, 108-112), 25 and (h) information used by Deel to advance a false press attack against Rippling (FAC ¶¶ 113-117). 26 27 ECF No. 146 at 7. 1 reasonably tailored to information that Rippling might plausibly argue to be trade secrets. Items 2 (a), (b), and (d) appear to include information that Rippling freely disclosed to actual customers, 3 prospective customers, and prospective employees with no indication of any meaningful 4 expectation of confidentiality, which therefore seem unlikely to qualify as trade secrets. Items (g) 5 and (h) similarly lack any indicia of confidentiality. Even applying the introductory clause of 6 “information originating from Rippling obtained or used by Deel through improper means,” an 7 employee’s biography on a public Rippling website might qualify for item (g) if Rippling 8 contends that Deel “used” that information “improper[ly]” to attempt to hire the employee. 9 Similarly, factual public information about Rippling’s plans or products might fall within item (h) 10 if Rippling contends Deel used it “to advance a false press attack.” For those categories, 11 assembling all responsive information might prove impossible. The apparent requirement that 12 Deel concede “improper means” in obtaining or disclosing information is also problematic, where 13 Deel apparently denies wrongdoing as to some (perhaps all) of the conduct in dispute. 14 For the purpose of the present interrogatories, the Court therefore limits the definition of 15 “Rippling Originated Information” as follows.3 This definition is based on Rippling’s 16 compromise proposal above, but omits portions of it and adjusts the subpart letters without explicit 17 indication. The Court’s additions are designated by italics.

18 “Rippling Originated Information” means the following information originating from Rippling: (a) non-public information taken by 19 former Rippling employees recruited by Deel and provided to Deel, including documents downloaded by Conspirator-1 before his 20 termination by Rippling and PEO-related confidential documents retained by Conspirator-2 (FAC ¶¶ 27-28, 49-52, 162), (b) Rippling’s 21 product roadmaps, core initiatives, launch strategies, country-by- country pricing models, sales forecasts, customer lists, recruitment 22 targets, go-to-market tactics, and information about Rippling’s customers for particular products in particular countries, to the extent 23 provided to Deel by Keith O’Brien or any current or former Rippling employees recruited by Deel (FAC ¶¶ 49, 69, 89, 91, 94-102, 105, 24 177), and (c) Rippling’s sales pipeline information, competitive intelligence cards, customer-specific information stolen by Keith 25 O’Brien from Rippling’s Slack channels and computer systems, and (d) Rippling’s customer retention strategies provided by O’Brien or 26 by current or former Rippling employees recruited by Deel (FAC ¶¶ 78-88, 103-104, 106-107). 27 1 See ECF No. 146 at 7. The Court recognizes that this definition may include information that does 2 not qualify as trade secrets, but finds it reasonable and proportional to Rippling’s legitimate 3 interest in assessing what (if any) confidential information Deel obtained and developing its 4 claims to the extent such evidence might support them. 5 To the extent Rippling wishes to pursue other categories of information excluded by that 6 definition, it may serve additional interrogatories. Rippling should be prepared to explain why 7 such further interrogatories are relevant to its claims and proportional to the needs of the case. 8 C. Compound Interrogatories 9 “Unless otherwise stipulated or ordered by the court, a party may serve on any other party 10 no more than 25 written interrogatories, including all discrete subparts. Leave to serve additional 11 interrogatories may be granted to the extent consistent with Rule 26(b)(1) and (2).” Fed. R. Civ. 12 P. 33(a)(1). 13 Deel asserts that all of Rippling’s interrogatories except Nos. 4 and 8 are compound, and 14 therefore should count as more than nine, potentially exceeding the default limit of twenty-five. 15 ECF No. 146 at 4. Deel’s arguments rest on two issues: that several of Rippling’s interrogatories 16 include subparts, and that several ask Rippling to provide information about “each” of multiple 17 items in a category. Rippling contends that each interrogatory is appropriately limited to a “single 18 common theme.” Id. (quoting In re Questcor Pharms., Inc. Sec. Litig., No. SACV 12-1623-DMG 19 (JPRx), 2015 WL 12672130, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2015)). 20 As Deel acknowledges, courts have generally held that subparts of interrogatories only 21 count separately when they “introduce[] a line of inquiry that is separate and distinct from the 22 inquiry made by the portion of the interrogatory that precedes it.” Id. (quoting In re Soc. Media 23 Adolescent Addiction/Personal Inj. Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 22-md-03047-YGR (PHK), 2024 WL 24 5190206, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 2024)). Courts have held, for example, that “an interrogatory 25 that asks about facts, people who know the facts, and documents that reflect the facts is one 26 interrogatory . . . if the facts, people and documents all relate to the same primary question.” 27 Finjan, Inc. v. Qualys Inc., No. 18-cv-07229-YGR (TSH), 2020 WL 4923964, at *1 (N.D. Cal. 1 297 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (Ryu, M.J.)). 2 Deel also notes that this Court held in Auris that interrogatories “seeking information about 3 ‘each’ of multiple things comprise discrete subparts for each of those things.” Id. (quoting Auris, 4 2023 WL 5959427, at *6). But that principle also depends on context. Interrogatories seeking 5 lists of each responsive item are common and generally acceptable. It is only when an 6 interrogatory seeks excessive detail about each item in such a list that each might count separately. 7 Moreover, as a general matter, Rule 33’s presumptive cap of twenty-five interrogatories is 8 subject to modification consistent with Rule 26’s general principles of relevance, burden, and 9 proportionality. A single unduly burdensome interrogatory may be improper even if it is the only 10 one served in a case, and far more than twenty-five interrogatories can be appropriate in some 11 cases if their burden is limited and the needs of the case so warrant. As such, extensive litigation 12 over the semantics of what counts as one or multiple interrogatories can serve to distract from the 13 more important question of whether the request is relevant and proportional. Providing a 14 “scorecard” of how many interrogatories Rippling has served will be helpful to guide the parties in 15 any further discovery. In doing so, however, the Court will consider the relevance and burden of 16 each request, not merely the structure in which it is presented. 17 With those principles in mind, the Court addresses the interrogatories at issue as follows.

18 INTERROGATORY NO. 1: Identify each current or former Rippling employee whom Deel 19 (including anyone acting on Deel’s behalf) has contacted since September 1, 2022, and for each such Rippling employee, state: (i) the 20 date of each such communication; (ii) the communication medium(s) (e.g., telephone, email, text message, face-to-face, etc.); (iii) how 21 Deel obtained the contact Information for such Rippling employee; and (iv) the substance of each communication. 22 23 Interrogatory No. 1 essentially seeks a list of all instances where Deel communicated with 24 current or former Rippling employees, including the date, medium, and substance of such 25 communications. Such a list is properly considered one interrogatory, construing the “substance” 26 portion of the request as seeking a general topic rather than a detailed summary. The interrogatory 27 also asks “how Deel obtained the contact Information for such Rippling employee.” In the 1 though it calls for a sufficiently cohesive list of information to only count as one additional 2 question. The Court views this interrogatory as effectively seeking two lists: one listing each 3 Rippling employee, including the relevant information of how Deel obtained contact information; 4 and one listing each communication, including details pertaining to such communications.4 5 Interrogatory No. 1 therefore counts as two of Rippling’s interrogatories.

6 INTERROGATORY NO. 2: Identify all Rippling Originated Information that Deel has obtained, 7 used, and/or possessed (whether in electronic or physical form) during the period of September 1, 2022 through the present, and for all such 8 Information, state: (i) how Deel obtained or accessed the Information and for what purpose; (ii) the date Deel first obtained or accessed the 9 Information; (iii) the current location and disposition of the Information; and (iv) how Deel has used the Information, including 10 but not limited to all Persons to whom Deel has disclosed the Information. 11 12 Parts (i) and (ii) of Interrogatory No. 2 (as limited above by the definition of “Rippling 13 Original Information) are sufficiently related to fall within a single interrogatory. The same goes 14 for part (iii) to the extent Deel is able to answer it for a given item of information, though 15 information will not always have a discrete “location” or “disposition.” Part (iv), however, calls 16 for a more detailed explanation, such that it would count as a separate interrogatory for each item 17 to which it applies. See, e.g., Auris, 2023 WL 5959427, at *6. Because the number of items is not 18 yet clear and might exceed the twenty-five interrogatory presumptive limitation, Deel need not 19 answer part (iv) of this interrogatory. Rippling may serve additional interrogatories regarding 20 Deel’s use of particular categories of information if it so chooses. 21 Running total: 3 interrogatories.

22 INTERROGATORY NO. 3: Identify and describe in full detail every effort that Deel has made to 23 gain Information about other companies from current or former employees of such other companies, including direct and indirect 24 efforts, and for each such effort the name of the individual, the company for whom the individual worked, the people at Deel who 25 were aware of the individual’s activities, and all Information passed to Deel by the individual. 26 27 1 For the reasons discussed separately below, the Court holds that Deel need not answer this 2 interrogatory at this time. It therefore does not count against Rippling’s running total, which 3 remains at 3.

4 INTERROGATORY NO. 4: Identify and describe all storage devices and/or Cloud Account(s) 5 belonging to Deel or any Deel employee that contain or have ever contained Rippling Originated Information. 6 This interrogatory is not included in the heading for this section of the joint letter as a 7 purportedly compound interrogatory, and Deel does not address it specifically in its arguments. 8 ECF No. 146 at 4. The Court therefore presumes it has not been challenged and counts it as a 9 single interrogatory. Running total: 4 interrogatories. 10

INTERROGATORY NO. 5:

11 Identify all Persons who, before the filing date of Rippling’s Complaint, had any knowledge that O’Brien provided information 12 related to Rippling to Deel, including for each Person (i) their name, (ii) the date of their first knowledge of O’Brien’s work for Deel, (iii) a 13 complete explanation of the scope of the Person’s knowledge, and (iv) a complete explanation of the extent to which the Person 14 communicated with O’Brien, guided O’Brien, provided or coordinated the provision of compensation to O’Brien, or in any way 15 used or benefited from O’Brien’s work for Deel. 16 Parts (i) and (ii) of this interrogatory count as a single question. Parts (iii) and (iv), 17 construed broadly, could count as a separate interrogatory for each person at issue. The Court 18 therefor declines to construe them broadly. Deel must specify whether each person listed 19 communicated with O’Brien, provided compensation to him, or coordinated the provision of such 20 compensation. But for the same reasons discussed with respect to Interrogatory No. 2, Deel need 21 not describe the person’s knowledge or the nature of such interactions in detail. Such issues may 22 be addressed through future interrogatories or depositions if Rippling so chooses. 23 Running total: 5 interrogatories

24 INTERROGATORY NO. 6: Identify all Documents and Information provided by O’Brien to Deel, 25 including but not limited to Documents and Information about: Rippling sales leads, prospects, and customers; Rippling competitive 26 intelligence cards; Rippling customer support strategies; Rippling churn-risk avoidance strategies; Rippling pricing strategies; Rippling 27 partnership strategies; Rippling R&D efforts; Rippling’s go-to- other Documents and Information relating in any way to Rippling or 1 to Deel’s efforts to compete with Rippling. 2 Presuming a reasonable and limited interpretation of the term “identify,” this interrogatory 3 seeks a sufficiently discrete and coherent list to only count as one question. Running total: 6 4 interrogatories.

5 INTERROGATORY NO. 7: Identify each actual or potential client or customer whom Deel 6 (including anyone acting on Deel’s behalf) has contacted since September 1, 2022, and for each such client or customer, state: (i) the 7 date of each initial communication; (ii) the communication medium(s) (e.g., telephone, email, text message, face-to-face, etc.); 8 (iii) how Deel obtained the contact information for the potential client or customer; and (iv) the substance of each such initial 9 communication. 10 For substantially the same reasons discussed above with respect to Interrogatory No. 1, this 11 counts as two interrogatories: one seeking a list of actual or potential clients or customers, 12 including when and how they were initially contacted; and the other seeking a list of initial 13 communications, including a general description of their substance. Running total: 8 14 interrogatories.

15 INTERROGATORY NO. 8: For each of the parties identified in response to Interrogatory No. 7 16 for whom Deel knew or had reason to believe, at the time it contacted them, that they were actual customers of Rippling or had been 17 identified by Rippling as potential customers, state in detail how Deel gained that information as to each such client or customer. 18 This interrogatory is not included in the heading for this section of the joint letter as a 19 purportedly compound interrogatory, and Deel does not address it specifically in its arguments. 20 ECF No. 146 at 4. The Court therefore presumes it has not been challenged and counts it as a 21 single interrogatory. Running total: 9 interrogatories. 22

INTERROGATORY NO. 9:

23 Identify all Persons with any knowledge of any facts alleged in Rippling’s Complaint (or in any subsequent amended complaints 24 filed by Rippling), including in your response each Person’s name, current employer and title, contact information, and a description of 25 that Person’s relevant knowledge. 26 This interrogatory seeks a sufficiently discrete and coherent list to count as a single 27 interrogatory, so long as the “description of each Person’s relevant knowledge” is constrained to a 1 explanations of certain witnesses’ knowledge, it may serve additional interrogatories tailored to 2 those witnesses or explore the topic through depositions. 3 Accordingly, and limiting the scope of certain interrogatories as discussed above, the Court 4 concludes for the purpose of Rule 33’s presumptive limit that Rippling has served ten of its 5 allotted twenty-five interrogatories. Rippling therefore has fifteen interrogatories remaining.5 6 D. Challenge to Interrogatory No. 1 7 Interrogatory No. 1 asks Deel to:

8 Identify each current or former Rippling employee whom Deel (including anyone acting on Deel’s behalf) has contacted since 9 September 1, 2022, and for each such Rippling employee, state: (i) the date of each such communication; (ii) the communication medium(s) 10 (e.g., telephone, email, text message, face-to-face, etc.); (iii) how Deel obtained the contact Information for such Rippling employee; 11 and (iv) the substance of each communication. 12 ECF No. 146-1 at 11. 13 Deel contends that this interrogatory should be limited to contact with current and former 14 Rippling employees that is “tethered to alleged use of ‘Rippling Originated Information,’ 15 assuming Rippling could identify with particularity what trade secrets allegedly comprised that 16 Information.” ECF No. 146 at 5. According to Deel, the interrogatory should not encompass all 17 efforts it may have taken to recruit current or former Rippling employees, because “[r]ecruiting is 18 not unlawful conduct.” Id. Rippling argues in response that it has sufficiently “allege[d] a nexus 19 between recruiting and trade secret theft because the Enterprise targeted people from Rippling to 20 obtain Rippling’s trade secrets.” Id. 21 The Court agrees with Rippling that Deel’s efforts to recruit Rippling employees are fair 22 game for discovery. Such recruitment is not inherently wrongful, but discovery under Rule 26 is 23 not limited to inherently incriminating evidence. Rippling has alleged that Deel engaged in a 24 practice of recruiting other entities’ (and specifically Rippling’s) employees for the purpose of 25

26 5 To the extent that reasonable minds might differ as to whether this Order accurately counts the number of interrogatories Rippling has served, the Court would in the alternative adjust the 27 number of interrogatories allowed pursuant to Rule 33(a)(1) and Rule 26(b)(2)(a) based on the 1 obtaining confidential information. It is reasonable and proportional to the needs of the case for 2 Rippling to take discovery to investigate the extent to which that practice extended beyond the 3 specific incidents of which Rippling is already aware. Deel must therefore respond to 4 Interrogatory No. 1, subject to the September 1, 2022 start date imposed above, but without a 5 restriction to “Rippling Originated Information.” 6 E. Challenge to Interrogatory No. 3 7 Interrogatory 3 asks Deel to:

8 Identify and describe in full detail every effort that Deel has made to gain Information about other companies from current or former 9 employees of such other companies, including direct and indirect efforts, and for each such effort the name of the individual, the 10 company for whom the individual worked, the people at Deel who were aware of the individual’s activities, and all Information passed 11 to Deel by the individual. 12 ECF No. 146-1 at 16. 13 This Court has previously enforced the parties’ agreement not to stay discovery pending 14 Judge Breyer’s resolution of Defendants’ motions to dismiss. ECF No. 101 at 1. Judge Breyer 15 denied Deel’s request for relief from that order, confirming “that the parties’ stipulation precludes 16 an argument that discovery requests not germane to the motion to dismiss are per se not 17 proportional to the needs of the case.” ECF No. 110. 18 This interrogatory, however, relates to a field of discovery that is relevant (if at all) only to 19 a discrete theory of liability (RICO liability predicated in part on conduct unrelated to Rippling) 20 that might or might not survive Defendants’ motions to dismiss, and which would not necessarily 21 proceed in another forum (e.g., Ireland) if the case did not proceed here. Such discovery might be 22 relevant if Rippling’s RICO claims go forward, but Interrogatory No. 3 strays well beyond the 23 issues of Deel’s relationship with Rippling that make up the heart of the case and are likely to be 24 most relevant to any non-RICO claims. Tabling this interrogatory for the moment will not prevent 25 Rippling from commencing discovery more closely related to those core issues. As a matter of 26 prudence and discretion, the Court finds that a response to this interrogatory at this time would be 27 unduly burdensome and disproportionate to the needs of the case. Rippling’s request to compel a 1 Even if Rippling’s RICO claims proceed, this interrogatory is potentially overbroad. For 2 example, routine interview questions about an applicant’s current and past work experience 3 arguably seek “Information about other companies” from their “current or former employees.” If 4 Judge Breyer declines to dismiss the RICO claims, and the case has not otherwise been narrowed 5 to exclude alleged misconduct with respect to non-parties, the parties shall meet and confer in an 6 effort to agree on a scope for Interrogatory No. 3 that is more narrowly tailored to capture 7 || potential misconduct.® 8 || I. CONCLUSION 9 Deel is ORDERED to respond to Rippling’s interrogatories, as limited by the Court’s 10 analysis above, no later than November 25, 2025. ll IT IS SO ORDERED. e 12 Dated: November 7, 2025

14 (At, | Aerio

/A J. CISNEROS IS ited States Magistrate Judge 16 € = 17

Z 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 © The parties might reasonably disagree over whether particular corporate intelligence efforts are wrongful. The interrogatory therefore need not be limited to acts of misconduct, but tying the 07 interrogatory in some way to confidential, non-public, or proprietary information might serve as an appropriate middle ground. The parties are likely better positioned than the Court to determine 28 in the first instance a useful, workable, and appropriate scope, and the Court declines to resolve the issue at this time.