NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 12 2025

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ANGIE KATHERINE CARDENAS-RUIZ; No. 24-288 A.C., Agency Nos.

A240-291-175

Petitioners, A240-291-174 v.

MEMORANDUM*

PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted November 7, 2025** Portland, Oregon

Before: M. SMITH, NGUYEN, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner Angie Cardenas-Ruiz (“Cardenas-Ruiz”) and her infant daughter

petition for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision affirming

an order by an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying their applications for asylum,

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) protection.1

We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.

“When the BIA reviews the IJ’s decision de novo, ‘our review is limited to

the BIA’s decision except to the extent that the IJ’s opinion is expressly adopted.’”

Park v. Garland, 72 F.4th 965, 974 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Garcia v. Wilkinson,

988 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2021)). Here, to the extent the BIA incorporated the

IJ’s decision into its own, we review both decisions. See Medina-Lara v. Holder,

771 F.3d 1106, 1111 (9th Cir. 2014). “We review factual findings for substantial

evidence and legal questions de novo.” Flores Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626,

632 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Guerra v. Barr, 974 F.3d 909, 911 (9th Cir. 2020)).

1. The BIA erred in finding that the harm inflicted on Cardenas-Ruiz did not

rise to the level of persecution. We have applied both the substantial evidence and

de novo standards of review to determinations that past harm did not rise to the

level of persecution. Compare Kaur v. Wilkinson, 986 F.3d 1216, 1221 (9th Cir.

2021) (applying de novo review), with Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060 (9th

Cir. 2021) (applying substantial evidence review). However, we need not decide

which standard of review generally applies because the harm that Cardenas-Ruiz

1 On appeal, Cardenas-Ruiz fails to challenge the denial of relief under the CAT and has therefore forfeited this claim. See Hernandez v. Garland, 47 F.4th 908, 916 (9th Cir. 2022) (as amended) (quoting Velasquez-Gaspar v. Barr, 976 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2020) (holding that issues not “specifically and distinctly” argued in an opening brief may be deemed forfeited).

2 24-288 suffered rose to the level of persecution even under the more deferential substantial

evidence standard. See Flores Molina, 37 F.4th at 633 n.2; Singh v. Garland, 57

F.4th 643, 652 (9th Cir. 2023) (as amended).

In each case “[t]he key question is whether, looking at the cumulative effect

of all the incidents that a [p]etitioner has suffered, the treatment [she] received

rises to the level of persecution.” Sharma, 9 F.4th at 1061 (quoting Gormley v.

Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1176–77 (9th Cir. 2004)). “[W]e have ‘repeatedly held

that threats may be compelling evidence of past persecution, particularly when

they are specific and menacing and are accompanied by evidence of violent

confrontations, near-confrontations and vandalism.’” Flores Molina, 37 F.4th at

634 (quoting Mashiri v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1112, 1119 (9th Cir. 2004)). “We have

also explained that some forms of physical violence are so extreme that even

attempts to commit them constitute persecution.” Kaur, 986 F.3d at 1223. An

“attempted rape almost always constitutes persecution.” Id. at 1224. Harms to a

petitioner’s family members or close friends strengthen a past persecution claim.

See Singh, 57 F.4th at 654.

Cardenas-Ruiz credibly testified that she was told that her family would be

harmed if she did not join the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

(“FARC”), that what happened to her mother and brother—death and/or

disappearance—would happen to her and her daughter if she did not cooperate, and

3 24-288 repeatedly that she and her family would have to “deal with the consequences” of

not complying with the FARC’s demands. These threats did not occur in isolation.

When Cardenas-Ruiz was 14 years old, a guerrilla attempted to rape her shortly

after she was first recruited by the FARC, but a farmer and his son intervened,

allowing her to escape. Two days later, the farmer and his son were found dead;

the farmer was decapitated, and the son was partially decapitated and his eyelids

and ears were removed. Cardenas-Ruiz also testified that she believed the FARC

had thrown a grenade close to her mother’s home and later murdered her, and that

the FARC was involved in the disappearance of her brother after she was told that

he was targeted for recruitment. The cumulative effect of the attempted rape,

violence, harassment, and threats directed at Cardenas-Ruiz and her family rose to

the level of persecution. See Kaur, 986 F.3d at 1226–27 (holding that the

petitioner suffered past persecution where she was subjected to attempted rape,

death threats, and violence directed against family members).

2. However, the error in evaluating the level of harm that Cardenas-Ruiz

suffered here is harmless because substantial evidence supports the BIA’s

conclusion that the Colombian government was not unwilling or unable to control

the FARC. See Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646, 655–56 (9th Cir. 2000); Reyes-Reyes

v. Ashcroft, 384 F.3d 782, 788 (9th Cir. 2004). The police attempted to investigate

Cardenas-Ruiz’s mother’s death, and the country conditions evidence showed that

4 24-288 the government generally sought to investigate, prosecute, and punish dissident

groups, including the FARC.2

3. Cardenas-Ruiz contends that the IJ violated her due process rights.

“Where an [applicant] is given a full and fair opportunity to be represented by

counsel, to prepare an application for . . . relief, and to present testimony and other

evidence in support of the application, he or she has been provided with due

process.” Vargas-Hernandez v. Gonzales, 497 F.3d 919, 926–27 (9th Cir. 2007).

In addition to showing a due process violation, a petitioner generally must show

prejudice, “meaning the violation potentially affected the outcome of the

immigration proceeding.” Gomez-Velazco v. Sessions, 879 F.3d 989, 993 (9th Cir.

2018). Cardenas-Ruiz raises three due process complaints regarding: (1) her right

to counsel; (2) the adequacy of the IJ’s advisals, development of the record, and

evidentiary determinations; and (3) the BIA’s review of her arguments. None of

the alleged violations warrant relief.

“In order for a waiver [of the right to counsel] to be valid, an IJ must

generally: (1) inquire specifically as to whether petitioner wishes to continue

without a lawyer; and (2) receive a knowing and voluntary affirmative response.”

2 Cardenas-Ruiz also challenges the BIA’s determination that she could reasonably and safely relocate within Colombia to avoid future persecution. However, because we find Cardenas-Ruiz has not satisfied the eligibility requirements for asylum and withholding of removal, we do not address this issue.

5 24-288 Tawadrus v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1099, 1103 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted).

“When a petitioner does not waive the right to counsel, ‘IJs must provide [the

petitioner] with reasonable time to locate counsel and permit counsel to prepare for

the hearing.’” Arrey v. Barr, 916 F.3d 1149, 1158 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Biwot v.

Gonzales, 403 F.3d 1094, 1098–99 (9th Cir. 2005)). Cardenas-Ruiz’s right to

counsel was not violated because the IJ explained her right to counsel, provided

multiple continuances over many months for her to obtain representation, warned

her that the case would continue even if she did not have an attorney, and

specifically inquired if she was “prepared to proceed on [her] own” and she

affirmed that she was prepared to do so.

“[T]he IJ must [also] adequately explain the hearing procedures to the

[noncitizen], including what [s]he must prove to establish [her] basis for relief.”

Agyeman v. INS, 296 F.3d 871, 877 (9th Cir. 2002). The IJ satisfied this

requirement here by advising Cardenas-Ruiz regarding immigration court

procedures and her rights, providing her with an asylum application and

instructions, informing her that she must provide evidence in support of her claims,

and repeatedly confirming that she did not have any questions. The IJ also asked

probing questions and elicited pertinent testimony from Cardenas-Ruiz. While

Cardenas-Ruiz argues that the IJ erred by failing to ask her about eligibility for

other forms of relief, such as U nonimmigrant status, the IJ was not required to do

6 24-288 so. An IJ only has to inform a petitioner subject to removal proceedings of

“apparent eligibility to apply for [relief].” C.J.L.G. v. Barr, 923 F.3d 622, 626 (9th

Cir. 2019) (en banc) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1240.11(a)(2)). Apparent eligibility “is

triggered whenever the facts before the IJ raise a ‘reasonable possibility that the

petitioner may be eligible for relief.’” Id. at 627 (quoting Moran-Enriquez v. INS,

884 F.2d 420, 423 (9th Cir. 1989)). Here, there were not sufficient facts in the

record to trigger apparent eligibility for a nonimmigrant U visa.

Moreover, Cardenas-Ruiz contends that the IJ violated her due process rights

by admitting the Colombia 2021 Human Rights Report without providing an

opportunity for her to review it. “Congress has specifically provided that [a

noncitizen] in a removal proceeding must have ‘a reasonable opportunity to

examine the evidence against the [noncitizen], to present evidence on the

[noncitizen’s] own behalf, and to cross-examine witnesses presented by the

Government . . . .’” Cinapian v. Holder, 567 F.3d 1067, 1074 (9th Cir. 2009)

(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4)(B)). Here, the Government called attention to the

parts of the report detailing the Colombian government’s actions to control the

FARC, and the IJ then summarized the contents of the report and asked Cardenas-

Ruiz if she had any response. Cardenas-Ruiz explained that the FARC is still

active and stated that they continue to commit the same crimes. Cardenas-Ruiz did

not otherwise object to the admission of the report. Although Cardenas-Ruiz was

7 24-288 not provided an opportunity to review the report, she was told the pertinent parts of

its contents by the IJ and given an opportunity to rebut it. Cf. Cinapian, 567 F.3d

at 1071–75 (finding a due process violation where the petitioner was not given a

reasonable opportunity to examine admitted evidence and rebut its allegations).

On this record, no due process violation occurred.

Cardenas-Ruiz’s argument that the IJ’s rejection of her untranslated

evidence violated due process is also unavailing. “[A petitioner] who faces

deportation is entitled to a . . . reasonable opportunity to present evidence on [her]

behalf.” Colmenar v. INS, 210 F.3d 967, 971 (9th Cir. 2000). Cardenas-Ruiz had

previously been told that only English materials would be admitted, and she

presented other evidence, developed the record, and provided ample testimony in

support of her claims. Accordingly, the IJ’s decision not to rely on the

untranslated documents does not raise any due process concerns here.

Lastly, Cardenas-Ruiz contends that the BIA did not address all of her

arguments. Because the BIA’s conclusion that the government was not unwilling

or unable to control the FARC was dispositive to Cardenas-Ruiz’s asylum and

withholding claims, it was not required to address her other arguments.

PETITION DENIED.

8 24-288