1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9

NAVJEET SINGH BANGA,

10 Case No. 16-cv-04270-RS Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF'S 12 MOTION TO SET ASIDE THE CHRIS GUS KANIOS, et al., JUDGMENT AND GRANTING 13 DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO LIFT Defendants. THE STAY REGARDING THE BILL 14 OF COSTS

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16 Navjeet Singh Banga sued Defendants John F. Kennedy University (“JFKU”), National 17 University, Chris Gus Kanios, Dean Barbieri, and Eleanor Armstrong for disability discrimination 18 in violation of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Title III of the Americans with 19 Disabilities Act (“ADA”), derivative relief under California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act and 20 California Unfair Competition Law, and breach of contract. Banga averred that Defendants failed 21 to provide him with reasonable disability accommodations, which caused him to flunk out of the 22 (now defunct) JFKU College of Law. After a bench trial, judgment was entered for Defendants. 23 See Dkt. 585. Banga now moves to set aside that judgment under Rules 60(b)(3), 60(d)(3), and 24 60(b)(6). The motion is denied. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 Prior to the commencement of this suit, Banga was enrolled as a part-time law student at 27 the JFKU. He took two letter-graded courses (Contracts and Torts) during the 2015-2016 1 in May. In advance of his exams, Banga requested various disability accommodations due to his 2 major depressive disorder and social anxiety disorder. JFKU granted Banga double time for his 3 exams, permission to stand up and walk around during the exams, priority registration, multimedia 4 textbooks, and access to a private room in the Office of Accessibility Services in which to take his 5 exams. 6 Still, Banga failed. He received a grade of 60 on his Torts midterm and a grade of 61 on his 7 Contracts midterm. In the spring, he received a 65 on his Torts finals and a 63 on his Contracts 8 final. These contributed to a cumulative grade-point average of 63 at the end of his first year, well 9 below the threshold necessary to avoid academic disqualification. Banga contested his preliminary 10 disqualification through a Petition to Advance on Probation, arguing that he failed his classes 11 because he received insufficient accommodations. Specifically, he complained that the private 12 room he was given was distractingly noisy, preventing him from concentrating. JFKU denied the 13 Petition. 14 Banga filed this lawsuit in July 2016, bringing nine claims under federal and state law. A 15 tortured procedural path—the details of which need not be recited—ensued. Eventually, the case 16 proceeded to a bench trial with five claims still alive. In his case-in-chief, Banga admitted a 17 variety of exhibits and called himself as the only witness. Before the defense case, Defendants 18 moved for judgment on partial findings under Rule 52(c). Ruling on that motion was deferred, and 19 Defendants proceeded to their case-in-chief. The Rule 52(c) motion was granted after the 20 conclusion of the evidence. See Dkt. 585. 21 Each of Banga’s claims failed for multiple reasons. Of importance here, Banga’s claim 22 under the Rehabilitation Act failed because he did not present any evidence permitting the 23 conclusion that he would have met the criteria for academic eligibility had he been granted his 24 requested accommodation. See Dkt. 585, at 8. Banga could have met his burden by, for example, 25 submitting evidence of his performance in classes not tested by examination, but he did not. His 26 ADA claim was dismissed for mootness. See id., at 10–11. His Unruh Act and Unfair Competition 27 Law claims failed because they were derivative of his disability discrimination claims. See id., at 1 12. Finally, Banga’s breach of contract claim failed because he offered no persuasive evidence that 2 JFKU failed to refund him for tuition that went towards classes from which he was ultimately 3 forced to withdraw. See id. at 13. 4 In the alternative, the order resolving Banga’s claims made findings of facts based on 5 evidence introduced by both sides at trial. Some of those findings referred to testimony of defense 6 witnesses regarding whether Banga received credit in the first-year Legal Research and Writing 7 course. That evidence tended to show that, even with full accommodations, Banga would not have 8 been qualified to continue at JFKU. See Dkt. 585, at 16 (“The core of Banga’s disability 9 discrimination argument is that, but for Defendants’ refusal to give him a sufficiently private, 10 quiet room for tests, he would have been able to succeed at JFKU. Banga’s no-credit grade in 11 Legal Research and Writing undermines this argument because it demonstrates that even when 12 Banga had unbounded time to complete his coursework and to do so in non-distracting 13 environments, he was unable to meet JFKU’s academic standards.”). 14 The alternative findings also emphasized Defendants’ evidence regarding the 15 reasonableness of the accommodations Banga received. Tellingly, the evidence revealed that after 16 taking his spring finals, Banga complained to JFKU administrators that he failed because his exam 17 software failed and because he experienced “anxiety and panic” during the exam. See Dkt. 585, at 18 16–17. No evidence—other than Banga’s own testimony—indicated that the private room he 19 tested in was too noisy. See id. 20 Banga appealed the order of judgment. See Dkt. 587. The Ninth Circuit dismissed the 21 appeal because Banga did not file an opening brief, see Dkt. 599, but reopened the appeal on his 22 motion, see Dkt. 603. Banga then voluntarily dismissed his appeal. See Dkt. 608. While the appeal 23 was pending, Banga filed a motion to aside the judgment under Rule 60(b)(3), Rule 60(d)(5), 24 and/or Rule 60(b)(6). See Dkt. 601. He then amended that motion. See Dkt. 610 (Mot.). 25 In the amended motion, Banga argues that judgment rests on the perjured testimony of two 26 witnesses: Professor Kanios and President Bean. See Mot., at 1. Professor Kanios testified that 27 Banga received no credit in a year-long Legal Research and Writing course that was graded on a 1 credit/no-credit basis. Tr. 179:7–21. Banga contends this was false on two fronts. First, the course 2 was not year-long. Second, he did not receive a grade of “no credit.” Rather, his transcript (for 3 some unexplained reason) lacked a notation for that course. See Mot. Ex. 10. 4 President Bean testified that she stood by her response to an interrogatory, in which she 5 stated that Banga asked for a private room the day before his exam was scheduled. Tr. 152:3–5. 6 That is contradicted, Banga says, by documentary evidence showing he requested a private room 7 in March of 2016—63 days before his exam. See Mot. Ex. 11. This false testimony, in Banga’s 8 view, “transform[ed] a timely 63-day advance request into last-minute procrastination that never 9 triggered Defendants’ legal duty to engage in the interactive process.” Mot. at 3. 10 II. LEGAL STANDARD 11 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(3) permits a district court to “relieve a party . . 12 . from final judgment” where there is “fraud . . . misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing 13 party.” “To prevail, the moving party must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the verdict 14 was obtained through fraud, misrepresentation, or other misconduct and the conduct complained 15 of prevented the losing party from fully and fairly presenting [its case].” De Saracho v. Custom 16 Food Machinery, Inc., 206 F.3d 874, 880 (9th Cir. 2000). 17 Rule 60(d)(3) clarifies that district courts maintain the authority to “set aside a judgment 18 for fraud on the court.” “A court’s power to grant relief from judgment for fraud on the court 19 stems from ‘a rule of equity to the effect that under certain circumstances, one of which is after- 20 discovered fraud, relief will be granted against judgments regardless of the term of their entry.’” 21 United States v. Sierra Pacific Industries, Inc., 862 F.3d 1157, 1167 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting 22 Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 244 (1944)). “[R]elief from 23 judgment for fraud on the court is ‘available only to prevent a grave miscarriage of justice.’” Id. at 24 1167 (quoting United States v. Beggerly, 524 U.S. 38, 47 (1998)). 25 Rule 60(b)(6) permits a district court to “relieve a party . . . from a final judgment” for 26 “any other reason that justifies relief.” “This clause ‘gives the district court power to vacate 27 judgments whenever such action is appropriate to accomplish justice.’” Henson v. Fid. Nat’l Fin., 1 Inc., 943 F.3d 434, 443 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Sparks, 685 F.2d 1128, 1130 (9th 2 Cir. 1982)). “A movant seeking relief under Rule 60(b)(6) must show ‘extraordinary 3 circumstances justifying the reopening of a final judgment.’” Jones v. Ryan, 733 F.3d 825, 833 4 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Gonzales v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 528 (2005)). 5 III. DISCUSSION 6 Banga’s request for relief fails. He points to allegedly perjured testimony presented during 7 the defense case, but that testimony—perjured or not—had no impact on the disposition of his 8 claims. That is because all claims that remained live during the bench trial were resolved through 9 the Defendants’ Rule 52(c) motion, which was evaluated using only the evidence presented in 10 Banga’s case-in-chief. See Dkt. 585, at 7–15. If the allegedly perjured testimony was outside the 11 evidence on which the claims were decided, it did not prevent Banga from “fully and fairly 12 presenting” his case, De Saracho, 206 F.3d at 880 (Rule 60(b)(3)), or represent an injustice, see 13 Sierra Pacific, 862 F.3d at 1167 (Rule 60(d)(3)); Jones, 733 F.3d at 833 (Rule 60(b)(6)). 14 Banga’s insistence the allegedly perjured testimony “was dispositive” in the order 15 resolving his claims is wrong. Mot., at 20 While that order cited testimony about Banga’s grade in 16 the “year-long Legal Research and Writing course” in its evaluation of the disability 17 discrimination claim, that analysis was done in the alternative. That is, while Banga’s claims fared 18 especially poorly when tested by Defendants’ evidence, they would have failed even if Defendants 19 presented no case at all. 20 In any event, the testimony about Banga’s Legal Research and Writing grade was not the 21 only evidence that undercut his disability discrimination claims. They were also weakened by 22 testimony—unchallenged by Banga in this motion—demonstrating that the accommodations he 23 received were perfectly sufficient. See Dkt. 585, at 16. In particular, Barbieri testified that the 24 private room in which Banga took his exams was far less distracting than the classroom in which 25 students without accommodations tested, see Tr. 90:9–20, and Banga testified during the defense 26 case that he initially blamed his poor grades on “anxiety and panic” during the exam as well as on 27 the exam software, not on the sufficiency of JFKU’s accommodations, see Trial Ex. 30, at 1. 1 Banga’s complaint about President Bean’s testimony is even less persuasive. He appears to 2 believe that by falsely testifying that Banga’s accommodation request was not timely, President 3 Bean obviated JKFU’s obligation to engage in an interactive negotiation over the accommodations 4 request. In the context of employment cases, the Ninth Circuit has held that timely request for a 5 disability accommodation triggers “a mandatory obligation to engage in an informal interactive 6 process ‘to clarify what the individual needs and identify the appropriate accommodation.’” 7 Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 1154 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 228 F.3d 8 1105, 1112 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc)). 9 This argument focuses on an irrelevant technicality. The interactive negotiation 10 obligation—to the extent it even applies here1—is meant to facilitate the provision of a reasonable 11 accommodation. See Barnett, 228 F.3d at 1113 (“The interactive process is at the heart of the 12 ADA’s process and essential to accomplishing its goals. It is the primary vehicle for identifying 13 and achieving effective adjustments which allow disabled employees to continue working without 14 placing an ‘undue burden’ on employers.”). That is precisely what JFKU did. It gave Banga extra 15 time, special privileges during the test, and a private space in which to take the exam. Banga has 16 retroactively asserted that those accommodations were not enough, but the evidence demonstrated 17 otherwise. Banga has offered nothing to disturb that finding. 18 Though relief can be easily denied without deciding if Banga’s assertion of perjury is 19 meritorious, for completeness: It is not. Professor Kanios’s testimony that Banga “did not get 20 credit for” his work in the Legal Research and Writing course is, at worst, a mistake. After all, 21 Banga’s transcript lacked a notation for that course more than a year after the course was 22

23 1 It is not clear that this obligation applies in non-employment cases. Barnett discerned the 24 obligation from the legislative history of the ADA that spoke specifically about the duties of employers and the EEOC’s implementing regulations, which apply to employers. See 228 F.3d at 25 1111–12. In Zulke v. Regents of the University of California, the Ninth Circuit articulated the legal standard that applies to claims of disability discrimination arising in the educational context, and it 26 made no mention of the interactive process requirement. See 166 F.3d 1041, 1047 (9th Cir. 1999). Nevertheless, the obligation’s application to educational dismissals is assumed because Banga’s 27 claim fails even if it applies. 1 completed. See Mot. Ex. 9 (transcript dated January 29, 2017). Banga says that the lack of a 2 notation was due to his administrative withdrawal, but he did not administratively withdraw until 3 the summer of 2016, after other spring grades were filed. Perhaps Kanios was wrong about the 4 || reason for the lack of a notation on the transcript, but his mistake was not so egregious that the 5 only explanation is that he lied under oath. It also remains unclear why Banga could not have just 6 || impeached Kanios with his transcript. Banga chose not to cross examine Professor Kanios at all, 7 instead claiming that he was prejudiced by incorrect information about the witness sequence. See 8 || Tr. 197:16-22. 9 Banga has also not established that President Bean perjured herself. Banga argues that 10 || President Bean’s rather equivocal testimony about the timing of Banga’s accommodation request 11 must have been knowingly false because, as JFKU President, she would have known that Banga 12 actually requested an accommodation about two months before his spring exams. However, the 13 accommodation request was not made to President Bean, see Mot. Ex. 11, and Banga has provided 14 || nothing other than conjecture to support her knowledge of the specific timing of the request.

IV. CONCLUSION

16 Despite nine years of trying, Banga has failed to establish any entitlement to relief. This is 3 17 the end of the line. The motion is denied, and Defendants’ motion to lift stay of the bill of costs 18 || (kt. 609) is granted 3 19 20 || ITISSO ORDERED. 21 22 Dated: November 14, 2025 23 24 25 || 7 At various points, Banga appears to assign significance to Professor Kanios’s allegedly erroneous statement that Legal Research and Writing was a full-year course instead of a one- 26 || semester course. See Mot. at 17. Why that minor mistake matters is anyone’s guess. 97 || 3 All of Defendants’ evidentiary objections are moot. Ik ORDER DENYING RULE 60(8) MOTION _ CASE No. 16-cv-04270-RS

RICHARD SEEBORG

1 Chief United States District Judge 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27