1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MIGUEL CABRERA-TRILLO, Case No.: 3:25-cv-02865-CAB-MSB

12 Petitioner,

ORDER:

13 v. 1) PARTIALLY GRANTING

PETITIONER’S APPLICATION

14 KRISTI NOEM, et. al.,

FOR TEMPORARY

Respondents. 15 RESTRAINING ORDER [Doc. No. 2]; 16

17 2) TO SHOW CAUSE RE:

INJUNCTION; AND

18

19 3) SETTING HEARING ON

PETITION AND INJUNCTION

20

21 [Doc. No. 2] 22 23 Before the Court is Miguel Cabrera-Trillo’s (“Petitioner”) petition for a temporary 24 restraining order, [Doc. No. 2 (“TRO”)], pending a decision on his petition for a writ of 25 habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. [Doc. No. 1 (“Petition”).] For the following 26 reasons, the Court PARTIALLY GRANTS the temporary restraining order and 27 ORDERS Petitioner immediately released from U.S. Immigration and Customs 28 Enforcement (“ICE”) detention. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Petitioner is a citizen and national of Cuba. [Petition at 2.] He came to the United 3 States as a refugee on May 7, 1980. [Id.; Doc. No. 9 at 2.] He later became a Lawful 4 Permanent Resident (“LPR”) retroactive to May 19, 1980. [Id.] On November 7, 1997— 5 after a California state drug-related conviction—Petitioner was ordered removed from the 6 United States to Cuba. [Doc. No. 9-1 at ¶¶ 5–6.] All parties waived appeal. [Id.] 7 Petitioner has spent at least 22 months in immigration detention since 1997. After 8 his November 1997 order of removal, he spent fifteen months in immigration detention 9 until he was released on February 11, 1999 on an Order of Supervision (“OSUP”). [Id. at 10 ¶ 7.] Petitioner was later re-detained and spent four months in detention from February 18 11 to June 18, 2003, when he was released “due to [the government] being unable to remove 12 Petitioner from the United States because the Country of Cuba would not issue travel 13 documents.” [Id. at ¶ 7.] And most recently, Petitioner was put in detention on August 29, 14 2025 and has spent almost three months in detention. [Id. ¶¶ 8.] At that time, Respondents 15 served Petitioner with a Notice of Revocation of Release, a Form I-200 (Warrant of Arrest 16 of Alien), a Form I-205 (Warrant of Removal/Deportation), and a Form I-294 (Warning to 17 Alien Ordered Removed or Deported). [Id. at ¶ 8.] 18 Respondent admits that the government recently tried to secure Petitioner’s removal 19 to Cuba but was informed on October 31, 2025 that the Government of Cuba declined to 20 accept him for repatriation. [Doc. No. 9-1 at ¶ 11.] Respondents now “will work to locate 21 a third country for resettlement to effect Petitioner’s removal to a third country” and will 22 notify Petitioner if a third country accepts him. [Id. at ¶ 12.] Respondents also declare that 23 “[i]f the Petitioner claims fear of return to this third country, he will be referred for a 24 reasonable fear interview with an asylum officer.” [Id.] 25 II. LEGAL STANDARD 26 The legal standard for issuing a TRO is essentially identical to the standard for 27 issuing a preliminary injunction. See Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co. v. John D. Brush & Co., 28 1 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001). In the Ninth Circuit, “[a] party seeking a preliminary 2 injunction must meet one of two variants of the same standard.” All. for the Wild Rockies 3 v. Pena, 865 F.3d 1211, 1217 (9th Cir. 2017). Under the Winter standard, a party is entitled 4 to a preliminary injunction if he demonstrates (1) that he is likely to succeed on the merits, 5 (2) that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, (3) that 6 the balance of equities tips in his favor, and (4) that an injunction is in the public interest. 7 Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). A party must make a showing 8 on all four prongs. See A Woman’s Friend Pregnancy Res. Clinic v. Becerra, 901 F.3d 9 1166, 1167 (9th Cir. 2018). 10 Under the Ninth Circuit’s “serious questions” test, “a sliding scale variant of the 11 Winter test,” a party is “entitled to a preliminary injunction if it demonstrates (1) serious 12 questions going to the merits, (2) a likelihood of irreparable injury, (3) a balance of 13 hardships that tips sharply towards the [petitioner], and (4) the injunction is in the public 14 interest.” Flathead-Lolo-Bitterroot Citizen Task Force v. Montana, 98 F.4th 1180, 1190 15 (9th Cir. 2024) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[I]f a [petitioner] can only show that 16 there are serious questions going to the merits—a lesser showing than likelihood of success 17 on the merits—then a preliminary injunction may still issue if the balance of hardships tips 18 sharply in the [petitioner’s] favor, and the other two Winter factors are satisfied.” All. for 19 the Wild Rockies, 865 F.3d at 1217 (internal quotation marks omitted). 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 A. Detention 22 Petitioner asserts that he is unlawfully detained under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A) 23 (proscribing 90 days detention post-removal order) or Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678 24 (2001). Respondents argue that the period for the government to detain Petitioner for 25 removal either under § 1231(a)(1)(A) or Zadvydas has not elapsed because Petitioner was 26 detained on August 29, 2025. [Doc. No. 9 at 4–5.] The Court disagrees with Respondents. 27 /// 28 /// 1 1. Likelihood of Success 2 As relevant here, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A) provides a 90-day removal period that 3 begins when the order of removal becomes administratively final. Petitioner was first 4 ordered removed on November 7, 1997 and because both parties waived the right to appeal, 5 that order of removal became administratively final the same day. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.39; 6 8 C.F.R. § 1241.1. Since then, the government has detained Petitioner for nearly two years 7 in total—far longer than either 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A) proscribes or would be 8 presumptively reasonable under Zadvydas. 9 Under Zadvydas, “once removal is no longer reasonably foreseeable, continued 10 detention is no longer authorized by statute [8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6)].” 533 U.S. at 699. The 11 Petitioner has the initial burden to show that (1) he has experienced post-removal order 12 detention for more than Zadvydas’ six-month presumptively reasonable period of detention 13 and (2) there is good reason to believe that there is no significant likelihood of removal in 14 the reasonably foreseeable future. Id. at 701. Given Petitioner’s detention for nearly two 15 years since his final order of removal in November 1997, Petitioner more than meets the 16 first prong. The Court also finds that Petitioner has met the second prong. He has shown 17 that the government could not remove him to Cuba in 1997, 2004, or just last month. All 18 Respondents offer to rebut Petitioner’s showing is that as of two weeks ago, they now “will 19 work to locate a third country for resettlement[.]” [Doc. No. 9-1 at ¶ 12.] 20 The time to keep Petitioner in detention for purposes of removal, either under the 21 statutory 90-day removal period or the 6-month Zadvydas presumption, has long passed. 22 This factor strongly favors Petitioner. 23 2. Irreparable Harm 24 Under the second Winter factor, the Court considers whether Petitioner is “likely to 25 suffer irreparable harm in the absence of [injunctive] relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. 26 Petitioner argues that he is experiencing unlawful detention and “is almost 69 years old 27 and has numerous medical issues.” [TRO at 5.] Respondents do not contest this argument; 28 1 instead, Respondents argue that Petitioner’s alleged irreparable harm is a mere 2 “possibility” and not an “immediate threatened injury,” as required. [Doc. No. 9 at 10.] 3 There is no dispute that Respondents can promise nothing more than starting the 4 process to even identify a third country for removal. Absent the Court’s intervention, 5 Petitioner will remain in detention seemingly indefinitely. Given the Court’s finding that 6 Petitioner is likely to succeed on at least one of his claims, Plaintiffs have established an 7 irreparable harm in the form of unlawful detention. Therefore, the second Winter factor 8 favors Petitioner. 9 3. Balance of Equities and Public Interest 10 When the government is an involved party, the third and fourth Winter factors—the 11 balance of the equities and the public interest—merge. Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 435 12 (2009). Petitioner argues that these factors favor him because “the risk of harm to 13 Petitioner far outweighs the government’s interest in illegally detaining him[.]” [TRO at 14 6.] Respondents argue that there is significant public interest in the timely execution of 15 immigration laws and removal orders. [Doc. No. 9 at 11–12.] 16 “[I]t would not be equitable or in the public’s interest to allow . . . [violation of] the 17 requirements of federal law, especially when there are no adequate remedies available.” 18 Ariz. Dream Act Coal. v. Brewer, 757 F.3d 1053, 1069 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Valle Del 19 Sol Inc. v. Whiting, 732 F.3d 1006, 1029 (9th Cir. 2013)). “On the contrary, the public 20 interest and the balance of the equities favor ‘prevent[ing] the violation of a party’s 21 constitutional rights.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Melendres v. Arpaio, 695 F.3d 22 990, 1002 (9th Cir. 2012)). Moreover, Respondents have presented no evidence to support 23 that Petitioner has not or will not cooperate in the timely execution of his removal if he is 24 not in Respondents’ custody. The Court therefore finds that the third and fourth Winter 25 factors support injunctive relief. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 B. Third Country Removal 2 Now that Cuba has refused Petitioner’s repatriation, Respondents have indicated that 3 they will attempt to remove Petitioner to some other, as-yet unidentified country pursuant 4 to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2). [Doc. No. 9-1 at ¶ 12.] Petitioner argues that Respondents may 5 not do so without giving him adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard regarding the 6 potential for persecution, torture, or death in that country. [Petition at 20–21.] 7 There is no evidence before the Court that if a third country is identified, 8 Respondents will contravene Ninth Circuit precedent requiring Petitioner to be notified 9 that he may apply for withholding of removal to that third county. See, e.g., Andriasian v. 10 I.N.S., 180 F.3d 1033, 1041 (9th Cir. 1999) (“Failing to notify individuals who are subject 11 to deportation that they have the right to apply for asylum in the United States and for 12 withholding of deportation to the country to which they will be deported violates both INS 13 regulations and the constitutional right to due process.”). Indeed, Respondents have stated 14 the opposite, which is that “[i]f the Petitioner claims fear of return to this third country, he 15 will be referred for a reasonable fear interview with an asylum officer.” [Doc. No. 9-1 at 16 ¶ 12.] It is thus premature on the current record for this Court to order injunctive relief 17 related to Petitioner’s potential future removal to an unidentified third country. The Court 18 DENIES Petitioner’s TRO on this issue. 19 C. Bond 20 A court “may issue a preliminary injunction or a temporary restraining order only if 21 the movant gives security in an amount that the court considers proper to pay the costs and 22 damages sustained by any party found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained.” 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(c). “Despite the seemingly mandatory language, Rule 65(c) invests the 24 district court with discretion as to the amount of security required, if any.” Johnson v. 25 Couturier, 572 F.3d 1067, 1086 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted) 26 (emphasis in original). If there is no realistic likelihood of harm to the defendant from 27 enjoining the disputed conduct, “the district court may dispense with the filing of a bond[.]” 28 1 ||/d. Given that Respondent has not argued that complying with the TRO will be costly, the 2 ||Court DECLINES to set bond. 3 |TV. CONCLUSION 4 Based on the foregoing, the Court ORDERS that: 5 1. Respondents immediately release Petitioner from ICE custody, and for the 14 6 days following this order that Petitioner remain under the same conditions as 7 his last release from immigration custody 8 2. Respondents SHOW CAUSE why, after this 14-day period, Petitioner’s 9 release should not continue under the same conditions as his last release from 10 immigration custody. Respondents shall file the response to this order to 1] show cause on or before November 24, 2025, and Petitioner may file any 12 reply on or before December 1, 2025 at 12:00 p.m. 13 3. The parties must appear on December 2, 2025 at 10:30 a.m. for a hearing on 14 the Court’s order to show cause and on the merits of the Petition. [Doc. No. 15 1.] Because both parties addressed the motion for TRO and Petition in their 16 respective briefing on the TRO, [see Doc. No. 9 at 2; Doc. No. 10 at 3-5], no 17 additional briefing shall be submitted on the Petition. 18 It is SO ORDERED. 19 20 21 Dated: November 18, 2025 (GB 22 Hon. Cathy Ann Bencivengo 23 United States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28