1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 PLATT, LLC, et al., 10 Case No. 25-cv-07018-RS Plaintiffs, 11 v. ORDER GRANTING REMAND 12

OPTUMRX, INC.,

13 Defendant. 14

15 16 I. INTRODUCTION 17 This action was filed in Alameda County Superior Court in September of 2020. Nearly five 18 years later, defendants filed a notice of removal, asserting removal jurisdiction exists under the 19 “federal officer removal statute,” 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1), because plaintiffs seek to hold them 20 liable for conduct they contend was “connected with” their “actions under a federal agency—the 21 Veteran’s Health Administration (“VHA”).” Just under 30 days after that, defendants filed an 22 “amended” notice of removal, still based on the theory that their challenged conduct was 23 “connected with” their actions “under” the VHA, but adding the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 24 Services (“CMS”) as an additional agency “under” which they purportedly acted. 25 Plaintiffs responded to the initial notice of removal with a motion to remand, contending 26 the removal was untimely and that there was no substantive basis for removal. Plaintiffs responded 27 to the amended notice of removal with a motion to strike it both on procedural grounds that it was 1 grounds for removal was untimely. Plaintiffs also filed a separate motion to remand addressed to 2 the amended notice of removal. The two motions to remand and the motion to strike were heard on 3 November 21, 2025. For the reasons explained below, remand will be granted. 4 5 II. BACKGROUND 6 Plaintiffs are 21 independent pharmacies. Defendant OptumRx, (“Optum”) is alleged to be 7 a wholly owned subsidiary and/or affiliate of United Healthcare Group, Inc. Optum operates as a 8 pharmacy benefits manager (“PBM”) for various health insurance plans. Under the terms of the 9 parties’ contracts, plaintiffs fill prescriptions for Optum’s health plan clients and submit claims for 10 reimbursement to Optum. Plaintiffs allege only a handful of PBMs dictate the reimbursement rates 11 for dispensing brand and generic prescription drugs to patients. Optum purportedly controls 12 approximately 25% of the national PBM market alone. 13 Plaintiffs allege Optum has “systematically abused” its price-setting power in an attempt to 14 drive independent pharmacies out of business, in breach of the contracts and its attendant duty of 15 good faith and fair dealing. Plaintiffs contend Optum seeks to divert business that would otherwise 16 go to local, independent pharmacies to its own affiliated “mail order” pharmacy. 17 As noted, plaintiffs filed their original complaint in 2020. Optum contends the complaint 18 did not disclose a basis for removal, and that therefore the 30-day period for removal following its 19 receipt of the initial pleading was never triggered. See 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1). Optum further 20 argues the alternative 30-day period for removal specified in § 1446(b)(3) likewise never began to 21 run. That section requires defendants to remove within 30 days once they receive “through service 22 or otherwise, of a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it may 23 first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable.” 24 Optum contends it discovered the case was removable “based on its own investigation,” 25 shortly after plaintiffs were granted leave to amend in state court this past summer. Optum does 26 not argue the action only became removable upon the amendment; its position is no time limit for 27 removal was ever triggered where the basis of removal was not apparent on the face of the 1 complaint or from any subsequent pleading or other paper it received, and that it could properly 2 remove whenever it happened to investigate and decide removal was available. 3 Plaintiffs, in turn, argue Optum could not unilaterally extend its time to remove 4 indefinitely. While plaintiffs do not press an argument that Optum’s time to remove was triggered 5 by service of the original complaint (because it presumably implicated the “federal officer” issue 6 from the outset), they contend the 30-day time to remove began to run no later than 2023, when 7 Optum served discovery responses showing that it had processed 4,819 prescription drug claims 8 identifying “VETERANS HEALTH ADMIN” as the insurance carrier. 9 It is that very role of the VHA as an insurance carrier that Optum contends gives rise to 10 “federal officer” removal. Optum, however, relies on case law suggesting that only a pleading or 11 other paper served on the defendant, triggers the 30-day period of § 1446(b)(3), and therefore 12 discovery responses that it served on plaintiffs are irrelevant. 13 14 Technically, separate motions to remand addressed to the original and amended notices of 15 removal likely are unnecessary. Either this matter should be remanded, or its should not, and a 16 single motion could address the issues raised by both the original and the amended notices. 17 Treating the two notices of removal separately, however, is useful for purposes of analysis. The 18 flow chart is as follows: 19 1. Was the original notice of removal timely? If no, remand is required. 20 2. If the original notice was timely, is the invocation of “federal officer” jurisdiction 21 viable? If yes, remand must be denied, and it will be unnecessary to consider the viability of the 22 amended notice of removal. 23 3. If, and only if, the original notice was timely, but the invocation of “federal officer” 24 jurisdiction is not viable with respect to the claim that defendants acted “under” the VHA, then the 25 impact of the amended notice of removal must be evaluated. By defendants’ own arguments, the 26 amended notice of removal is timely only if the initial notice of removal is timely. Accordingly, 27 the issue will be whether that notice should be stricken based on failure to seek leave to file it. If 1 so, then either the matter should be remanded, or defendants should be allowed the opportunity to 2 seek leave to amend their notice. 3 4. If the amended notice is not stricken, the remaining question will be whether defendants 4 can properly invoke “federal officer” jurisdiction with respect to the CMS, even though their 5 arguments for jurisdiction arising from their interactions with the VHA have failed. 6 7 III. LEGAL STANDARD 8 A defendant has the right to remove to federal court “any civil action brought in a State 9 court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 10 1441(a). Most commonly, original jurisdiction exists when a state case presents a federal question, 11 involves parties with complete diversity of citizenship plus at least $75,000 as the amount in 12 controversy, or falls under maritime law. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332, 1333. Here, however, 13 Optum invokes 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1), which authorizes removal of actions against “any officer 14 (or any person acting under that officer) of the United States or of any agency thereof . . . for or 15 relating to any act under color of such office.”). To support removal on this basis, “Defendants 16 must show: (1) they were “acting under” federal officers, (2) they can assert a colorable federal 17 defense, and (3) Plaintiffs’ injuries were for or relating to Defendants’ actions.” City & Cnty. of 18 Honolulu v. Sunoco LP, 39 F.4th 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2022) 19 Ordinarily, “[i]t is to be presumed that a cause lies outside the limited jurisdiction of the 20 federal courts.” Abrego v. Dow Chem. Co., 443 F.3d 676, 684 (9th Cir. 2006) (cleaned up). In the 21 case of the federal officer removal statute, however, longstanding public policy calls for it to be 22 construed “broadly in favor of removal.” Durham v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 445 F.3d 1247, 23 1252–53 (9th Cir. 2006). 24 25 26 27 1 IV. DISCUSSION 2 A. Timeliness 3 1. § 1446(b)(1)—30 days from service of original complaint 4 As noted, plaintiffs do not press an argument that Optum’s time to file a notice of removal 5 began to run when it received the original complaint in 2020. Because the question is one of 6 jurisdiction, however, it is appropriate to address it. It may be true that the availability of removal 7 under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1), the “federal officer” removal provision, was not expressly spelled 8 out in the allegations of the complaint. There is no suggestion, however, that Optum was unaware 9 at the outset of this litigation that the VHA was one of the health plan sponsors for whom it 10 processed prescription drug benefits. Optum insists it “discovered the grounds of removal based 11 on its own investigation,” in 2025, but it does not explain what facts it discovered at that point in 12 time, if any, or why those facts were not already in its possession. 13 A reasonable inference to draw from the record is that Optum did not “discover the 14 grounds of removal” in the sense of learning new facts, but that when reviewing legal strategy 15 after the state court allowed an amended complaint, counsel realized for the first time that an 16 additional legal argument could be made. To support its contention that no time clock for removal 17 ever began to run, Optum quotes the decision in Garcia v. Cent. Coast Restaurants, Inc., 2018 WL 18 6267829, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 26, 2018), which stated “the Ninth Circuit has made clear there is 19 no time limit placed upon a defendant’s independent arrival at grounds for removability.” Garcia, 20 in turn, relied on Roth v. CHA Hollywood Medical Center, L.P. 720 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2013), a 21 case in which defendants contended removal was proper under the Class Action Fairness Act 22 (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c)(1). Roth held “a defendant who has not lost the right to remove 23 because of a failure to timely file a notice of removal under § 1446(b)(1) or (b)(3) may remove to 24 federal court when it discovers, based on its own investigation, that a case is removable.” Id. at 25 1123. 26 In Roth, the plaintiff seeking remand did not contend the notice of removal was untimely. 27 Rather, plaintiff argued no right to remove had ever arisen, because the face of the complaint did 1 not establish removability, and defendants had not subsequently received “a copy of an amended 2 pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one 3 which is or has become removable.” In other words, the plaintiff was insisting § 1446(b)(1) and 4 (b)(3) provide the authority for removal, and that unless one of those provisions is triggered, no 5 right to remove arises. See id. at 1124. 6 Roth rejected that reading, finding instead that removal is generally authorized by § 1441, 7 and that § 1446(b)(1) and (b)(3) are merely procedural limitations on the right to remove, which 8 set time limits if triggered.1 Thus, the issue and holding in Roth do not directly speak to the 9 question here, which is what circumstances start the 30-day clock running under § 1446(b)(1) or 10 (b)(3). Roth, however, did observe existing circuit precedent holds a defendant does not have a 11 duty of inquiry if the initial pleading or other document is “indeterminate” with respect to 12 removability. 720 F.3d at 1125 (citing Harris v. Bankers Life and Casualty Co., 425 F.3d 689, 13 693–94 (9th Cir. 2005). “Thus, even if a defendant could have discovered grounds for 14 removability through investigation, it does not lose the right to remove because it did not conduct 15 such an investigation and then file a notice of removal within thirty days of receiving the 16 indeterminate document.” Id. 17 The concept of a pleading being “indeterminate,” though, most often arises in the context 18 of potential diversity jurisdiction. In Harris, for example the complaint did not state the current 19 citizenship of one party, only his past residence. 425 F.3d at 693. The court observed, “[i]ndeed, it 20 is not uncommon for a state court pleading to omit the necessary facts needed to determine 21 diversity.” Id. 22 It is relatively easy to see that a state court complaint is “indeterminate” as to the 23

24 1 Section 1441 authorizes removals on the familiar grounds of federal question or diversity, as well as in other specified less common circumstances. Here, Optum contends removal is 25 authorized under § 1442. While § 1446, entitled “Procedure for Removal of Civil Actions,” certainly governs removals under § 1442 as well as those under § 1441, the precise application of 26 the time limits in § 1446(b)(1) and (b)(3) must take into account the nature of the basis for 27 removal. 1 possibility of diversity jurisdiction if it does not spell out the citizenship of the parties, or facts 2 showing the amount in controversy, and why precedent does not place any duty on defendants to 3 investigate further, allowing them instead to await receipt from plaintiffs of some further 4 document filling in the jurisdictional gap. 5 Less apparent, however, is when a defendant should be responsible for knowing there is a 6 right to remove under federal question jurisdiction, or, as here, under § 1442. For example, in 7 Cantrell v. Great Republic Ins. Co., 873 F.2d 1249 (9th Cir. 1989), defendants had removed based 8 on a purported federal question following the filing of an amended complaint. The Ninth Circuit 9 concluded the removal was untimely, because the original complaint presented the same grounds 10 for removal, namely preemption under ERISA. While the complaint did not expressly state the 11 insurance policy in dispute was subject to ERISA, defendants had effectively conceded that no 12 discovery was necessary to discover the “true nature” of the claim, and that they had known the 13 action was “really an ERISA case” from the outset. Id. at 1255 n. 11 & 1256. Therefore, the time 14 period for removal began upon service of the original complaint, and the notice of removal filed 15 after the amended complaint was untimely. In other words, even though a fact critical to existence 16 of removal jurisdiction—that the insurance policy sued on was part of an ERISA plan—did not 17 appear in the complaint, defendants’ own knowledge as to the nature of their business was 18 sufficient to trigger the § 1446(b)(1) deadline. 19 Thus, while case law amply supports the broad principle (at least in diversity cases) that a 20 defendant is under no obligation to investigate facts outside those alleged in the complaint to 21 determine if there is a potential to remove, that does not automatically preclude the § 1446(b)(1) 22 time period for removal from beginning to run where the issue is not really that the facts are 23 unknown or uncertain, but the appropriate application of law to the known facts. Here, Optum 24 does not suggest it only recently discovered that its clients included VHA and CMS. Rather, the 25 most reasonable inference is that Optum came upon the arguments it now advances as a basis for 26 removal when conducting further legal analysis of the claims and defenses in this action, as part of 27 developing its ongoing litigation strategy. Just as the Cantrell defendant was held responsible for 1 timely asserting jurisdiction based on ERISA preemption notwithstanding that it did not expressly 2 appear on the face of the complaint, Optum cannot be excused from failing to assert its claim of a 3 right to remove under § 1442 at the outset.2 4 5 2. § 1446(b)(3)—30 days from service of other document 6 Even assuming the 30-day window for removal of § 1446(b)(1) did not open upon 7 Optum’s receipt of the original complaint five years ago, the removal was untimely under 8 § 1446(b)(3) because it came long after Optum responded to written discovery requests 9 propounded by plaintiff by producing data on over 4,000 claims it had processed involving the 10 Veteran’s Health Administration and over 400,000 claims involving Medicare. Optum insists that 11 document production cannot be seen as an “other paper” under § 1446(b)(3) for two reasons. 12 First, Optum contends the discovery responses it provided did not include enough detail 13 regarding its interactions with the VHA and CMS to determine if all of the requisites for removal 14 under the “federal officer” statute were satisfied. A defendant, however, must “apply a reasonable 15 amount of intelligence in ascertaining removability” from the pleading, motion, order, or other 16 paper. See Kuxhausen v. BMW Financial Services NA LLC, 707 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2013). 17 That Optum was processing claims at the direction of VHA and CMS was “unequivocally clear 18 and certain” from the document production; there is no requirement that the intricacies of the 19 relationship be spelled out with greater precision. 20 Second, Optum argues that § 1446(b)(3) can only be triggered by a pleading or other paper 21 served by plaintiff, or perhaps a third party, on defendant, not by information produced by 22 defendant. While there may be some conflict in the authorities, the better rule is that at least where 23 defendant compiles information in response to discovery requests from the plaintiff, the resulting 24

25 2 No one would suggest a party’s time to remove would not begin to run merely because its lawyer did not research, and was not subjectively aware, that a complaint asserting violation of a federal 26 law is removable. Although the facts here are not as stark, the distinction does not support a 27 different result. 1 discovery responses can satisfy the “other paper” requirement of § 1446(b)(3). See Cadena v. 2 W.G. Yates & Sons Construction Co. 2023 WL 8018049, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2023) 3 (surveying case law and concluding, “this court now joins the several district courts in the Ninth 4 Circuit that have held that such responses by a defendant to a plaintiff’s request may constitute 5 ‘other paper.’”). Accordingly, even if Optum was under no time limit to remove when it first 6 received the complaint in 2020, the 30-day clock began to run in December of 2023, and its notice 7 of removal filed in August of this year was untimely. Remand must be granted.3 8 9 V. CONCLUSION 10 Plaintiffs’ motion to remand directed at the original notice of removal is granted. There is 11 no viable argument that the amended notice of removal alters the timeliness analysis, therefore the 12 motion to strike it, and the motion to remand based on it are moot, in light of the granting of the 13 first remand motion. 14 At oral argument, Optum requested that any order granting remand be stayed, pending a 15 potential appeal under 28 U.S. Code § 1447(d). To avoid jurisdictional uncertainty as well as 16 unnecessary applications for “emergency” appellate relief, the effective date of this order is 17 extended to January 23, 2026. In the event Optum has not obtained a stay from the appellate court 18 by that date, the action will be remanded to Alameda Superior Court. 19 20 3 Given the removal was untimely, it is unnecessary to reach plaintiffs’ contentions that Optum 21 failed to show a right to remove under § 1442(a)(1). It is worth noting, however, the conclusion that either the original complaint or the 2023 document production was sufficient to trigger the 22 removal time limit does not mean the matter was necessarily actually removable. Removal under 23 § 1442(a)(1) requires a defendant to show “(a) it is a person within the meaning of the statute; (b) there is a causal nexus between its actions, taken pursuant to a federal officer’s directions, and 24 plaintiff’s claims; and (c) it can assert a colorable federal defense.” Goncalves v. Rady Children’s Hosp. San Diego, 865 F.3d 1237, 1244 (9th Cir. 2017). It is not clear Optum could meet either of 25 the latter two requirements, particularly given that Optum’s purported federal preemption defenses 26 are generally available to any defendant and therefore do not “aris[e] out of [defendant’s] official duties.” See City & County of Honolulu, 39 F.4th at 1110. 27 1 IT IS SO ORDERED. 2 3 Dated: November 25, 2025 4 5 6 fr 7

RICHARD SEEBORG

8 Chief United States District Judge 9 10 11 a 12

13 14

15 16

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