1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 Case No.: 2:25-cv-08177-MEMF-BFM 11 CATALINA SUAREZ, an individual,

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO REMAND [DKT. NO. 15] 13 v.

14

15 GENERAL MOTORS LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, and DOES 1 16 through 10, inclusive, 17 Defendants.

18 19 20 Before the Court is a Motion to Remand filed by Plaintiff Catalina Suarez. Dkt. No. 15. For 21 the reasons stated herein, the Court DENIES the Motion to Remand. 22 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 I. Background 2 A. Factual Background1 3 Plaintiff Catalina Suarez is an individual residing in California. Dkt. No. 1-1 ¶ 2 (“Compl.”). 4 Defendant General Motors LLC is a Delaware Limited Liability Company. Id. ¶ 4. 5 Plaintiff purchased a 2021 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 in March 2021. Id. ¶¶ 7, 9. Plaintiff 6 received various warranties in connection with the purchase. Id. ¶ 11. The Silverado 1500 7 experienced defects and nonconformities to the warranties. Id. ¶ 12. Plaintiff subsequently delivered 8 the Silverado 1500 to Defendant for repairs. Id. ¶ 13. Plaintiff asserts that Defendant failed to make 9 the requisite repairs after a reasonable number of opportunities and failed to replace the Silverado 10 1500 thereafter. Id. ¶¶ 14-15. 11 B. Procedural History 12 In January 2025, Plaintiff provided Defendant a copy of the Silverado 1500 Sales 13 Agreement. Dkt. No. 15-2 (“Yang Decl.”) at 3. Plaintiff filed suit in Los Angeles County Superior 14 Court on February 7, 2025. Dkt. No. 15 at 1. Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on April 2, 2025. 15 See Compl. Plaintiff brings five causes of action: (1) violation of Section 1793.2(d) of the Song- 16 Beverly Act; (2) violation of Section 1793.2(b) of the Song-Beverly Act; (3) violation of Section 17 1793.2(a)(3) of the Song-Beverly Act; (4) breach of implied warranty of merchantability in violation 18 Civil Code section 1791.1 and 1794; and (5) violation of 15 U.S.C. §§ 2301-2312 of the Magnuson- 19 Moss Warranty Act (“Magnuson-Moss”). See id. 20 Plaintiff served Defendant with process on February 10, 2025. See Yang Decl. at 2. 21 Defendant filed an Answer on June 25, 2025. See Dkt. No. 1-2. On August 23, 2025, Defendant 22 produced an invoice reflecting the Silverado 1500 Sales Agreement (“RISC”), listing the 23 Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price as $46,175. Yang Decl. at 3. On August 29, 2025, Defendant 24 removed the action to this Court after conducting its own investigation as to the damages at stake. 25 See Dkt. No. 1 at 2. 26 27 28 1 Except as otherwise indicated, the following factual background is derived from Plaintiff’s Complaint. Compl. The 1 On September 26, 2025, Plaintiff filed the instant Motion to Remand. Dkt. No. 15 2 (“Motion”). Plaintiff also filed a supporting declaration. See Yang Decl. Defendant filed an 3 Opposition to the Motion on October 10, 2025. Dkt. No. 16 (“Opposition”). Plaintiff filed a Reply in 4 support of the Motion on October 17, 2025. Dkt. No. 17 (“Reply”). 5 II. Applicable Law 6 A. Federal Court Jurisdiction 7 “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” and can only hear cases where there is a 8 valid basis for federal jurisdiction. Richardson v. United States, 943 F.2d 1107, 1112 (9th Cir. 1991). 9 One possible basis for jurisdiction is federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, 10 which states that “[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under 11 the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” Another basis for jurisdiction is diversity 12 jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (“Section 1332”). Diversity jurisdiction “requires complete 13 diversity of citizenship and an amount in controversy greater than $75,000.” Canela v. Costco 14 Wholesale Corp., 971 F.3d 845, 849 (9th Cir. 2020). While citizenship to a state is not necessarily 15 tied to residence, a “party with the burden of proving citizenship may rely on the presumption of 16 continuing domicile, which provides that, once established, a person's state of domicile continues 17 unless rebutted with sufficient evidence of change.” Adams v. W, Marine Prods., Inc., 958 F.3d 18 1216, 1221 (9th Cir. 2020). 19 When a plaintiff files an action in state court over which federal courts might have 20 jurisdiction, the Defendant may remove the action to federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 1446. “As 21 specified in § 1446(a), a Defendant’s notice of removal need include only a plausible allegation that 22 the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold; the notice need not contain 23 evidentiary submissions.” Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., LLC v. Owens, 574 U.S. 81, 89 24 (2014). There are two different possible deadlines for a Defendant to remove, depending on the 25 circumstances. See 28 U.S.C § 1446(b)(1); see also Harris v. Bankers Life & Cas. Co., 425 F.3d 26 689, 692–93 (9th Cir. 2005). If the “case clearly is removable on the basis of jurisdictional facts 27 apparent from the face of the complaint,” then the Defendant must file a notice of removal within 30 28 days of service. Harris, 425 F.3d at 692. However, if “it is unclear from the complaint whether the 1 case is removable,” then the Defendant need not immediately remove, and instead must remove 2 “within thirty days after the Defendant receives ‘an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper’ 3 from which it can be ascertained from the face of the document that removal is proper.” Id. at 694 4 (citing 28 U.S.C § 1446(b)(1)). “Notice of removability under § 1446(b) is determined through 5 examination of the four corners of the applicable pleadings, not through subjective knowledge or a 6 duty to make further inquiry.” Id. 7 “If the plaintiff subsequently challenges the removal, the burden is on the removing 8 Defendant to prove that removal is proper.” See Geographic Expeditions, Inc. v. Est. of Lhotka ex 9 rel. Lhotka, 599 F.3d 1102, 1006–07 (9th Cir. 2010); Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 10 1992) (“The ‘strong presumption’ against removal jurisdiction means that the Defendant always has 11 the burden of establishing that removal is proper.”).2 12 B. Magnuson-Moss 13 Magnuson-Moss, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2301 et seq., states that “a consumer who is damaged by the 14 failure of a supplier [or] warrantor . . . to comply with any obligation under this chapter [] or under a 15 written warranty [or] implied warranty” may sue in a United States district court. Kelly v. Fleetwood 16 Enters., Inc., 377 F.3d 1034, 1037-38 (9th Cir. 2004). The amount in controversy (“AIC”) must 17 exceed $50,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and computed on the basis of all claims to be 18 determined in the suit. 15 U.S.C. § 2310(d). Personal injury and punitive damages are precluded 19 under the Act. Id. 20 The removing party bears the burden of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that 21 the jurisdiction threshold is satisfied. Guglielmino v. McKee Foods Corp., 506 F.3d 696, 699–701 22 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Sanchez v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 102 F.3d 398, 404–05 (9th Cir. 1996)). 23 III. Discussion 24 25

26 2 Plaintiff asserts that the burden established in Gaus is a “heavy one,” and there is a “strong presumption against 27 removal jurisdiction.” Motion at 3-4, 9. Although Gaus indicated a strong presumption, the requisite burden level, as established by Ninth Circuit decisions that followed, is a preponderance of the evidence. Guglielmino, 506 F.3d at 699– 28 701; Sanchez, 102 F.3d at 404–05; Opposition at 1, 8-9. Plaintiff concedes to this burden in its briefs. Motion at 9. Thus, 1 Plaintiff bases the Motion on the following arguments: (1) Defendant’s removal was 2 untimely, (2) the AIC is ascertainable on the face of the complaint, and (3) Defendant has not met its 3 burden to demonstrate the AIC is more than in $50,000. See Motion. 4 A. Plaintiff’s Complaint, On Its Face, Did Not Trigger Section 1446. 5 Plaintiff’s first and second arguments are related and pertain to Section 1446’s thirty-day 6 removal trigger. Under these arguments, the Court must consider the date of the removal action, and 7 whether Plaintiff’s initial complaint or a subsequent paper, on its face, made federal jurisdiction 8 ascertainable to Defendant. 9 Plaintiff claims Defendant’s removal was untimely, because it came more than thirty days 10 after Plaintiff served Defendant with the Complaint. See Motion at 1-2, 5. This argument hinges on 11 the notion that Plaintiff’s Complaint made apparent that the action was removable, and so Defendant 12 was obligated to remove the action within thirty days. Defendant rebuts, detailing how Plaintiff’s 13 Complaint fails to provide sufficient information for assessing Plaintiff’s citizenship3 and a 14 determinative measure of actual damages, civil penalties, and attorney’s fees from which Section 15 1446 would be triggered. Opposition at 12-15. The Court finds that the Complaint did not, on its 16 face, show that more than $50,000 was at stake in the action to remove under Magnuson-Moss or 17 $75,000 under diversity jurisdiction. Accordingly, Defendant was not obligated to remove within 18 thirty days of service. 19 Plaintiff concedes that the “complaint does not allege a specific dollar amount in 20 controversy,” but asserts that “it is impossible to believe that Defendant could not ascertain the 21 [AIC] exceeded $50,000 based on the face of the complaint.” Motion at 6; see Harris, 425 F.3d at 22 692. Because the complaint sought “restitution for the purchase of the vehicle,” “incidental and 23 consequential damages,” “civil penalties of two times the actual damages,” and “attorneys’ fees,” 24 25

26 3 Here, there is evidence that Plaintiff resides in California—namely her address in the RISC—and although the 27 presumption that they intend to remain in the state is rebuttable, Plaintiff does not argue she is domiciled elsewhere. See Adams, 958 F.3d at 1221 (explaining that citizenship is determined by state of domicile, which is determined by where a 28 person resides “with the intention to remain”). Defendant does not contest Plaintiff’s place of domicile. Because 1 Plaintiff reasons that the complaint sufficiently established the requisite AICs to Defendant, thereby 2 triggering Section 1446’s thirty-day removal window. Motion at 6. 3 As Plaintiff filed the complaint on February 7, 2025, and Defendant did not remove the 4 action until August 29, 2025—170 days after the thirty-day removal deadline—Plaintiff contends 5 that Defendant’s removal is untimely and warrants remand. Motion at 1-2, 5. 6 For the removal deadline to be thirty days from service, the action must “clearly [be] 7 removable on the basis of jurisdictional facts4 apparent from the face of the complaint.” Harris, 425 8 F.3d at 692–93 (emphasis added). The removability must be clear from the “four corners of the 9 applicable pleadings, not through subjective knowledge or a duty to make further inquiry.” Id. at 10 694. In other words, even if the Defendant has access to information that might show a case is 11 removable, or could uncover such information through an investigation, the Defendant is not 12 obligated to remove within thirty days of service unless the ground for removal is obvious on the 13 face of the complaint. See id. at 695-96 (even when the Defendant’s files contained the citizenship of 14 relevant parties and showed complete diversity, the Defendant was not obligated to remove within 15 thirty days if the complaint did not affirmatively allege complete diversity). 16 Here, the Complaint did not state how much money was at stake. See Compl. Plaintiff 17 alleged that she purchased a Silverado 1500, and that she sought actual damages and penalties of two 18 times actual damages. See Compl. ¶ 6, Prayer for Relief. Nowhere does the Complaint state the 19 purchase price or what actual damages were. See Compl. The Complaint did not make clear on its 20 face that the amount in controversy was over $75,000. Accordingly, Defendant was not obligated to 21 remove within thirty days of service. See Harris, 425 F.3d at 692–93. 22 Further, Plaintiff’s reliance on Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., LLC v. Owens is 23 misplaced. Plaintiff cites to Dart to demonstrate that Defendant had sufficient information to present 24

25 4 The “jurisdictional facts” at issue in Harris were whether the parties had “complete diversity of citizenship.” See 26 Harris, 425 F.3d at 692–93. This is on point with the jurisdictional fact at issue here. The Ninth Circuit has clarified that the “explicit standard”—that the ground for removal must be “unequivocally clear and certain”—applies to all possible 27 grounds for removal. Dietrich v. Boeing Co., 14 F.4th 1089, 1091 (9th Cir. 2021) (extending Harris’s rule to removal based on the “federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442”). The fact that complete diversity and the amount in 28 controversy is over $75,000 must be clearly apparent from the face of the complaint to trigger the 30-day timeline for 1 a “mere plausible allegation” that diversity jurisdiction was met because Defendant is sophisticated 2 and has knowledge of the automotive industry, which presumably would allow Defendant to 3 determine that a Silverado 1500 sold in 2021 cost far more than $35,000, especially considering 4 Defendant had access to the MSRP value.5 Motion at 7-8. This is very likely true, but it is irrelevant. 5 The issue here is not whether Defendant could have removed, but rather whether Defendant 6 were obligated to remove within thirty days of service. Dart does not address this question at all, and 7 Harris covers it in detail. See generally Dart, 574 U.S. at 81; Harris, 425 F.3d at 689. As Harris 8 makes clear and as discussed in Defendant’s Opposition, Defendant’s subjective knowledge is not 9 part of the inquiry. See Harris, 425 F.3d at 694 (“notice of removability under § 1446(b) is 10 determined through examination of the four corners of the applicable pleadings, not through 11 subjective knowledge or a duty to make further inquiry”); Opposition at 9. Nor did Defendant have 12 any duty to investigate. See id. The fact that the Complaint included the make, model, year, and VIN 13 is similarly not dispositive, as this information would have required further investigation to uncover 14 a purchase price.6 See Motion at 7. To trigger a thirty-day deadline, the Complaint needed to show 15 on its face that $50,000 was at stake in the action to remove under Magnuson-Moss or $75,000 16 under diversity jurisdiction. It did not do so. For the reasons discussed above, the Court finds that 17 Harris rather than Dart controls here. 18 The Court finds that Defendant has met its burden of showing removal was proper. The 19 Complaint did not make clear on its face that more than $75,000 was at stake, and no other pleading 20 or paper made this clear until Defendant received the conducted its own investigation and reviewed 21

22 5 On the Complaint’s caption page and Civil Case Cover Sheet, Plaintiff indicated the action was brought under the state 23 court’s unlimited jurisdiction, seeking damages of at least $35,000. When considering the civil penalties of two times and attorney’s fees, $35,000 purchase price would put $105,000 at stake. Motion at 8. 24 6 Plaintiff cites Kuxhausen v. BMW Fin. Servs. NA LLC, 707 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2013), which requires “a defendant to apply a reasonable amount of intelligence in ascertaining removability.” Reply at 1. Pointing to the 25 Silverado 1500 Sales Agreement and repair orders sent to Defendant in January 2025, and Defendant’s access to the Silverado 1500’s MSRP Plaintiff contends that Defendant had sufficient information to ascertain diversity jurisdiction. 26 Motion at 7-8; Reply at 7. However, as discussed by Defendant, Kuxhausen expressly holds that Section 1446’s “amended pleading, motion, [or] order” reference cannot be read to include papers preceding the initial pleading Id. at 27 1142; Opposition at 6, 9. Because plaintiff’s demand letter, in Kuxhausen, was provided to defendant before she initiated her suit, it did not trigger the thirty-day period. Id. The same conclusion can be reached here as the focus in on the initial 28 pleading, Plaintiff’s Complaint, not pre-litigation documents, and what AIC Defendant could have ascertained within the 1 the RISC, which contained the purchase price. Regardless of whether Defendant could have properly 2 removed prior to receiving the RISC, Defendant was not obligated to do so until thirty days after 3 Defendant received the RISC, which was an “other paper” from the face of which Defendant could 4 ascertain that removal was proper. See 28 U.S.C § 1446(b)(1). 5 B. Defendant Satisfied Its Burden of Establishing the Requisite Amount in 6 Controversy Under the Song-Beverly Act and Magnuson-Moss. Plaintiff’s third argument is that Defendant failed to meet its “heavy burden” of establishing 7 that the AIC exceeds $50,000 for federal question jurisdiction and exceeds $75,000 for diversity 8 jurisdiction. Motion at 9. This argument depends on the evidence set forth by Defendant, and 9 whether that evidence demonstrates, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the AIC is beyond 10 each jurisdictional threshold. Having found the Defendant’s proffered evidence is sufficient to 11 establish an AIC over $75,000, the Court finds that Defendant met the jurisdictional threshold under 12 Magnuson-Moss and diversity jurisdiction. For this reason, the Court will deny the Motion on this 13 ground. 14 Plaintiff claims that Defendant did not point to evidence in the complaint or produced 15 evidence showing that Plaintiff’s actual damages and civil penalties exceeded $50,000, let alone 16 $75,000. Motion at 9-10. Not only is this contrary to Plaintiff’s prior assertions that Defendant had 17 “more than sufficient information to plausibly determine” the AIC exceeded $75,000, Motion at 8, it 18 ignores the clear evidence provided by Defendant. Plaintiff further explains that Defendant’s 19 attorneys’ fees estimate is based solely on “self-serving, subjective assertions,” which are 20 insufficient to satisfy a preponderance of the evidence burden. Motion at 10. 21 In its Opposition, Defendant thoroughly guides the Court through its damage calculations. 22 From Defendant’s records, the Silverado 1500’s defects were first presented to Defendant on April 23 1, 2022. Motion at 7; Dkt. Nos. 16-1 at 1, 16-2 (RISC). At that time, the Silverado 1500 had 15,583 24 miles on the odometer. Id. Accounting for the offsets, including mileage,7 the Silverado 1500 was 25 valued at $42,902.42. Id. Taking the Silverado 1500’s value, adding civil penalties up to two times 26 27

28 1 the actual damages, and adding attorney’s fees based on Plaintiff’s counsel’s indicated rate and 2 incurred fees, the AIC could reasonably be $143,707.26.8 Id.; Opposition at 19. 3 In Reply, Plaintiff reasserts that Defendant’s calculated value of the Silverado 1500 and 4 attorney’s fees are “fatally speculative” and is not supported by “competent evidence.” Reply at 4, 9- 5 12. Plaintiff also takes issue with Defendant’s civil penalties calculation, stating that there is “no 6 evidence whatsoever that Plaintiff will receive the maximum amount of civil penalties” and 7 providing nonbinding case discussing how district courts shall consider the “specific facts of the 8 case” when estimating a potential civil penalty. Reply at 6-8. 9 As to the Silverado 1500’s value, or actual damages, the RISC clearly sets forth a baseline 10 from which actual damages can be calculated. Dkt. No. 16-2 (RISC). Defendant provided detailed 11 calculations as to the relevant offsets in its Opposition. With regard to civil penalties, California 12 Civil Code Section 1794(c) states “a civil penalty . . . two times the amount of actual damages” is 13 permitted “if the buyer establishes that the failure to comply was willful.” (Emphasis added). 14 Paragraph 24 of Plaintiff’s complaint includes facts specific to the case from which the Court can 15 conclude that there is a likelihood of maximum civil penalties at issue. Paragraph 24 states: 16 Defendant’s failure to comply with its obligations under Civil Code section 1793.2(b) 17 was willful, in that Defendant and its representatives knew of their legal obligations and intentionally declined to follow them. Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to a civil 18 penalty of two times Plaintiff’s actual damages pursuant to Civil Code section 1794(c). 19 20 Compl. ¶ 24. Lastly, the attorney’s fees calculations are based solely Plaintiff’s counsel’s rates— 21 facts specific to this case—and a reasonable estimate of the work expected. Taken together, 22 Defendant presented detailed calculations of the AIC, which the Court finds more likely than not 23 exceeds $75,000. Therefore, Defendant established the jurisdictional threshold under Magnuson- 24 Moss and diversity jurisdiction. 25 26 27 8 The value of the Silverado 1500 is $42,902.42. For civil penalties up to two times, the Court multiplies the value by two, which totals $85,804.84. Adding the value and civil penalties totals $128,707.26. Adding attorney’s fees of $15,000 28 results in the total AIC as $143,707.26. The Court notes that Plaintiff’s dispute the asserted attorney’s fees amount. Even l Accordingly, Defendant’s removal was timely, and Defendant has demonstrated an AIC 2 | sufficient for the Court to exercise jurisdiction over Plaintiff's claims. 3 IV. Conclusion 4 For the reasons stated herein, Plaintiff's Motion is DENIED. 5 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED.

9 Dated: December 3, 2025 10 MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG 1] United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28