1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10 11 SHARI L.,1 Case No. 2:24-cv-09764-JC

12 Plaintiff,

MEMORANDUM OPINION

13 v. 14 FRANK BISIGNANO, Commissioner of Social Security Administration, 15 Defendant. 16 17 18 19 I. SUMMARY 20 On November 13, 2024, Plaintiff Shari L. filed a Complaint seeking review 21 of the Commissioner of Social Security’s denial of Plaintiff’s applications for 22 benefits. The parties have consented to proceed before the undersigned United 23 States Magistrate Judge. This matter is before the Court on the parties’ cross-briefs (respectively, 24 “Plaintiff’s Brief,” “Defendant’s Brief,” and “Plaintiff’s Reply”) which the Court 25 26 27 1Plaintiff’s name is partially redacted to protect Plaintiff’s privacy in compliance with 28 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 1 1 has taken under submission without oral argument. See November 13, 2024 Case 2 Management Order ¶ 4. 3 Based on the record as a whole and the applicable law, the decision of the 4 Commissioner is AFFIRMED. The findings of the Administrative Law Judge 5 (“ALJ”) are supported by substantial evidence and are free from material error. 6 II. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF ADMINISTRATIVE

DECISION

7 On or after May 24, 2022, Plaintiff, an underwriter with a significant work 8 history, filed applications for Disability Insurance Benefits and Supplemental 9 Security Income alleging disability beginning on August 1, 2021, due to chronic 10 pain, multilevel degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, bulging discs, and sciatica. 11 (Administrative Record (“AR”) 312-46, 351-53, 372, 398). In a letter dated 12 April 27, 2024, Plaintiff also reported that her pain and related limitations had 13 “affected [her] mental state in a negative way.” (AR 513-15). 14 The Administration denied Plaintiff’s claims initially on September 16, 15 2022, and on reconsideration on April 25, 2023. See AR 59-136 (finding Plaintiff 16 would have at most mild mental limitations so her mental impairment(s) were non- 17 severe, and that she could perform a range of light work with occasional postural 18 limitations apart from no climbing ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, and hazard 19 restrictions). 20 An ALJ examined the medical record and, on December 7, 2023, heard 21 testimony from Plaintiff and a vocational expert. (AR 35-58). On February 22, 22 2024, the ALJ determined Plaintiff was not disabled since the alleged onset date. 23 (AR 17-27). The ALJ found in relevant part: (1) Plaintiff had not engaged in 24 substantial gainful activity since the alleged onset date (AR 20 (classifying 25 earnings from the fourth quarter of 2021 through the first quarter of 2023, as from 26 an unsuccessful work attempt or not from work-related activities)); (2) Plaintiff 27 had severe lumbosacral radiculopathy, lumbar degenerative disc disease, and lumbar spine spondylosis (AR 20-22 (finding non-severe Plaintiff’s mental 28 2 1 impairments)); (3) Plaintiff had a residual functional capacity (“RFC”)2 for a range 2 of light work (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(b), 416.967(b)) with occasional postural 3 activities (i.e., climbing of ramps and stairs, balancing, stooping, kneeling, 4 crouching, and crawling), no climbing of ladders, ropes or scaffolds, and no 5 concentrated exposure to workplace hazards) (AR 21, 23-26 (adopting RFC 6 consistent with: (a) the state agency physician opinions, which the ALJ found “persuasive”; and (b) the consultative examiner opinions, which the ALJ also 7 found “persuasive,” who found Plaintiff would have no mental limitations and 8 could perform a range of light work; declining to adopt opinions from 9 Chiropractor Alan Rosenthal and Dr. Zahra Sherazi suggesting limitations which 10 would preclude all work); and (4) with this RFC, Plaintiff would be able to 11 perform her past relevant work as an underwriter as actually and generally 12 performed (AR 26 (adopting vocational expert testimony at AR 53-57)). 13 On September 18, 2024, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s application 14 for review. (AR 1-3). 15

III. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS

16 A. Administrative Evaluation of Disability Claims 17 To qualify for disability benefits, a claimant must show that she is unable 18 “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically 19 determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in 20 death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not 21 less than 12 months.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1110 (9th Cir. 2012) 22 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)) (internal quotation marks omitted), superseded 23 by regulation on other grounds as stated in Sisk v. Saul, 820 Fed. App’x 604, 606 24 (9th Cir. 2020); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1505(a), 416.905(a). To be considered disabled, 25 a claimant must have an impairment of such severity that she is incapable of 26 performing work the claimant previously performed (“past relevant work”) as well 27 28 2A RFC is what a claimant can still do despite existing exertional and nonexertional limitations. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)(1), 416.945(a)(1). 3 | || as any other “work which exists in the national economy.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 2 || F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)). 3 To assess whether a claimant is disabled, an ALJ is required to use the five- 4 || step sequential evaluation process set forth in Social Security regulations. See 5 || Stout v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2006) 6 || (describing five-step sequential evaluation process) (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 7 || 416.920). The claimant has the burden of proof at steps one through four — i.e., 8 determination of whether the claimant was engaging in substantial gainful activity 9 (step 1), has a sufficiently severe impairment (step 2), has an impairment or 10 combination of impairments that meets or medically equals one of the conditions 1 listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (“Listings”) (step 3), and D retains the residual functional capacity to perform past relevant work (step 4). Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). The Commissioner has the burden of proof at step five — 1.¢., establishing that the 14 claimant could perform other work in the national economy. Id. 15 B. Federal Court Review of Social Security Disability Decisions 16 A federal court may set aside a denial of benefits only when the 17 | Commissioner’s “final decision” was “based on legal error or not supported by 18 | substantial evidence in the record.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 19 | F.3d 664, 674 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation and quotation marks omitted). The 20 || standard of review in disability cases is “highly deferential.” Rounds v. Comm’r 21 || of Soc. Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation and quotation 22 || marks omitted). Thus, an ALJ’s decision must be upheld if the evidence could 23 || reasonably support either affirming or reversing the decision. Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 24 || 674-75 (citations omitted). Even when an ALJ’s decision contains error, it must 25 || be affirmed if the error was harmless. See Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 26 || Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014) (ALJ error harmless if 27 || inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination; or (2) ALJ’s path 2 ///

| || may reasonably be discerned despite the error) (citation and quotation marks 2 || omitted). 3 Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might 4 || accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 674 (defining 5 || “substantial evidence” as “more than a mere scintilla, but less than a 6 || preponderance”) (citation and quotation marks omitted). When determining 7 || whether substantial evidence supports an ALJ’s finding, a court “must consider the 8 entire record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the 9 evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion[.]” Garrison v. 10 Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1009 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation and quotation marks omitted). 1 Federal courts review only the reasoning the ALJ provided, and may not D affirm the ALJ’s decision “on a ground upon which [the ALJ] did not rely.” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 675 (citations omitted). Hence, while an ALJ’s decision need 13 not be drafted with “ideal clarity,” it must, at a minimum, set forth the ALJ’s 14 reasoning “in a way that allows for meaningful review.” Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 15 806 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099). 16 A reviewing court may not conclude that an error was harmless based on 17 independent findings gleaned from the administrative record. Brown-Hunter, 806 18 | F.3d at 492 (citations omitted). When a reviewing court cannot confidently 19 | conclude that an error was harmless, a remand for additional investigation or 20 || explanation is generally appropriate. See Marsh v. Colvin, 792 F.3d 1170, 1173 21 || (9th Cir. 2015) (citations omitted).

DISCUSSION

23 Plaintiff raises two issues. Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred in 24 || evaluating Dr. Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s opinions suggesting greater 25 || limitations than the ALJ found to exist by failing to state specifically how 26 || persuasive the ALJ found these opinions. Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ’s alleged 27 || errors “cause a concomitant defective analysis” of Plaintiffs statements regarding 9g || her limitations. (Plaintiff's Brief at 1, 5-15; Plaintiff's Reply at 2-3). Plaintiff also

1 contends that the ALJ failed adequately to explain why the RFC included no 2 mental limitations. (Plaintiff’s Brief at 16-19; Plaintiff’s Reply at 3-7). For the 3 reasons explained below, Plaintiff has not shown that reversal or remand is 4 warranted. 5 A. Any Error in Considering Dr. Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s 6 Opinions Is Harmless; Substantial Evidence Supports the ALJ’s RFC Assessment 7 For claims filed after March 27, 2017 (such as Plaintiff’s claims), new 8 regulations govern the evaluation of medical opinion evidence. Under these 9 regulations, ALJs no longer “weigh” medical opinions; rather, ALJs “evaluate 10 the[ir] persuasiveness” based on five “factors”: (1) supportability; 11 (2) consistency; (3) relationship with the claimant (including the length of 12 treatment, frequency of examinations, purpose of treatment, extent of treatment, 13 and whether the medical source examined the claimant); (4) the medical source’s 14 specialty; and (5) “other” factors that tend to support or contradict an opinion. See 15 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(c)(1)-(5), 416.920c(c)(1)-(5). 16 The two most important factors in determining the persuasiveness of 17 medical opinions are supportability and consistency with the evidence. See 18 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), 416.920c(a). ALJs must “explain” how they 19 considered the factors of supportability and consistency, but need not explain how 20 they considered any other factor. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b), 416.920c(b). 21 Supportability means the extent to which a medical source supports 22 the medical opinion by explaining the “relevant. . . objective medical 23 evidence.” Consistency means the extent to which a medical opinion 24 is “consistent. . . with the evidence from other medical sources and 25 nonmedical sources in the claim.” 26 Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 791-92 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting 20 C.F.R. 27 § 404.1520c(c)(1), (2)). “[U]nder the new regulations, an ALJ cannot reject an /// 28 1 examining or treating doctor’s opinion as unsupported or inconsistent without 2 providing an explanation supported by substantial evidence.” Id. at 792.3 3 1. Dr. Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s Opinions and Available 4 Treatment Records 5 Dr. Rosenthal and Dr. Sherazi each provided a “Physical Capacities 6 Evaluation” opining almost identical abilities and limitations for Plaintiff. See AR 1135-37 (Dr. Rosenthal’s November 2, 2023 form); AR 1141-43 (Dr. Sherazi’s 7 November 8, 2023 form). Both doctors indicated that Plaintiff: (1) could lift up to 8 five pounds; (2) could sit and stand/walk less than one hour each in an eight-hour 9 workday; (3) would need to alternate between sitting and standing at will 10 throughout the day; (4) could not use her hands “adequately” to grasp or for fine 11 manipulation, and could not do repetitive motion tasks with one or both her hands; 12 (5) could occasionally climb, balance, and reach above shoulder level, but could 13 never stoop, kneel, or crouch; and (6) could not work at unprotected heights or 14 around moving machinery or drive, and must avoid severe temperature changes/ 15 humidity and exposure to dust, fumes, and gases. (AR 1135-36, 1141-42). Dr. 16 Rosenthal indicated that Plaintiff could use both feet for repetitive movements, but 17 could never crawl. (AR 1135-36). Whereas, Dr. Sherazi indicated that Plaintiff 18 could use her left foot for repetitive movements, without indicating whether 19 Plaintiff could use her right foot, and did not indicate whether Plaintiff would have 20 a crawling limitation. (AR 1141-42).4 21 22 3The new regulations also eliminated the term “treating source,” as well as the rule 23 previously known as the treating source rule or treating physician rule, which formerly required special deference to the opinions of treating sources. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c, 416.920c; 24 Woods, 32 F.4th at 792 (“The revised social security regulations are clearly irreconcilable with 25 our caselaw according special deference to the opinions of treating and examining physicians on account of their relationship with the claimant.”); see also Cross v. O’Malley, 89 F.4th 1211, 26 1213-14 (9th Cir. 2024) (discussing new regulations). 27 4Dr. Rosenthal provided a “Physical Ability Assessment” dated April 19, 2023, noting 28 slightly different limitations and abilities. He checked that, according to Plaintiff’s report and his observation, Plaintiff: (1) could occasionally lift and carry 10 pounds, push and pull 10 pounds; (continued...) 1 Both doctors also indicated that Plaintiff had fatigue and pain which would 2 prevent her from working at even a sedentary job. (AR 1136-37, 1142-43). Dr. 3 Rosenthal described the medical bases for Plaintiff’s pain as “bulging discs shown 4 on MRI scans, also degenerative joint disease, stenosis and scoliosis, also 5 Dupuytren’s contracture bilaterally.” (AR 1137). Dr. Sherazi described the 6 medical bases for Plaintiff’s pain as a “MRI scan showed bulging disc, degenerative disease, foraminal stenosis L5-S1.” (AR 1143). 7 The record contains some treatment notes from both of these doctors. Dr. 8 Rosenthal provided treatment summaries and treatment notes for the period from 9 May 2022 to November 2023, which indicated that Plaintiff had attended about 45 10 chiropractic sessions for low back pain ranging from 3-4/10 to 9/10, with noted 11 improvement from treatment in reducing the reported pain. (AR 788-96, 1171-73, 12 1252-55). Plaintiff had one additional treatment, just after Dr. Rosenthal 13 completed the Physical Capacities form, where her pain was 2-3/10. (AR 1254). 14 Dr. Sherazi, who worked at Facey Medical Foundation, began seeing 15 Plaintiff in September 2022, for hypertension, lumbar radiculopathy, back pain, 16 and Plaintiff notedly then was on temporary disability pending a neurosurgery 17 appointment for possible surgery. (AR 1058-61, 1112-14, 1204-07). Plaintiff’s 18 examination was within normal limits including normal musculoskeletal range of 19 motion. (AR 1206). Dr. Sherazi extended Plaintiff’s disability for two months. 20 (AR 1204).5 21 22 4(...continued) 23 (2) could sit, stand, walk, reach below the waist, grasp with her hands, climb stairs or ladders, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl zero hours a day; (3) could occasionally reach overhead 24 and at desk level, use her hands for fine manipulation and grasping, and use her lower extremities 25 for foot controls. (AR 830-31). 26 5Prior treatment notes from Facey Medical Foundation date back to February 2021, and reflect ongoing pain management treatment for lumbar spondylosis, myofascial pain, chronic 27 pain syndrome, lumbar radiculopathy, scoliosis, and sacroiliitis, which included medial branch 28 blocks, Gabapentin, epidural injections, lumbar radiofrequency ablation, Baclofen, Lyrica, Tramadol, physical therapy, and decompressive treatments – without complete pain relief – and (continued...) 1 Plaintiff followed up with Dr. Sherazi in January 2023, requesting Tramadol 2 for her pain and to extend her disability for three more months, which Dr. Sherazi 3 approved. (AR 1054-57, 1104-07, 1196-1200). Examination findings again were 4 with normal limits including normal musculoskeletal range of motion. (AR 1198- 5 99). When Plaintiff returned for a shingles vaccine in February 2023, she reported 6 no other concerns but was given Lidocaine patches. (AR 1051-54, 1095-98, 1192- 95). Examination findings again were within normal limits including normal 7 musculoskeletal range of motion. (AR 1194). 8 9 10 5(...continued) referrals to an orthopedic surgeon and a neurosurgeon. (AR 543-57, 563-98, 621-709, 727, 756, 11 1207-19, 1228-49). 12 A December 2021 lumbar spine MRI showed mild to moderate multilevel disc disease, 13 moderate to severe multilevel foraminal stenosis, mild central canal and lateral recess stenosis from L2-L3 through L4-L5, and moderate dextro convexity. (AR 1236-37; see also AR 708-09 14 (October, 2019 lumbar spine MRI)). In January 2022, an orthopedic surgeon recommended 15 surgery. (AR 525-29). Her examination at the time showed she had some difficulty heel walking on the right side, decreased lumbar spine range of motion, strength of 5/5 in all extremities 16 except the Tibialis Anterior which was 4+/5, no tenderness or spasm, and negative straight leg 17 raising. (AR 527-28). 18 In April 2022, Plaintiff had a neurology consultation where she complained of right side sciatic pain at up to 9/10, and reportedly had been scheduled for orthopedic surgery for the 19 following week but Plaintiff was fearful and canceled the surgery. (AR 1213-14). She was 20 referred for a nerve conduction study and to neurosurgery for a second opinion. (AR 1214). Her examination findings were within normal limits, including 5/5 strength in her extremities. (AR 21 1216). Later in April, she went to her internal medicine doctor for a disability letter for work for 22 severe bilateral lumbar radiculopathy with pain and weakness in the lower extremities and difficulty sitting or standing more than 15 minutes, difficulty driving and ambulating, and several 23 unsuccessful attempts at pain management. (AR 1210). She was referred to neurosurgery, notedly was unable to sit or stand for more than 20 minutes without significant pain, declined a 24 trial of Cymbalta, and her disability was continued until she “is able to have surgery and 25 rehabilitate.” (AR 1210). 26 Plaintiff had her neurosurgical consultation in June 2022, and surgery was an option. 27 (AR 719-22). Her examination at the time showed she had normal gait, 5/5 strength, lumbar scoliosis, severe tenderness to palpation of the right SI joint, right hip bursa, and positive straight 28 leg raising on the right, but normal range of motion in all joints. (AR 721). 9 1 Plaintiff returned in April 2023, complaining of back pain and discomfort, 2 weakness, and stiffness in her hands/palms, and requesting completion of 3 disability forms for her history of chronic back pain from lumbar radiculopathy for 4 which she was not interested in surgery. (AR 1046-50, 1080-84, 1188-91). 5 Examination findings again were unchanged except for nodules and tenderness to 6 palpation on both hands. (AR 1190-91). Dr. Sherazi filled out Plaintiff’s disability form, continued her Tramadol and spinal cord compression therapy, and 7 referred Plaintiff to a hand surgeon for Dupuytren’s disease. (AR 1188). 8 Dr. Sherazi’s last note is from a physical examination in November 2023 – 9 the day she completed the Physical Capacities Evaluation form. (AR 1183-87). 10 Plaintiff’s “active problems” included a “disability examination,” anxiety, lumbar 11 radiculopathy, lumbar spondylosis, lumbar disc degeneration, and chronic 12 continuous use of opioids (Tramadol). (AR 1185). Plaintiff notedly complained 13 of back pain but was not depressed, nervous or anxious, and on examination had 14 findings within normal limits including normal musculoskeletal range of motion, 15 (AR 1185-86). 16 2. The Other Opinion Evidence 17 Consultative examiner Dr. Jerry Chuang provided a “Complete Orthopedic 18 Consultation” dated April 6, 2023. (AR 1034-38). Dr. Chuang reviewed medical 19 records including the December 2021 lumbar spine MRI. (AR 1034). Plaintiff 20 complained of low back pain going to both legs since 2006, with numbness and 21 tingling, relieved by lying flat. (AR 1034). On examination, Plaintiff had a 22 normal gait but difficulty with toe and heel walk, tenderness and weakness in her 23 lumbar spine due to pain with limited range of motion and positive straight leg 24 raising, and mild weakness of 4+/5 in the lower extremities. (AR 1035-37). Dr. 25 Chuang assessed lumbosacral radiculopathy causing moderate weakness in the 26 lower back and mild weakness in the bilateral lower extremities. (AR 1037). Dr. 27 Chuang opined that Plaintiff would be capable of light work with occasional pushing, pulling, overhead reaching, bending, crouching, stooping, crawling, 28 10 1 walking on uneven terrain, climbing ladders, and working at unprotected heights. 2 (AR 1037-38). 3 Consultative examiner Dr. Minas Harutunian provided a “Mental 4 Evaluation by Psychologist” dated April 14, 2023. (AR 1145-48). Dr. Harutunian 5 reviewed no medical records. (AR 1145). Plaintiff complained that chronic pain 6 had “made [her] emotionally broken physically,” and reported symptoms related to being born with back issues that had gotten worse with age. (AR 1145). Although 7 Plaintiff had received psychiatric counseling and/or treatment, she was not 8 currently in treatment. (AR 1146). Plaintiff lived alone, managed her own money, 9 could drive, use a bus or an Uber, and go places by herself, but reportedly could 10 barely dress or bathe herself. (AR 1146). Mental status examination noted 11 findings within normal limits except Plaintiff reportedly was having whole body 12 pain, stood throughout the evaluation due to pain, appeared to be in pain and was 13 grimacing, was anxious, described her mood as, “I’ve been worse,” was able to 14 register two out of three items at five minutes. (AR 1147). Dr. Harutunian 15 diagnosed anxiety disorder due to medical problems and opined that Plaintiff 16 would have no mental limitations or difficulties in performing work tasks. (AR 17 1147-48). 18 State agency physicians reviewed the record in September 2022 and April 19 2023, and opined that Plaintiff’s mental impairments would cause at most mild 20 limitations and were not-severe, and agreed with Dr. Chuang that Plaintiff would 21 be limited to a range of light work with occasional postural activities, no climbing 22 of ladders, ropes or scaffolds, and no concentrated exposure to hazards. (AR 65- 23 136). 24 3. The ALJ’s Decision 25 In determining that Plaintiff had a RFC for a range of light work which 26 would permit Plaintiff to perform her past relevant work as an underwriter, the 27 ALJ considered and found persuasive the opinions from Dr. Chuang, Dr. Harutunian, and the state agency physicians. (AR 21-22, 24-26). The ALJ also 28 11 1 considered Dr. Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s functional assessments suggesting 2 Plaintiff had limitations which would preclude Plaintiff from working, which the 3 ALJ characterized as not providing an opinion on what Plaintiff could still do 4 despite her impairments (where they actually did state what Plaintiff could still do, 5 albeit what Plaintiff could do was greatly restricted). (AR 25). The ALJ did not 6 state whether she found Dr. Rosenthal’s or Dr. Sherazi’s opinions persuasive, but did discuss their supportability and consistency as follows: 7 They primarily summarized in the treatment notes the claimant’s 8 subjective complaints, diagnoses, and treatment, but he [sic] did not 9 provide medically acceptable clinical or diagnostic findings to 10 support the functional assessment. These opinions are also 11 inconsistent with the claimant’s admitted activities of daily living, 12 which have already been described above in this section.[6] The 13 Chiropractor [Dr.] Rosenthal conservatively treated the claimant with 14 chiropractic care of spinal decompression, mechanical intersegmental 15 traction, laser, ice and Thera gun treatments. 16 (AR 25-26). The ALJ did not adopt the limits Dr. Rosenthal and Dr. Sherazi had 17 found. (AR 22-23). The ALJ also rejected their assertions that Plaintiff was 18 disabled as an issue that is reserved for the Commissioner. (AR 25 (citing 19 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(e), 416.927(e)). 20 4. Analysis 21 The ALJ followed the new regulations in considering and finding 22 persuasive the medical opinions from the consultative examiners and state agency 23 physicians. (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c, 416.920c). The opinions of Dr. Chuang, Dr. 24 Harutunian, and the state agency physicians, which the ALJ found persuasive and 25 26 6Plaintiff had reported that she lived alone, could grocery shop and could lift and/or carry a purse and a bag of groceries 50-100 feet, vacuum, dust, wipe down counters, drive a car, take a 27 bus or Uber, and go places by herself. See AR 23-24 (discussing same; citing AR 387-89, 28 1146)). 12 1 had found limitations arguably consistent with those the ALJ assessed, furnish 2 substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s RFC assessment. See 20 C.F.R. 3 §§ 404.1545(a)(3), 416.945(a)(3) (in determining a claimant’s RFC, the 4 Administration will consider medical source statements about what a claimant can 5 still do, whether or not based on formal medical examinations). 6 The ALJ may not have thought she needed to follow the new regulations for Dr. Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s opinions because the ALJ incorrectly 7 characterized each as not providing an opinion on what Plaintiff could still do 8 despite her impairments. (AR 25; see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)(3), 9 416.945(a)(3); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(a)(2), 416.913(a)(2) (defining a “medical 10 opinion” as a statement about what a claimant can still do despite impairments)). 11 As noted above, the new regulations require ALJs to explain how they considered 12 supportability and consistency as factors in determining the persuasiveness of 13 medical opinions. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b), (c)(1)-(5), 416.920c(b), (c)(1)- 14 (5). While the ALJ did not use the word “persuasive” in discussing Dr. 15 Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s opinions, the ALJ did explain how she considered 16 the supportability and consistency of these opinions in declining to adopt their 17 limitations, and substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s findings. 18 As the ALJ noted, Dr. Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s opinions arguably were 19 not supported by clinical or diagnostic findings. As detailed above and as the ALJ 20 discussed, while the record showed lumbar spine related diagnoses and MRIs, and 21 several modes of pain treatment which did not alleviate Plaintiff’s pain, Plaintiff’s 22 physical examinations were generally within normal limits. See AR 24-25 (citing 23 AR 529, 805, 814, 1047 (noting diagnoses); AR 517-18 (December 2021 lumbar 24 spine MRI); AR 716, 719, 805, 814, 1047, 1259 (reports of various pain 25 treatments and options); AR 527-28, 721, 807, 815-16, 839, 1049, 1186 26 (examination findings). The ALJ also noted their opinions were inconsistent with 27 Plaintiff’s admitted activities including being able to shop for groceries, carry a /// 28 13 1 | grocery bag and her purse, drive, ride a bus, take an Uber, and do some household 2 || chores. (AR 23-25 (citing AR 387-89, 1146)). 3 It is reasonable to infer from the ALJ’s reasoning that she found Dr. 4 || Rosenthal’s and Dr. Sherazi’s opinions unpersuasive, despite her not using the 5 || word “persuasive.” See Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 755 (9th Cir. 1989) 6 || (ALJ was not required to recite “magic words” to reject medical opinion; “As a 7 || reviewing court, we are not deprived of our faculties for drawing specific and 8 legitimate inferences from the ALJ’s opinion.”). It thus appears that any error 9 from the ALJ’s failure to use the word “persuasive” is harmless. See, e.g., Bryan 10 T. v. Dudek, 2025 WL 2588924, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2025) (finding harmless 1 ALJ’s failure to use the word “persuasive” in considering some of the medical D opinions, where ALJ explained why she found those opinions were supported and consistent as required by the regulations); Fierro v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2023 WL 3 6725135, at *2-3, 5 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 2023) (finding ALJ adequately explained 14 how persuasive he found doctor’s opinion even if the ALJ did not use the term 15 “persuasive”; it was clear from the ALJ’s decision that the ALJ rejected the 16 opinion as not persuasive, and the reasons for rejecting the opinion were clear); 17 | Barbara K. v. Kijakazi, 2023 WL 6633855, at *12 (D. N.J. Oct. 11, 2023) (same); 18 compare Jessica R. v. Acting Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2024 WL 4449448, at *5 19 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 9, 2024) (finding reversible error where ALJ did not find 20 || medical opinion persuasive or unpersuasive; ALJ simply stated that there was 21 || partial support in the record for opinion without any references to facts or citations 22 || to the record — ALJ did not articulate what the opinion was or how it was 23 || supported by the record); Daylene S. v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2023 WL 166890, at 24 || *3 & n.2 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 12, 2023) (instructing ALJ to use complete sentences 25 || and some form of the word “persuasive” in evaluating opinions on remand; the 26 || ALJ did not find opinions persuasive or unpersuasive, and while the context of the 27 || decision suggested the ALJ found the opinions at least somewhat persuasive, the || sentence where such a finding would be made was incomplete).

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1 The Court will uphold the ALJ’s RFC assessment, and the ALJ’s related 2 findings regarding the medical opinion evidence, including Dr. Rosenthal’s and 3 Dr. Sherazi’s opinions, as supported by substantial evidence and free from 4 material legal error. Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th at 792. To the extent the record 5 evidence is conflicting, the ALJ properly resolved the conflicts. See Treichler v. 6 Comm’r, 775 F.3d at 1098 (court “leaves it to the ALJ” to resolve conflicts and ambiguities in the record). The Court must uphold the administrative decision 7 when the evidence “is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” 8 Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039-40 (9th Cir. 1995). The Court will 9 uphold the ALJ’s rational interpretation of the conflicting evidence in this case. 10 B. The ALJ Adequately Explained Why the RFC Assessment Did 11 Not Include Any Mental Limitations 12 Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ’s failed adequately to explain why the 13 RFC included no mental limitations. Plaintiff suggests that the ALJ’s discussion 14 of the relevant medical opinions which was at step two of the analysis was not 15 sufficiently detailed as a basis on which to find Plaintiff would have no mental 16 limitations. (Plaintiff’s Brief at 16-19; Plaintiff’s Reply at 3-7). 17 Significantly, no medical source opined that Plaintiff would have any 18 specific work restrictions from her mental impairments. As detailed above, Dr. 19 Harutunian opined that Plaintiff would have no mental limitations or difficulties 20 performing work tasks. (AR 1148). The state agency physicians found her 21 impairments non-severe and would cause only none-to-mild limitations. (AR 66- 22 67, 81-82, 103-04, 125-26). 23 The ALJ detailed Dr. Harutunian’s opinion and the state agency physicians’ 24 opinions about Plaintiff’s mental impairments at step two when the ALJ found 25 Plaintiff’s mental impairments non-severe because they would cause no more than 26 a minimal limitation in Plaintiff’s ability to do basic work activities. (AR 21-22). 27 The ALJ found these opinions were persuasive. (AR 21). The ALJ stated that the RFC she assessed at step four reflected the degree of limitation she found for the 28 1 || “paragraph B” criteria (i.c., none to mild limitations). (AR 20-22). At step four, 2 || the ALJ also noted that she had considered all of Plaintiff's symptoms and medical 3 || opinions in determining Plaintiff's RFC. (AR 23). 4 The ALJ’s decision properly considered the medical opinions about 5 || Plaintiff's mental impairments under the applicable regulations. The Court 6 || discerns no error. See Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 513 (9th Cir. 2001) (while an 7 || ALJ is required to discuss and evaluate evidence that supports his or her g conclusions, the ALJ is not required to do so under any specific heading); see also 9 Ozolins v. Saul, 849 Fed. App’x 682, 683 (9th Cir. 2021) (“Although the ALJ’s 10 explanation might have been more robust, her lengthy evaluation of the evidence 1 elsewhere ‘is an adequate statement of the foundations on which the ultimate D factual conclusions are based.’”’) (citation omitted); compare Kaufmann v. 3 Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 843, 851 (9th Cir. 2022) (district court “clearly erred” when it failed to consider “all the pages of the ALJ’s decision’). In formulating a RFC, 14 and in the consequent hypothetical questioning of a vocational expert based on 15 such capacity, an ALJ need not include all conceivable limitations that favorable 16 interpretation of the record might suggest to exist — only those limitations the ALJ 17 finds to exist. See, e.g., Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1217-18 (9th Cir. 18 2005); Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001); Magallanes v. 19 Bowen, 881 F.2d at 756-57. In the present case, the ALJ was not required to 20 | include in Plaintiff's RFC alleged mental limitations the ALJ found not to exist 21 || that medical providers also did not find. See id. 22 | /// 23 | /// 24 /// 25 | /// 26 | /// 97 || /// 2 ///

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1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Commissioner of Social 3 Security is AFFIRMED. Plaintiff is not entitled to a remand based on the ALJ’s 4 consideration of the medical record and the resultant RFC determination. 5 LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. 6 DATED: December 18, 2025 7 8 _____________/s/____________________ Honorable Jacqueline Chooljian 9

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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